URBANA 


CA 


ILLINOIS  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


3  3051  00000  1242 


J 


Illinois 


State  Geological   Survey 


BULLETIN  NO.  14. 


Year-Book  for  19a8. 

H.  FOSTER  BAIN, 

DIRECTOR. 


URBAN A: 

University  of  Illinois. 

1909. 


SPRINGFIELD: 
iLLiiroiSiSTATE  Journal  Co,,  State  Printers 

1910 


c.  v 


STATE  GEOLOGICAL  COMMISSION. 


Governor  C.  S.  Deneen",  Chairman. 
Professor  T.  C.  Ohambbrlin,  Vice-Chairman. 
President  Edmund  J.  James,  Secretary. 


H.  Foster  Bain,  Director. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign 


http://archive.org/details/yearbookfor190814illi 


CONTENTS. 


List  of  illustrations VI 

Letter  of  transmittal VII 

Administrative  report  for  1908;  by  H.  Foster  Bain VIII 

Report  of  the  Co-operative  Topographic  Survey  of  Illinois;  by  W .  H .  Herron 31 

Studies  of  Illinois  coals 183 

Coal  deposits  and  possible  oil  field  near  Duquoin,  111.;  by  Jon.  Udden 254 

Casts  of  Foraminifera  in  the  Carboniferous  of  Illinois;  by  Rufus  Mather  Bagg,  Jr 263 

Natural  gas  in  the  glacial  drift  of  Champaign  County;  by  Carl  F .  Knirk 272 

Artificial  silicates  with  reference  to  amorphous  silica;  by  W .  S .  Williams 276 

Paleobotanical  work  in  Illinois  in  1908;  by  David  White 293 

Proceedings  of  the  Illinois  Fuel  Conference 296 

List  of  publications 383 

Index 386 


VI 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATES. 

Page. 

1.  Map  showing  progress  of  Topographic  and  Drainage  Surveys 18 

2.  Map  showing  Upper  and  Lower  Coal  Measures 188 

3.  Harrison  Street  Electric  Station— Commonwealth  Edison  Co.  Smoke-Proof  Furnace  in  full 

operation < 230 

4.  Structure  at  Duquoin 250 

5.  Enlarged  views  of  Endothyra  baileyi 264 

FIGURES.   ' 

1.  Ideal  view  and  corresponding  contour  map 42 

2.  Illinois  Shipping  Mines— Yearly  output  of  coal,  also  daily  capacity  for  a  period  of  10  fiscal  years .      213 

3.  ■  IlUnois  Shipping  Mines— Days  in  operation,  average  value  and  pick-rate,  yearly,  for  a  period  of 

10  fiscal  years 214 

4.  Improved  form  of  boiler,  served  by  Smoke-Proof  Furnace  of  the  kind  used  in  electric  stations, 

shown  in  plate  3 229 

5.  Diagramatic  section  showing  relations  of  wells  which  penetrate  sand  pockets,  forest  beds, 

and  bedrock 274 


VII 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Univeesity  of  Illinois^  March  31,  1909. 
State  Geological  Survey, 
Governor  C.  S.  Deneen,  Chairman  and  Members  of  the  Geological  Com" 
mission : 

GENTLEMEi^r — I  submit  herewith  material  forming  the  year  book  ol 
the  Survey  for  1908,  with  the  recommendation  that  it  be  printed  as 
Bulletin  l^o.  14.  It  includes  a  review  of  many  activities  in  geology, 
topographic  mapping,  and  educational  work.  Of  especial  interest  are 
the  papers  on  Studies  of  Illinois  Coals,  many  of  which  were  contributed 
by  investigators  outside  of  the  survey  corps.  The  report  of  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Illinois  Fuel  Conference  is  also  included,  although  it  was  ac- 
tually held  early  in  1909.  To  this  meeting  is  to  be  credited  the  interest 
which  resulted  in  the  organization  of  a  department  of  Mining  Engineer- 
ing at  the  University,  and  also  the  strong  support  for  the  Mine  Eescue 
Station  established  at  Urbana,  in  cooperation  with  the  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey.  The  year  has  been  one  of  great  effort  and  considerable  ac- 
complishment. 

Very  respectfully, 

H.  Foster  Bain,  Director. 


VIII 


ADMINISTRATIVE  REPORT  FOR  1908, 

(By  H.  Foster  Bain,  Director.) 


Contents. 


Page 

Introduction 1 

General 1 

Organization  and  personnel 2 

Co-operation 3 

Geological  section •. 4 

General  stratigraphy 4 

Coal 6 

Clay 10 

Cement  materials 11 

Quarry  products : 12 

Water  resources 12 

Oil  and  gas ". 14 

Educational  bulletins 15 

Miscellaneous  mineral  resources 16 

Mineral  statistics 17 

Bureau  of  information 18 

Topographic  section  (by  W.  H.  Herron) ; ". .  19 

Drainage  section 21 

Organization  and  work 21 

Surveys  for  1908  (by  E.  W.  McCrary) 24 

Publications ' 26 

Reports  printed 26 

Reports  in  preparation 26 

Expenditures 27 

ecommendations 28 


ADMINISTRATIVE  REPORT. 


Introduction. 


General. — Illinois  ranks  third  in  mineral  production.  Complete  fig- 
ures for  1908  are  not  available  but  probably  tlie  total  will  not  differ 
greatly  from  that  for  1907  when  the  value  of  the  mineral  output 
amounted  to  $152,221,284.00.  Omitting  pig  iron,  produced  in  Illinois 
but  made  mainly  fromi  imported  materials,  and  a  part  of  the  zinc  pro- 
duction for  the  same  reason,  the  output  was  $93,415,404.00.  This  total, 
large  as  it  is,  is  small  in  comparison  with  our  possibilities.  For  exam- 
ple since  1902  the  Portland  cement  output  of  the  State  has  remained 
nearly  •stationary  despite  the  increasing  use  of  such  cement  and  the 
presence  of  abimdant  material  within  the  State.  In  the  meantime  many 
new  plants  have  been  built  in  neighboring  and  competing  states.  In 
many  lines  of  clay  goods  we  import  rather  than  manufacture.  Silica 
and  certain  other  materials,  occur  abundantly  in  the  State  but  are  so 
little  known  or  so  little  appreciated  as  to  have  been  very  slightly  used. 

To  assist  in  the  economical  development  of  these  and  all  our  other 
mineral  resources,  the  State  Geological  Survey  was  created.  Its  func- 
tions are"  broad  and  it  has  a  part  in  the  solution  of  all  public  problems 
into  which  a  knowledge  of  geology  enters.  The  finding  of  limestone 
suitable  for  use  on  acid  soils,  the  regulation  of  our  rivers  and  the  recla- 
mation of  undrained  lands,  the  location  of  materials  for  use.  on  the 
public  highways,  the  bettering  of  conditions  in  our  coal  mines,  the  find- 
ing of  adequate  public  water  supplies,  the  better  direction  of  exploration 
for  gas,  oil,  and  other  buried  resources  of  our  commionwealth ;  with  all 
these  problems  the  State  Survey,  either  alone  or  in  cooperation  with 
other  State  bureaus,  is  concerned.  Its  work  is  educational — the  collec- 
tio2i  and  dissemination  of  as  accurate  knowledge  as  possible  regarding 
our  mineral  resources  and  our  geological  environment — of  the  great 
natural  platform  on  which  our  civilization  and  our  industries  depend . 
Its  methods  involve  field  studies,  laboratory  tests,  library  research,  and 
comparison  with  other  areas  and  with  industrial  development  in  other 
states.  The  investigation  is  necessarily  continuous  since  conditions 
change  and  new  knowledge  renders  necessary  and  valuable  a  re-interpre- 
tation of  old  observations.  The  present  State  Geological  Survey  was 
organized  in  1905,  no  appropriation  having  previously  been  made  since 
1875.  There  was  in  a  sense  thirty  years  of  back  work  to  do,  since  dur- 
ing all  that  time  drill  holes  had  been  put  down  and  changes  had  taken 
place  which  needed  to  be  made  a  matter  of  record  and  study  if  they 


2  YEAR   BOOK   FOR    1908.  [BULL.  NO.  U 

were  to  be  used.  A  new  organization  was  tO'  be  created,  and  methods 
adapted  to  tliis  particular  field  needed  to  be  developed.  Much  of  this 
has  now  been  done.  The  various  steps  so  far  taken  are  detailed  in  this 
and  the  preceding  administrative  reports. 

The  work  is  now  organized  and  the  methods  determined.  The  rate 
of  progress  will  be  measured  largely  by  the  funds  available  and  with 
much  of  the  work  the  sooner  it  is  done,  the  sooner  the  people  of  the 
State  will  get  the  benefit.  The  work  is  of  cumulative  value.  One 
topographic  map  has  an  important  but  still  local  value;  a  complete  set 
of  maps  of  a  river  valley  permits  the  economical  and  wise  planning 
of  the  regulation  of  the  river  for  power^  navigation,  land  reclamation 
and  water  conservation.  A  single  map  in  an  oil  field  is  of  some  value; 
but  complete  maps  of  the  field,  or  better  still,  structural  maps  of  the 
whole  area,  permit  very  accurate  determination  of  the  areas  favorable 
for  prospecting.  A  single  sample  and  analysis  of  coal  means  little; 
but  a  complete  set  of  analyses  and  samples  for  a  field  or  a  State  may 
mean  the  entry  of  the  coal  into  a  wholly  new  market.  It  is  important 
therefore  tO'  keep  steadily  at  the  work  and  to  do  it  on  as  generous  a 
scale  as  the  revenues  of  the  State  will  warrant.  That  the  work  now 
being  done  answers  a  real  need  is  shown  by  the  hundreds  of  requests  for 
specific  information  which  come  to  the  Survey  ofiice  and  the  thousands 
of  requests  for  reports.  Indeed  the  demand  for  reports  is  so  great  that 
it  has  been  necessary  to  increase  the  number  printed  and  also  to'  print 
in  one  case  a  second  edition.  It  will  probably  be  necessary  to  print  re- 
peated editions  of  several  of  the  bulletins. 

Organization  and  Personnel. — ^The  organization  of  the  Geological 
Survey  in  1908  remained  substantially  the  same  as  in  1907.  Three 
sections  we  re  recognized:  (a)  geologic;  (b)  topographic;  (c)  drainage. 
The  first  was  administered  hj  the  director,  aided  by  Assistant  State 
Geologist  DeWolf.  The  second  was  in  charge  of  W.  H.  Herron,  Geol- 
rapher  in  Charge  of  the  Central  Section  for  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 
The  third  was  directed  by  Mr.  Herron  assisted  by  E.  W.  McCrary,  en- 
gineer. 

Within  the  year  comparatively  few  changes  occurred  in  the  personnel. 
On  July  1st  E.  S.  Blatchley  Joined  the  corps  and  was  assigned  tO'  the 
duty  of  making  a  detailed  study  of  the  Eobinson  oil  field.  At  the  close 
of  the  field  season  he  assumed  in  addition  the  duties  of  chief  clerk.  Miss 
Opal  Lockwood  began  work  as  clerk  on  July  1st  and  G.  M,  Wood  left 
the  survey  to  take  up'  private  work  in  November.  In  addition  to  the 
regular  corps  as  given  below  Messrs.  F.  E.  Layman,  C.  E.  Knirck,  A.  J. 
Ellis,  W.  E.  Deuchler  and  a  number  of  others  served  for  short  periods 
of  time  in  the  field  or  ofiice.  The  general  organization,  exclusive  of 
certain  temporary  emlployes  was  as  given  below : 

Commissioners. 

Governor  C.  S.  Deneen,  Chairman. 
Professor  T.  C.  Chamberlin,  Vice  Chairman. 
President  E.  J.  James,  Secretary. 


BAIN.]  ADMINISTEATIVE    REPORT.  6 

Administrative  Woek. 
H.  F.  Bain,  Director. 
R.  S.  Blatchley,  Acting  Chief  Clerk. 
Samuel  Abrams,  Clerk. 

Geological  Section. 

F.  W.  DeWolf,  Assistant  State  Geologist. 
R.  D.  Salisbury,  Consulting  Geologist. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Consulting  Geologist. 

C.  W.  Rolfe,  Consulting  Geologist. 

S.  W.  Parr,  Consulting  Chemist. 

Edward  Bartow,  Consulting  Chemist. 

Stuart  Weller,  Geologist. 

T.  E.  Savage,  Geologist. 

J.  A.  Udden,  Geologist. 

A.  V.  Bleininger,  Ceramist. 

E.  F.  Lines,  Assistant  Geologist. 

R.   S.  Blatchley,  Assistant  Geologist. 

Jon.  Udden,  Field  Assistant. 

G.  H.  C'ady,  Field  Assistant, 
J.  C.  Jones,  Field  Assistant. 
Opal  Lockwood,  Clerk. 

TopoGEAPHic  Section. 

W.  H.  H'erron,  Geographer. 
W.  J.  Lloyd,  Topographer, 
M.  Hackett,  Topographer. 
E.  W.  McCrary,  Assistant  Topographer. 
A.  T.  Fowler,  Assistant  Topographer, 
C.  B.  Kendall,  Assistant  Topographer. 
W.  A.  Gelbach,  Junior  Topographer, 
O.  L.  Gross,  Junior  Topographer. 
Lee  Morrison,  Junior  Topographer. 

Deainage   Section. 

W.  H.  Herron,  Geographer. 

E.  W.  McCrary,  Engineer,  in  charge  of  Kaskaskia  River  Surveys. 

W,  J.  Lloyd,  Topographer,  in  charge  of  the  Big  Muddy  River  Surveys. 

P.   E.   Fletcher,   Engineer,   in   charge   of   Primary  Levels. 

G.  M.  Wood,  Clerk. 

CodperaUon. — iVs  in  previous  years  the  State  G-eological  Survey  lias 
worked  in  close  cooperation  with  a  number  of  other  organizations.  AVith 
the  TJ.  S.  G-eological  Survey  there  has  been  formal  cooperation  in  the 
topographic  work,  the  study  of  the  coal  fields,  and  the  collection  of 
mineral  statistics,  and  informal  cooperation  in  the  drainage  work  and 
the  study  of  clays,  of  cement  materials,  and  of  water  resources.  The 
special  work  of  the  State  Committee  on  Water- Ways  Eeclamation  has 
continued  with  the  active  cooperation  of  the  Internal  Improvement 
Commission  and  the  U,  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  The  chemical 
studies  of  coal  have  been  carried  on  as  heretofore  in  connection  with 
the  Engineering  Experiment  Station,  the  Graduate  School  and  the  De- 
partment of  Applied  Chemistry  of  the  University  of  Illinois.  The  ar- 
rangement covering  exchange  of  information  with  the  State  Water 
Survey  has  continued,  Angus  tana  College  has  furnished  official  facil- 
ities for  J,  A.  Udden  in  his  work  of  collecting  and  studying  drill  records 
and  the  University  of  Chicago  for  the  men  writing  educational  bulle- 


4  YEAR    BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

tins.  In  the  State  Conservation  Conimassion,  organized  by  the  Governor 
in  December^  the  State  Surve}'  is  represented  by  the  Director.  It  is 
expected  that  through  tliis  commission  an  even  better  coordination  of 
the  State  work  and  closer  cooperation  with  the  various  State  bnreaus 
will  be  brought  aboiit. 

Acknowledgment  shonld  be  made  to  the  nnmerous  firms  and  individ- 
uals who  have  supplied  the  Survey  with  drill  records  and  other  notes 
often  of  a  confidential  character.  The  response  to  our  requests  for  such 
information  has  been  everywhere  instant  and  hearty  and  the  records 
now  being  collected  and  correlated  will  be  of  the  highest  value  in  the 
difficult  task  of  working  out  the  stratigraphy  of  the  deeply  buried  por- 
tions of  our  OT'eat  coal  and  oil  fields. 


&-■ 


Geological  Section. 

The  administration  of  the  geological  section  of  the  Survey  has  been 
in  the  hands  of  the  Director  and  Assistant  State  Geologist  DeWolf. 
The  principal  work  of  the  year  has  been  directed  toward : 

(a)  The  collection  and  compilation  of  drill  records  with  a  view  to  the 
making  of  a  preliminary  structural  map  of  the  State. 

(b)  The  study  of  the  coal  fields  of  the  State  as  a  whole  with  a  view  to 
the  preparation  of  a  general  report  in  advance  of  the  detailed  mapping. 

(c)  The  completion  of  the  investigation  of  the  Portland  cement  ma- 
terials of  the  State,  including  the  sampling  and  testing  of  the  clays  and 
shales. 

In  addition  the  usual  work  of  the  bureau  of  information^  that  of 
collecting  mineral  statistics^  and  the  studies  of  stratigraphy  and  of 
mineral  resources  were  carried  on.  The  details  are  given  in  following 
pages. 

General  Stratigraphy. — The  principal  work  of  the  year  has  been  in 
connection  with  the  coriection  and  study  of  deep'  drill  records.  In  a 
State  such  as  Illinois^  in  which  outcrops  are  relatively  rare  and  over 
which  there  is  quite  generally  a  thick  drift  cover^  the  careful  preserva- 
tion and  study  of  deep  drill  records  is  especially  imiportant.  Only  by 
this  means  will  the  geology  of  much  of  the  State  ever  be  learned.  Deep 
holes  are  usually  drilled  in  this  area  in  search  of  water,  coal,  or  gas  and 
oil.  The  methods  of  drilling  for  these  differ  materially.  Expert  drillers 
for  one  may  be  quite  inexpert  when  looking  for  the  other.  The  men  in 
one  industry  are  seldom  in  touch  with  those  in  either  of  the  others.  On 
this  account  the  work  has  been  organized  in  three  sections :  F.  W. 
DeWolf  being  in  charge  of  the  collection  and  study  of  coal  test  drillings, 
E.  S.  Blatchley  looking  after  oil  and  gas  well  records  and  J.  A.  ITdden 
collecting  and  examining  drillings  from  wells  |)ut  down  in  search  for 
water.  In  each  case  the  general  purpose  has  been  to  collect  and  corre- 
late the  records  of  as  many  deep  borings  as  possible.  This  is  being 
done  both  by  correspondence  and  personal  visit.  Each  l)oring  is  located 
as  accurately  as  possible  and  its  elevation  above  sea  level  determined 
])y  reference  to  railway  grade  or  to  actual  surveys  where  necessary.  For 
convenience  in  reference  a  map  has  been  prepared  with  a  tack  bearing 
a  key  number  in  each  township  for  which  records  are  available.  At 
present  there  are  nearly  5,000  records  in  our  files.     These  are  fairly 


iBAiN.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT.  O 

well  scattered  o^'cr  the  State  though  there  are  considerable  areas  in 
which  we  have  none.  In  others  the  records  are  incomplete  and  inaccur- 
ate and  it  will  be  necessary  to  secure  better  ones.  This^,  and  the  study 
of  those  at  present  available,  is  the  work  now  being  undertaken.  The 
details  are  given  under  the  separate  subjects. 

The  study  of  these  records  can  not  prove  of  great  value  except  in 
connection  with  corresponding  studies  of  the  outcrops  of  the  rocks.  The 
general  work  on  the  stratigraphy  of  the  State  is  therefore  being  pushed 
forward  rapidly,  Stuart  Weller  of  the  University  of  Chicago  remaining 
in  general  charge  of  this  phase  of  work.  He  has  devoted  his  personal 
attention  to  the  Mississippian  rocks,  being  assisted  by  Jon  Udden.  The 
Mississippian  system  is  one  of  the  most  important  in  the  State.  In 
its  upper  portion  are  found  some  of  our  most  productive  oil  sands.  In 
lower  beds  are  limestones  and  shales  suitable  for  making  Portland  ce- 
ment, stone  for  making  lime,  for  building,  for  road  metal,  for  use  on 
soils,  and  for  other  purposes.  In  the  same  rocks  are  found  the  fluorspar, 
lead  and  zinc  deposits  of  Pope  and  Hardin  counties  and  certain  minor 
occurrences  of  zinc  not  as  yet  found  to  be  of  commercial  importance  in 
the  western  part  of  the  State.  The  Mississippian  rocks,  over  much  of 
the  State  form  the  base  upon 'which  our  Coal  Measures  rest  and  from 
both  the  scientific  and  practical  points  of  view  they  constitute  one  of 
the  most  important  formations  in  the  State.  It  is  of  first  importance 
inat  their  stratigraphy  be  understood  and  Dr.  Weller  is  therefore  devot- 
ing his  main  attention  to  them  with  a  view^  tO'  the  preparation  of  a 
general  report  upon  the  subject. 

The  rocks  below  the  Mississippian  including  the  Devonian,  Silurian 
and  Ordovician,  outcrop  over  considerable  areas  in  Southern  Illinois 
and  are  capable  of  yielding  large  amounts  of  stone  of  various  kinds. 
In  them  also  occur  the  silica  deposits  which  are  becoming  more  and 
more  important.  The  stratigraphy  of  these  rocks  has  been  in  some 
confusion  and  T.  E.  Savage  has  been  assigned  to  work  them  up.  He 
has  spent  parts  of  two  field  seasons  in  the  area  and  has  done  his  labora- 
tory work  under  the  direction  of  Professor  Schuchert  at  Yale  University, 
Important  results  have  already  been  reached  and  a  full  report  on  the 
subject  is  in  preparation.  In  the  northern  portion  of  the  State  the  first 
steps  have  been  taken  toward  a  much  needed  re-study  of  the  Niagara 
rocks.  A.  J.  Ellis,  acting  under  Messrs.  Savage  and  Weller,  has  under- 
faken  the  collection  of  notes  and  specimens  along  the  Xiagara-Ordo- 
vician  contact  with  very  interesting  results. 

The  general  study  of  the  Coal  Measures  has  been  carried  out  in  con- 
nection with  Mr.  DeWolf's  studies  of  the  coal.  The  principal  strati- 
graphic  work  has  been  done  by  David  White,  kindly  detailed  to  that 
work  by  the  U.  S.  Geolo^gical  Survey.  Upon  the  basis  of  correlations 
made  by  him,  Mr.  DeWolf  and  the  various  members  of  the  State  Survey 
w^orking  in  the  coal  fields  are  preparing  a  wholly  new  map  of  the  coal 
fields.  Messrs.  White  and  DeWolf  spent  some  time  in  a  general  recon- 
naissance through  the  western  part  of  the  State  studying  the  relations 
of  the  Coal  Measures  to  the  Pottsville  and  lower  rocks.  This  trip'  was 
followed  by  one  through  the  sonthern  counties  by  Messrs.  White,  DeWolf 
and  Bain,  for  similar  work.     At  the  close  of  the  work  in  Illinois,  Mr. 


6  YEAE   BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  U 

White  spent  some  weeks  in  similar  studies  in  Indiana^  very  greatly  to 
the  advantage  of  the  work  in  our  own  State  and  it  now  seems  probable 
that  a  satisfactory  correlation  of  coal  beds  and  a  uniform  nomenclature 
for  the  whole  Eastern  Interior  Coal  Field  will  be  developed. 

In  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the  State  is  a  limited  area  covered, 
by  rocks  of  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  age.  In  1906  a  reconnaissance 
of  this  area  was  made  by  Mr.  DeWolf,  but  since  then  it  has  been  im- 
possible to  spare  any  one  for  further  work  on  these  rocks.  Fortunately 
the  Federal  Survey  is  engaged  in  a,  general  study  of  the  rocks  of  the 
Mississippi  embayment  and  will  be  able  shortly  to  send  some  one  into 
this  area.  There  are  important  fire  clays,  shales,  and  road  materials  to 
be  derived  from  them  and  better  knowledge  of  their  stratigraphy  is 
much  needed. 

Above  the  hard  rocks  over  most  of  the  State  is  a  variable  thickness  of 
sand,  gravel,  and  boulder  clay  resulting  from  the  action  of  great  ice 
sheets  which  in  Pleistocene  times  covered  so-  much  oi  the  State.  Despite 
the  great  scientific  and  practical  interest  of  these  beds  the  Survey  has 
been  unable  to  spare  any  one  to  take  up'  their  systematic  study.  During 
the  season  just  passed,  J.  C.  Jones,  acting  under  the  supervision  of  E. 
D.  Salisbury,  made  a  study  of  the  Pleistocene  deposits  of  the  New 
Haven- Gralatia  area.  W.  C.  Alden,  for  the  U.  S.  G-eological  Survey, 
spent  a  short  time  in  the  study  of  the:  older  drift  sheets  of  northwestern 
Illinois.  In  the  studies  for  educational  bulletins.,  the  glacial  deposits 
of  several  areas  have  been  studied,  but  there  is  room  and  need  for  a 
thorough  general  study  of  these  deposits.  In  the  Pleistocene  are  found 
the  water  supplies  of  most  of  our  villages  and  towns ;  the  gravels  needed 
for  road  construction  and  for  railway  ballast;  the  sands  for  concrete  and 
other  building  construction;  clays  for  brick,  drain  tile,  etc.;  important 
local  sources  of  natural  gas;  and  the  distribution  of  the  deposits  con- 
trols, primarily,  the  character  of  our  soils.  Fortunately  a  general  study 
of  these  deposits  is  available  having  been  made  some  years  since  for 
the  U.  S.  Greological  Survey  by  Frank  Leverett.^  Much  new  data  is 
iiowever  now  available  and  many  gaps  remain  to  be  filled.  A  map  show- 
ing the  distribution  and  character  of  the  gravel  beds  of  the  State  may 
be  mentioned  as  one  of  the  pressing  needs  which  might  be  met  by  a 
study  of  these  deposits. 

Coal. — Illinois  ranks  second  among  the  states  in  the  production  of  coal. 
In  1907,  51,317,146  tons,  having  a  total  value  of  $54,687,382.00,  were 
mined.  The  figures  for  1908  are  not  complete  but  preliminary  esti- 
mates indicate  that  Illinois  was  almost  alone  among  the  states  in  hold- 
ing its  production.  While  in  the  country  as  a  whole  the  amount  mined 
fell  ofl:  from,  15  to  20  per  cent,  Illinoisi  mines  produced  nearly  as 
much  as  in  1907,  a  record  year.  Despite  this  gratifying  fact  it 
remains  true  that  our  mines  are  not  working  to  anything  like 
their  capacity.  In  1907  the  average  number  of  days  worked  was 
218.  It  would  probably  be  fair  to  assume  300  working  days  a  year  as 
possible.  On  this  basis  there  was  a  loss  of  thirty  per  cent  of  the  possible 
working  time  and  this  is  not  an  unusual  per  cent  of  loss  in  our  State. 


i  The  niinois  Glacial  Lobe,  Mon.  38,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


BAIN.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    KEPOKT.  i 

The  reasons  for  this  are  complex.  In  part  they  lie  in  the  nature  of  the 
coal  which  prevents  its  storage  withont  spontaneons  combustion ;  in  part, 
in  the  general  ignorance  as  to  correct  methods  of  firing  and  the  real 
value  of  the  coal;  and  finally  in  part,  in  the  present  organization  of  the 
industry  with  excessive  competition  in  selling.  The  net  results  are  bad 
for  the  industry  and  therefore  for  the  State  as  a  whole.  Cheap  coal  re- 
duces manufacturing  costs  but  allows  wasteful  burning.  It  also  entails 
wasteful  mining  and  even  prevents  the  introduction  of  methods  of  safe- 
guarding the  men  in  the  mines.  It  is  a.  serious  question  whether  we  are 
not  paying,  in  loss  of  life  in  the  mines,  in  loss  of  efficiency  in  our  plants, 
and  in  loss  of  interest  and  capital  invested  in  the  industry,  more  than 
the  cheapness  of  the  coal  is  worth. 

A  better  understanding  of  what  our  coal  resources  are  and  the  best 
methods  of  utilizing  them  will  contribute  largely  to  the  solution  of  the 
various  problems  of  the  co^al  industry.  To  that  end  the  work  of  the 
Survey  has  been  organized  so  as  to  cover  both  field  and  laboratory  inves- 
tigations. They  have  continued  to  be  under  the  immediate  superAdsion 
of  Assistant  State  Geologist  DeWolf.  The  field  investigations  are  for 
the  purpose  of  acquiring  exact  information  regarding  the  distribution 
of  our  coal  beds,  their  number,  thiclaiess,  character  of  floor  and  roof, 
the  dip',  any  faulting  which  may  be  present  and,  in  brief,  all  data  neces- 
sary to  an  exact  inventory  of  the  workable  coal  of  the  State  and  the 
natural  conditions  which  influence  the  methods  of  working.  This  work 
is  being  carried  on  in  cooperation  with  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey 
which  bears  half  the  expense.  The  method  is  to  make  exact  maps  locat- 
ing ail  natural  outcrops  or  available  drill  holes,  to  determine  their  eleva- 
tions, and  tO'  correlate  the  various  coal  beds  with  a  view  to  making 
structural  contour  maps  such  as  already  have  been  presented  in  the 
year  books  of  the  survey.  In  final  publication  these  maps  are  to  be  ac- 
companied by  reports  discussing  in  detail  the  mineral  resources  of  the 
areas.  This  final  publication  is  to  be  made  by  the  Federal  government 
which  assumes  all  the  expense  of  the  necessary  printing  and  engraving. 

The  work  so  far  completed  includes  reports  on  the  Peoria  quadrangle 
by  J.  A.  U'dden,  of  the  Springfield  quadrangle  by  T.  B.  Savage,  on  the 
Belleville-Breese  quadrangles  by  J.  A,  TJdden  and  on  the  New  Haven, 
Eldorado  and  Galatia  quadrangles  by  F.  W.  DeWolf.  The  survey  of  the 
West  Frankfort  quadrangle  by  Messrs.  DeWolf  and  Cady  is  complete 
and  a  report  is  being  prepared.  The  Herrin  quadrangle  was  surveyed 
in  the  season  just  closed  by  T.  E.  Savage  but  a  report  will  probably  not 
be  prepared  for  some  months.  A  strip  six  miles  wide  extending  from 
south  of  Marion  to  south  of  Harrisburg,  and  covering  a  portion  of  the 
area  of  coals  I^o.  5  and  !N'o.  6  was  surveyed  this  season  by  W.  E.  Deuchler 
under  direction  of  G.  H.  Cady  and  the  report  is  in  preparation.  Level 
lines  were  run  to  all  known  drill  holes,  and,  while  this  area  is  outside 
the  region  topographically  surveyed,  it  is  believed  that  it  can  be  satis- 
factorily mapped  on  this  basis.  It  is  proposed  to  extend  similar  surveys 
over  the  entire  coal  fields  as  rapidly  as  funds  will  permit  and  to  execute 
them  in  such  detail  as  the  data  available  will  allow.  Something  over 
700  drill  records  have  been  collected  and  the  holes  located  and  leveled  to,, 
in  the  course  of  these  detailed  surveys. 


8  YEAR    BOOK    FOR    1908.  [hull.  no.  14 

Aside  from  the  surveys  ineiitioned,  and  in  advance  of  tlie  topographic 
mappings  Messrs.  DeWodf  and  Jon  Udden  have  been  engaged  in  a  study 
of  the  coal  fields  as  a  whole  and  the  collection  and  correlation  of  drill 
and  shaft  records.  These,  in  connection  with  the  work  of  David  White 
on  the  correlation  of  the  coal  beds  will  affoird  the  basis  for  a  general  re- 
port npon  the  coal  fields  as  a  whole.  In  this  connection  Mr.  DeWolf 
has  made  a  special  study  of  the  Danville  district  and  its  relations  to  the 
Indiana  coal  fields  and  Mr.  Udden,  a  careful  study  of  the  structural 
features  of  the  Duquoin  area.  Practically  all  the  coal  producing  coun- 
ties of  the  State  ha,ve  been  visited. 

The  field  work  included  the  careful  sampling  of  all  coal  beds  ex- 
amined. There  are  now  available  satisfactory  face  samples  of  the  coal 
in  148  mines,  representing  probably  all  seams  worked.  Less  satisfactory 
samiples  of  129  mines  are  also  available.  Of  this  earlier  series  forty-one 
have  been  checked  by  later  work  and  are  included  in  the  first  figure 
given.     The  others  are  being  checked  as  rapidly  as  possible. 

The  laboratory  work  on  coal  is  directed  toward  the  determination  of 
its  composition  and  heating  value  both  in  the  mine  and  as  actually 
marketed,  and  the  solution  of  various  chemical  problems  bearing  on  its 
better  marketing  and  utilization.  This  work  is  being  done  in  coopera- 
tion with  the  Department  of  Applied  Chemistry  of  the  University  and 
the  Engineering  Experiment  Station.  It  is  under  the  direction  of  Pro- 
fessor S.  W.  Parr  who  in  1908  was  assisted  hy  W.  F.  Wheeler,  J.  M. 
Lindgren  and  for  part  of  the  year  by  C.  K.  Francis  and  Perry  Barker. 

A  large  volume  of  analytical  work  has  been  carried  on  within  the  year. 
Preliminary  reports  on  part  of  this  work  have  been  published.^  During 
the  year  1908  face  samples  fromi  approximately  one  hundred  different 
mines  were  analyzed  by  Messrs.  Wheeler  and  Lindgren.  In  addition  a 
great  many  duplicates  were  taken  for  checking  purposes  and  seventy 
samples  of  the  collection  of  1906  were  analyzed  for  ash  and  moisture. 
Studies  of  field  and  laboratory  methods  were  also  carried  on.  These 
included  comparison  of  samples  from  different  parts  of  the  same  mine, 
comparison  of  samples  obtained  by  quartering  and  in  the  laboratory, 
studies  of  m;oisture  absorption  by  samples  ground  respectively  by  ball 
mill,  discs  and  bucking  board.  A  study  was  also  made  of  accuracy  of 
moisture  determinations  when  based  on  coals  of  various  sizes.  These 
results  will  be  published  in  a  report  by  the  Engineering  Experiment 
Station. 

Weathering  tests  commenced  a  year  ago  have  been  finished  and  the 
results  are  nearly  ready  for  publication.  The  samples  include  coal  'of 
two  sizes  fro'm  each  of  three  mines  and  smaller  samples  stored  under 
water.  -Weathering  tests  in  cooperation  with  W.  L.  Abbott  of  the  Com- 
monwealth-Edison Company,  Chicago,  are  also  under  way.  Studies  in 
spontaneous  combustion  have  been  started  by  Mr.  Wheeler  for  the  Exper- 
iment Station.  The  preliminary  results  indicate  that  coal  stored  in 
heaps  takes  fire  much  below  usual  combustion  temperatures.  This  in- 
creases the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  coal  storage  but  does  not  necessarily 
preclude  success. 


i  Trans.  Amer.  Inst.  Mining  Engineers,  Chattanooga  Meeting  1908. 


JBAiN.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT.  \) 

In  the  reiO'Ort  of  1907  the  following  regarding  tlie  clesirahility  of  cer- 
tain investigations  in  mining  technology  was  printed :  ^^It  has  been 
found  impracticahle  at  the  present  time,  mainly  owing  to  limitations  of 
funds,  to  undertake  certain  hilghly  desirable  studies  of  the  technology 
of  the  mining  industry  and  of  the  geographical  distribution  of  markets 
for  Illinois  coals.  It  is  believed  that  much  good  would  result  from  in- 
vestigations along  these  lines  and  that  certain  portions  of  the  work  are 
well  within  the  proper  field  of  the  State  Geological  Survey.  It  is  now 
well  known  that  there  is,  under  present  commercial  conditions,  an  enor- 
mous waste  in  the  mining  of  Illinois  coal.  In  individu.al  districts  it  has 
been  estimated  to  amount  to  as  much  as  sixty  per  cent,  though  of  course 
such  losses  are  not  general.  It  would,  however,  probably  be  safe  to  say 
that  in  very  many  places  forty  per  cent  of  the  coal  in  the  ground  is  left 
unmined  or  is  ruined  in  the  process  of  mining.  In  addition,  the  methods 
of  mining  introduced  in  recent  years  have  greatly  increased  the  produc- 
tion of  fine  sizes  and  have  also,  seemingly,  increased  the  danger  to  life 
and  property  in  the  mines.  The  causes  for  all  these  losses  are  complex, 
and  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  either  operators  or  miners  willingly  sub- 
mit to  them.  Neither  is  it  to  be  expected  that  the  losses  of  life  and 
property  can  be  entirely  done  away  with.  At  the  same  time  experience 
has  abundantly  proven  that  careful  and  impartial  investigations  of  such 
conditions  will  point  the  way  to  the  remedy  for  at  least  some  of  the 
abuses,  and  in  view  of  the  enormous  importance  of  the  subject  to  the 
State  and  the  public  at  large,  such  studies  are  believed  to  be  amply  war- 
ranted. Fortunately  it  now  seems  likely  that  the  United  States  govern- 
ment will  take  up  a  general  study  of  the  miost  co^mplex  of  the  problems — 
causes  and  preventions  of  explosions  and  other  accidents  in  mines.  This 
still  leaves,  however,  many  important  local  problems  to  be  investigated ; 
problems  that  are  in  no  way  national,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  State 
Survey  may  be  given  the  means  of  taking  them  up. 

^^The  expansion  of  markets  for  Illinois  coal  is  a  matter  of  vital  im- 
portance to  the  coal  industry  and  indirectly  to  the  people  of  the  entire 
State.  One  of  the  most  important  means  of  promoting  this  expansion 
is  by  removing  certain  misapprehensions  as  to  the  quality  of  the  coal 
and  the  pointing  out  of  better  means  of  burning,  so  as  to  increase  its 
efficiency  and  decrease  the  smoke  produced.  This  work  has  been  taken 
up  vigorously  by  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station,  which  has  pub- 
lished excellent  bulletins  on  ^How  to  burn  Illinois  Coal  Without  Smoke,' 
and  other  similar  subjects.  In  addition  to'  this  valuable  work,  there 
should  be  investigations  of  the  actual  markets  for  the  different  grades  of 
coal  and  of  possible  enlargements  of  these  markets.  There  are  large 
areas  to  the  northwest  within  which  Illinois  washed  coals  might  profitably 
supplant  eastern  coals  now  being  sold.  There  are  other  areas  to  the  south 
and  west  where,  with  proper  organization  of  transportation  agencies, 
even  in  advance  of  improvement  of  the  rivers,  trade  territory  could  be 
gained.  Any  widening  of  the  market  would  be  of  large  benefit  to  the 
local  industry,  particularly  if  the  summer  market  could  be  increa,sed. 
For  this  reason  the  studies  now  under  way  relating  to  weathering  of  coal 
and  coal  storage  are  especially  important." 


10  YEAR   BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Since  the  above  was  written  the  study  of  mine  accidents  has  been  taken 
up  by  the  Federal  government  and  a  branch  station  has  been  established 
at  Urbana  for  the  demonstration  of  apparatus  and  methods  of  rescue. 
It  is  believed  that  this  will  do  much  to'  decrease  the  number  of  accidents 
and  of  fatalities.  The  general  problems.^  however,  of  regular  under- 
ground work  and  of  better  markets  for  our  coal  remain  untouched.  The 
last  is  peculiarly  a  local  problem  and  it  is  believed  riiuch  good  would  be 
accomplished  by  collecting  and  dissemiinating  correct  information  re- 
garding it.  IvTo  elaborate  investigations  are  called  for  but  one  or  more 
men  should  be  employed  for  so  long  a  time  as  may  be  necessary. 

Clay. — The  clay-^vorking  industries  of  the  State  are  in  satisfactory 
condition.  In  1907  the  total  output  was  valued  at  $13,220,489.00.  In 
1908  the  outpu.t  was  as  large,  but  owing  to  lower  prices  the  total  value 
may  prove  to  have  been  less.  The  principal  business  is  as  yet  the  manu- 
facture of  low  priced  products ;  building  and  paving  brick  and  structural 
materials.  These  industries  have  grown  with  the  population  until  Illi- 
nois now  ranks  fourth  in  total  output  of  clay  wares.  It  is  to'  be  expected 
that  with  increased  wealth  and  leisure,  the  per  capita  consumption  of 
these  and  higher  priced  lines  of  manufactured  goods  will  increase. 
With  our  wealth  of  raw  material  and  fuel  it  is  possible  to^  manufacture 
to  advantage  miuch  that  is  now  imported  and  at  some  future  time  it  can- 
not be  doubted  that  this  will  be  done.  In  the  meantime  as  evidence  of 
the  satisfactory  economic  basis  of  our  brick  industry  it  may  be  mentioned 
that  one  of  the  larger  plants  now  ships  standard  building  brick  into 
territory  extending  from  New  York  to  St.  Paul  and  that  despite  the 
business  depression  many  of  our  plants  ran  full  time  and  some  even  re- 
fused orders  in  1908. 

Within  the  year  the  report  upon  Illinois  Paving  Brick  and  Paving 
Brick  Clays,  prepared  in  cooperation  with  the  Department  of  Ceramics  by 
Messrs.  Rolfe,  Purdy,  Talbot  and  Baker  was  published.  This  report  is 
based  u.pon  careful  studies  not  only  of  our  paving  brick  and  clays  but 
also  of  those  with  which  they  come  in  competition  and  which  are  nuar- 
keted  in  Illinois.  The  results  of  elaborate  studies  show  that  Illinois 
clays  and  paving  brick  compare  favorably  with  those  of  neighboring 
states.  In  addition  Mr.  Purdy^s  tests  show  a  relation  between  the  spec- 
ific gravity  of  the  test  pieces  burned  at  different  degrees  of  heat,  and  the 
qualities  of  the  resulting  brick,  sO'  that  a  way  is  now  open  for  testing  at 
comparatively  slight  expense  and  with  considerable  security  as  to  results, 
tlie  various  clays  believed  to  be  suitable  for  manufacture  into  pavers.  The 
other  important  results  of  the  work  may  be  summarized  as  below : 

(1)  The  origin  of  clays  and  their  relation  to  the  parent  rock  and  the 
processes  by  which  the  rock  is  changed  to  clay,  are  discussed  in  detail. 

(2)  It  is  shown  that  by  suitable  treatment  it  is  possible  to  make  satis- 
factory pavers  from  a  large  number  of  clays  that  were  previously  held  to  be 
unavailable. 

(3)  It  is  shown  that  suitable  clays  occur  widely  distributed  throughout 
the  State  and  that  probably  no  considerable  area  is  wholly  destitute  of  satis- 
factory clays. 

(4)  Many  analyses  and  physical  tests  have  been  made  on  type  clays  with 
interesting  advances  in  scientific  and  technical  knowledge. 


BAIN.]  ADMINISTEATIVE    EEPOET.  11 

(5)  An  accurate  series  of  comparative  tests  of  a  large  number  of  paving 
bricks  are  described  and  valuable  suggestions  are  given  for  the  improvement 
and  refining  of  the  methods  of  testing, 

(6)  The  methods  of  constructing  and  caring  for  brick  pavements  are 
presented  in  simple  statement  suitable  for  general  use  and  methods  of 
cheapening  the  cost  of  such  pavements  are  pointed  out.  This  is  of  partic- 
ular importance  in  view  of  the  large  number  of  cities  and  towns  which  will 
always  use  brick  paving. 

The  report  as  a  whole  is  a  very  valuable  addition  to  the  rapidly  grow- 
ing series  of  bulletins. 

The  new  work  for  the  year  involved  the  collection  and  study  of  clays 
of  the  State  available  for  use  in  making  Portland  cement  as  detailed 
elsewhere.  Since  the  sampling  and  analysis  of  these  clays  has  involved 
considerable  expense,  and  since  they  are  representative  of  considerable 
bodies  of  clay  well  situated  for  development,  it  is  proposed  to  continue 
their  study  by  miaking  general  burning  tests  and  other  experiments  de- 
signed to  determine  their  range  of  usefulness.  E.  F.  Lines  has  been 
assigned  to  this  work. 

The  general  study  of  the  clays  of  the  State  involves  the  difficult  prob- 
lem of  adequate  sampling  of  the  undeveloped  deposits.  G-rab  samples  are 
worse  than  useless  and  samples  of  weathered  outcrops  give  results  which 
are  deceptive.  We  are  frequently  called  on  tO'  furnish  data  regarding 
the  occurrence  of  clays  suitable  for  special  purposes,  such  as  convertor 
linings,  retort-making,  and  other  refractory  wares.  The  data  at  hand 
do-  not  often  permit  of  an  adequate  answer  to  these  inquiries  and  the 
specimens  sent  in  by  land  owners  are  not  often  serviceable  because  of 
defective  sampling.  Illinois  contains  much  good  clay.  The  preliminary 
general  studies  of  the  stratigraphy  of  the  deposits  and  of  methods  of 
testing  have  been  carried  out.  These  should  be  followed  by  more  detailed 
field  studies  accompanied  by  careful  sampling  and  laboratory  tests 
which  are  beyond  the  means  now  at  the  disposal  of  the  Survey.  It  is 
hoped  that  some  suitable  provision  may  soon  be  made  for  this  work. 

Cement  Materials. — In  1907,  the  State  produced  Portland  and  natural 
cement  to  the  value  of  $2,725,326.00.  The  investigation  of  the  cement 
materials  of  the  State  begun  in  that  year  was  continued  with  the  special 
object  in  view  of  determining  the  location  and  quality  of  deposits  of 
clay  and  shale  to  be  mixed  with  the  limestones  already  analyzed.  This 
work  was  under  the  immediate  direction  of  A.  Y.  Bleininger  who  was 
assisted  by  F.  E.  Laymian.  Mr.  Layman  visited  all  the  localities  where 
the  work  of  the  previous  summer  showed  the  occurrence  of  limestone 
suitable  for  making  Portland  cement,  and  collected  samples  of  the  clay 
most  available  for  mixing  with  the  limestone.  This  involved  careful 
work  since  it  was  necessary  to  get  an  adequate  quantity  of  unweathered 
material  from  a  deposit  suitably  situated  for  development  and  large 
enough  to  furnish  a  supply  for  some  years.  About  100  pounds  of  clay, 
representing  a  much  larger  quantity  of  material  collected  in  the  field, 
were  shipped  to  the  laboratory  for  each  locality.  This  was  quartered 
down  and  subjected  to  analysis  and  test.  The  result  of  the  work  as  a 
whole  will,  it  is  believed,  furnish  an  accurate  guide  to  our  verv  im- 


12  YEAR    BOOK    FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

portant  dej)osits  of  Portland  cement  making  material,  though  no  attempt' 
has  been  made  to  sample  every  promising  ontcrop.  The  report  is  being 
prepared  for  the  press  by  Messrs.  Bleininger,  Layman  and  Lines. 

Portland  cement  is  one  of  the  most  widely  nseful  of  modern  building 
materials.  'The  growth  of  the  industry  from  42,000  barrels  in  1880  to 
48,785,390  barrels  in  1907  is  one  of  the  great  industrial  developments  of 
America.  In  the  opinion  of  many  competent  judges  the  future  develop- 
ment will  be  even  greater  than  that  of  the  past.  The  exhaustion  of  our 
forests,  with  the  natural  desire  of  an  older  and  richer  people  to  build 
better,  the  wide  increase  in  the  variety  of  uses  for  cement,  the  desira- 
bility of  conserving  our  iron  and  steel,  and  the  fact  that  our  permanent 
improvements  both  public  and  private  are  still  largely  to  be  built,  all 
l^oint  to  an  increasing  demand  for  cement.  Illinois  with  its  favorable 
situation  regarding  raw  materials,  fuel  and  transportation  ought  to  look 
forward  to  supplying  not  only  its  own  needs  but  those  of  much  of  the 
territory  to  the  north  and  west.  It  is  a  pleasure  to  be  able  to  state  that 
our  investigations  show  an  abundance  of  material  of .  suitable  quality  in 
situations  favorable  for  development  and  to  predict  that  a  successful  and 
ex|)anding  industry  will  follow.  The  excellent  plants  now  in  operation 
will  necessarily  not  only  be  increased  in  size  but  supplemented  by  others 
to  meet  the  future  demands  of  the  market. 

Quarry  Products. — Within  the  last  season  no  attempt  has  been  made 
to  carry  forward  the  special  studies  of  quarry  products.  In  1906  and 
1907  a  number  of  quarries  were  visited  and  in  cooperation  with  the  State 
Highway  Commission  the  availability  of  the  rock  for  highway  con- 
struction was  determined.  Many  miore  quarries  and  natural  outcrops 
remain  to  be  sampled,  but  with  the  force  now  available  it  is  impossible 
systematically  to  carry  forward  this  work.  The  importance  of  these 
studies  is  large  since  in  many  parts  of  the  State  it  is  extremely  difficult 
to  get  local  materials  for  road  making.  Aside  from  this  is  the  fact  that 
large  sums  of  money  are  annually  sent  out  of  the  State  for  the  purchase 
of  building  stone.  If  our  own  materials  were  thoroughly  understood 
and  completely  utilized  much  of  this  money  would  be  kept  at  home.  The 
Survey  has  already  bronght  to  light  considerable  bodies  of  oolite  and 
other  building  stones  which  are  apparently  well  situated  and  of  suitable 
grade  for  quarrying.  A  special  investigation  of  them  with  adequate 
sampling  and  complete  tests  is  much  needed.  At  present  the  largest 
local  use  of  stone  is  for  concrete.  It  cannot  be  doubted  that  the  de- 
mand for  this  purpose  will  rapidly  increase  and  with  this  in  view  it 
is  highly  important  to  determine  as  promptly  as  possible  the  locations 
and  character  of  all  our  stone  resources. 

Water  Resources. — Water  is  our  most  important  mineral,  the  one  most 
vital  to  our  health  and  prosperity,  the  one  without  which  life  itself 
would  become  extinct.  The  importance  of  property  regulating  the  supply 
was  well  shown  in  1908  in  the  southern  counties  of  the  State,  where, 
following  a  period  of  unusual  flood,  came  a  period  of  unusual  drought. 
Then  streams  ceased  to  flow.  The  ordinary  wells  and  other  sources  of 
supply  were  taxed  to  the  limit,  and  in  many  cases  failed  altogether.  Coal 
washers  and  factories  were  shut  do^\Ti,  street  and  interurban  cars  ceased 


BAIN.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT.  13 

to  run,  and  in  places  the  supply  was  barely  sufficient  for  tlie  actual  neces- 
sities of  liealth  and  sanitation.  The  whole  industrial  machinery  of  the 
region  was  disarranged.  If  such  conditions  follow  a,  drought  in  this  area 
now,  it  may  be  well  asked  what  will  happen  as  the  population  increases 
in  density.  It  is  estimated  that  in  the  next  century  from  three  to  four 
times  as  many  people  miust  be  accommodated  in  our  present  territory 
and  with  that  population  a  drought  such  as  occurred  this  year  would  en- 
tail great  suffering,  despite  the  fact  that  Illinois  lies  within  the  area  of 
abundant  rain  fall.  It  is  not  that  the  total  supply  of  water  is  inade-. 
cfuate  but  its  distribution  is  not  satisfactor}-.  With  increasing  density 
of  population  also,  the  difficulty  of  procuring  uncontaminated  drinking- 
water  is  rapidly  increasing  and  often  the  problem  of  securing  adequate 
and  suitable  water  for  industrial  purposes  in  favorable  locations  is  a 
severe  one. 

With  many  of  these  problems  the  Grcological  Survey  has  no  direct  con- 
cern, the  responsibility  resting  rather  on  the  State  Water  Survey,  the 
Internal  Improvement  Commission  or  the  Board  of  Health.  As  relates, 
however,  to  the  problem  of  distribution  of  water  in  the  rocks  below  sur- 
face, the  Geological  Survey  has  direct  concern.  To  the  study  of  this 
phase  of  the  general  problem  of  water  supplies  J.  A.  Udden  has  been  as- 
signed. His  work  involves  the  study  of  underground  water  horizons  by 
means  of  outcrop  studies  and  the  usual  collection  and  study  of  deep  well 
drillings.  In  the  past  season  he  has  especially  studied  the  area  lying  be- 
tween the  Illinois  and  Mississippi  rivers.  Already  several  hundred  drill 
records  are  available.  It  is,  however,  especially  desirable  that  this  work 
should  be  based  upon  first  hand  knowledge  of  the  drillings  themselves. 
To  that  end  arrangements  will  be  made  with  any  individual  or  munici- 
pality contemplating  deep  drilling  in  the  State,  for  examination  of  the 
work.  Directions  for  taking  the  samples  and  bags  for  sending  them  to 
the  laboratoiy  will  be  furnished.  All  needed  laboratory  tests  will  be 
made  without  charge  and  all  possible  information  will  be  furnished  to 
the  well  owner. 

In  certain  portions  of  the  State  it  is  even  now  possible  to  furnish  quite 
accurate  forecasts  as  to  depth,  quality  and  quantity  of  water  available. 
Each  new  well,  where  the  samples  have  been  carefully  taken  and  studied, 
extends  the  area  within  which  such  forecasts  are  possible'  and  increases 
their  accuracy.  The  Survey  will  therefore  welcome  correspondence  with 
persons  contemplating  drilling. 

In  much  of  the  State  the  deeper  waters  are  not  suitable  for  industrial 
purposes  and  their  corrective  treatment  is  a  problem  for  the  State  Water 
Survey.  Elsewhere  the  waters  while  suitable  are  not  present  within 
practicable  drilling  depths  or  are  inadequate  in  quantity  to  the  uses  of 
a  large  community.  For  the  smaller  cities,  however,  or  for  single  in- 
dustries deep  wells  are  often  capable  of  furnishing  a  satisfactory  supply. 
The  complete  investigation  of  these  problems  is  necessarily  a  matter 
of  some  years.  A  beginning  has  been  made  in  a  special  study  of  the 
water  resources  of  the  East  St.  Louis  district,^  and  in  the  preparation, 
in  cooperation  with  the  State  Water  Survey,  of  a  report  upon  Mineral 


i  Bull.  No.  5,  Postage  6  cents. 


14  YEAR   BOOK    FOE    1908.  [bull.  NO.  U 

Content  of  Illinois  Water's.^  Mr.  Udden's  investigations  will  furnish 
mncli  needed  additional  data  wliicli  will  be  published  in  special  reports 
from  time  to  time, ,  similar  tO'  his  paper  on  the  artesian  wells  of  the 
Peoria  district.^  This  work  is  being  carried  on  in  cooperation  with  the 
TJ.  S.  G-eological  Survej  which  makes  a  small  allotment  toward  the  ex- 
pense in  order  to  permit  its  extension  where  desirable  into  adjacent 
states. 

Oil  and  Gas. — In  1904  there  was  no  recorded  production  of  oil  in  Illi- 
nois. In  1905  the  Eastern  Illinois  oil  fields  were  discovered  and  156,502 
barrels  were  shipped  by  tank  cars.  In  1906  pipe  lines  were  extended  into 
the  area,  4,397,050  barrels  of  oil  were  shipped  and  the  State  ranked 
ninth.  In  1907  there  was  a  large  increase  of  production,  the  State  rank- 
ing third  with  a  total  output  of  24,540,938  barrels.  In  1908  there  was 
another  increase,  the  total  shipments  for  the  year  reaching  approximately 
40,000,000  barrels.  The  principal  production  is  from  Clark,  Crawford 
and  Lawrence  counties  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State,  the  oil 
occurring  in  the  Pennsylvania,  Pottsville  and  Chester  rocks  of  the  Car- 
boniferous. Immediately  after  the  organization  of  the  Survey  the  study 
of  these  fields  was  taken  up  and  several  papers  describing  the  territory 
have  been  published  f  complete  reports  are  yet  to  be  written. 

Of  prime  importance  in  any  final  report  on  an  oil  field  is  an  accurate 
knowledge  of  the  relative  elevation  of  the  various  oil  sands.  With  this  in 
view  a  special  party  was  organized  in  1906  to  run  level  lines  through  the 
northern  part  of  the  field,  and  the  elevations  were  indicated  by  suit- 
able bench  marks.  The  next  year  regxilar  topographic  work  was  taken 
up  and  surveys  were  made  of  the  field  between  the  Indianapolis  Southern 
and  B.  &  0.  S.  W.  railway  lines.  In  the  season  of  1908  the  levels  were 
extended  south  to  connect  with  those  previously  run  in  the  Mount  Car- 
mel  area. 

Supplementary  to  this  topographic  work  P.  S.  Blatchley,  assisted  by 
Douglas  Wright  and  J.  C.  Jones,  collected  drill  records  throughout  the 
Hardinville  quadrangle  and  accurately  determined  the  elevation  of  ap- 
proximately 2,800  wells.  Since  the  close  of  the  season  these  drill  records 
have  been  plotted  and  are  now  being  studied,  in  order  to  construct  maps 
showing  the  depths  to  the  various  sands,  and  the  recorded  thicknesses  of 
the  latter.  It  is  believed  these  maps  will  be  of  large  service  in  the 
further  development  of  this  important  field  and  also  that  they  will  yield 
valuable  data  for  the  study  of  the  laws  governing  the  genesis  and  accum- 
ulation of  oil  and  gas.  In  the  present  unsatisfactory  condition  of  our 
knowledge  of  these  law^s  and  of  the  structure  of  the  State  it  is  impossible 
to  make  accurate  forecast.  It  is  believed  that  with  the  more  complete 
data  now  being  collected  this  will  become  possible,  at  least  in  some  cases. 

Throughout  the  oil  fields  a  certain  amount  of  gas  is  found  with  the 
petroleum.  The  gas  is  now  being  used  in  the  surrounding  towns  and  in 
pumping  oil.     The  individual  wells  have  good  pressure  and  volume  but 


1  Bull.  No.  10. 

2  Bull.  No.  8,  Year  Book  for  1907,  pp.  313-334. 

3  Petroleum  in  Illinois,  by  A.  W.  Lewis,  Mining  World,  Apr.  14, 1906. 

Petroleum  Industry  of  Southeastern  Illinois,  by  W.  S.  Blatcliley,  Bull.  2,  State  Geo!.  Survey,  1906 
Petroleum  Fields  of  Illinois  in  1907,  by  H.  F.  Bain,  Bull.  No.  8,  State  Geol.  Survey,  pp.  273-312. 


BAIN.]  ADMINISTEATIVE    EEPOET.  15 

in  the  main  they  have  sO'  far  proven  short  lived  so  that  the  gas  is  rela- 
tively of  much  less  importance  than  the  oil.  However^  the  valne  of  the 
product  for  1907  reached  $143^577.00.  Outside  the  main  fields  gas  has 
been  found  at  a  number  of  points  and  utilized  at  several  smiall  towns. 
In  Pike  county  it  occurs  in  the  Niagara  over  a  considerable  area  but  with 
small  pressure.  In  other  places  it  is  found  in  the  Pleistocene-  or  drift 
deposits  and  its  presence  is  not  necessarily  indicative  of  large  supplies 
or  of  the  presence  of  oil  at  deeper  horizons.  C.  F.  Knirk  has  furnished 
a  special  report  on  gas  pockets  of  this  character. 

Both  oil  and  gas  in  the  rock  have  been  found  at  a  number  of  places  in 
the  southwestern  part  of  the  State ;  notably  at  Sparta,  Centralia  and  in 
the  East  St.  Louis  district.  A  large  amount  of  prospecting  is  now  being 
carried  on  throughout  the  State  and  the  Survey  is  called  on  almost  daily 
for  information  regarding  the  probable  depth  to  the  various  oil  sands 
and  regarding  the  presence  or  absence  of  anticlinals.  It  is  usually  pos- 
sible to  give  a  fair  estimate  of  the  depth  to  the  sands,  but  our  data  re- 
garding geologic  structure  is  not  so  complete.  Structural  features  which 
are  very  slight,  measured  in  feet,  are  here  of  very  large  importance  as 
regards  the  accumulation  of  oil  and  gas.  For  this  reason  it  is  neces- 
sary to  have  a  complete  restudy  of  all  the  available  drill  records  with 
exact  data  regarding  their  elevation.  Man}^  of  the  records  now  on  file 
were  made  years  ago  and  are  of  unequal  accuracy.  In  few  cases  were 
the  samples  or  drill  core  examined  by  competent  geologists  and  accord- 
ingly there  are  many  errors.  New  records  are  being  collected  as  rapidly 
as  possible  and  the  elevation  of  both  old  and  new  test  holes  determined 
by  reference  to  railway  or  other  lines  of  levels.  It  is  proposed  to  make 
a  preliminary  structural  map  of  the  State  in  advance  of  the  detailed 
surveys.  Such  a  map  will  be  particularly  useful  in  future  prospecting 
for  oil  and  gas.  G-ood  progress  is  being  made  but  probabty  another 
season  must  be  devoted  to  the  work  before  any  general  results  are  avail- 
able for  publication.  In  the  meantime  Jon  Udden  has  made  a  special 
study  of  the  Duquoin  area  within  which  there  is  a  certain  amount  of 
faulting  and  a  small  structural  area  of  some  possible  significance  in  the 
finding  of  gas  and  oil. 

Educational  Bulletins. — The  law  governing  the  State  Geological  Sur- 
vey, by  the  provision  it  makes  for  the  consideration  of  ^'Scientific  and 
economic  questions  *  *  *  deemed  of  value  to  the  people,^'  and  the 
provision  that  materials  collected  shall  be  distributed  to  ''the  educational 
institutions  of  the  State  in  such  manner  as  the  Commissioners  may  de- 
termine to  be  of  the  greatest  educational  interests  of  the  State,^^  indi- 
cates plainly' that  it  was  the  purpose  of  the  General  Assembly  to  provide 
for  the  educational  as  well  as  economic  phases  of  tlie  Survey  work.  In 
harmony  with  this  idea,  plans  were  early  made  for  a  series  of  bulletins 
available  for  use  in  the  schools,  which  should  put  in  simple  form,  the 
fundamental  facts  regarding  the  physical  geography  of  our  areas.  Pro- 
fessor Salisbury  of  the  University  of  Chicago  was  placed  in  charge  of 
the  w^ork  ^nd  seven  typical  areas  were  selected  for  special  study.  Ee- 
ports  upon  all  of  these  have  been  prepared  and  are  available  wjienever 
the  printer  can  handle  them.     The  first  of  the  reports,  that   on  the 


16  YEAR   BOOK    FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

physical  geograpliy  of  the  Evanston-Waukegaii  region  by  Messrs.  Atwood 
and  Goltliwait  was  piiblislied  as  Bulletin  7.  This  has  proA^n  to  be  one 
of  the  most  popular  publications  of  the-Survey,  being  favorably  received 
by  educators  everywhere.  It  is  being  quite  generally  used  in  the  schools 
of  the  area  treated  and  there  is  a  large  demand  for  it  elsewhere.  Un- 
fortunately this  demand  was  not  anticipated  and  the  edition  printed 
proved  much  too  small.  It  will  be  necessary  to  print  a  second.  In  the 
meantime  six  similar  reports  are  read}^^  ancl  field  work  of  this  sort  has 
been  temporarily  discontinued  until  th€  printing  can  be  brought  up  to 
date. 

Miscellcuieous  Mineral  Resources. — Within  the  State  there  are  a  large 
number  of  minor  minerals  of  which  there  is  or  may  be  a  considerable 
output.  Galena  and  blende^  the  common  sulphides  of  lead  and  zinc  are 
mined  in  both  the  northern  and  southern  parts  of  the  State  and  are 
known^  tliough  not  as  yet  in  commercial  quantities^  in  the  western  and 
southwestern  counties.  A  small  amount  of  silver  is  found  with  the  lead 
in  the  southern  counties.  In  1907  (according  to  the  IT.  S.  Geological 
Survey)  the  total  values  for  the  State  were :  Silver^  $1^882.00 ;  lead, 
$87,980.00;  zinc,  $86,966.00.  In  1908  preliminary  estimates  by  the 
Mining  World  indicate  that  3,017  tons  of  blende  and  93  tons  of  galena 
were  sliipped  from  JoDaviess  county  as  compared  with  2,530  and  620,. 
respectively  for  1907.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  State  the  production 
of  zinc  ore  is  irregular  and  some  galena  is  produced  as  an  incident  to 
fluorspar  mining  in  Pope  and  Hardin  counties.  The  fluorspar  mines 
are  among  the  most  important  in  the  world  and  yielded,  in  1907,  25,128 
tons  selling  for  $141,971.00.  The  introduction  of  the  open-hearth 
method  of  steel  making  in  the  place  of  the  Bessemer  process  is  increasing 
the  demand  for  spar  and  promises  an  increasing  output. 

Pyrites,  the  sulphide  of  iron,  occurs  widely  disseminated  but  is  rarely 
in  commercial  quantities.  A  small  amount  is  saved  as  a  by-product  of 
zinc  and  lead  mining  and  at  one  of  the  coal  mines  of  the  State,  at  least, 
the  "sulphur  balls"  are  hand  picked  and  sold  for  making  sulphuric  acid. 

Silica,  in  the  form  of  a  weathered  chert,  is  found  in  the  Devonian 
beds  of  Lmion  and  Alexander  counties.  It  is  used  for  a  variety  of  pur- 
poses and  is  probably  capable  of  being  used  for  many  others.  The 
stratigraphy  of  the  deposits  is  being  studied  by-T.  E.  Savage,  while 
T.  E.  Ernest  of  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  is  experimenting 
with  the  material.^ 

Ochre  and  paint  pigments  of  various  sorts  are  fomid  at  a  few  places 
in  the  State  but  are  very  little  used.  Sampling  and  testing  the  materials 
would  probably  lead  to  the  development  of  some  of  the  deposits. 

Glass  sand  of  high  grade  is  taken  out  at  Ottawa  and  shipped  widely. 
It  is  probable  that  sand  suitable  for  lower  grades  of  manufacture  occur 
at  other  points  in  the  State.  These  deposits,  as  alsasand  for  building, 
moulding  and  other  uses  should  be  studied. 

Whetstones  are  found  in  tlie  southern  part  of  the  State  and  it  is- 
known  that  the  formations  from  which  these  stones  are  taken  in  Indiana, 
extend  into  our  State.  Preliminary  samples  indicate  that  portions  at 
least  of  the  material  are  of  commercial  grade. 


state  Geol.  Survey,  Bulletin  No.  8, 147-149;  Bulletin  No.  4,  pp.  185-186. 


BAIN.] 


ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT. 


17 


Mineral  Statistics. — One  of  the  most  important  aids  to  the  economic 
develoiDment  of  an  area  is  the  publication  of  accurate  statistics  of  pro- 
duction. The  survey  is  therefore  cooperating  with  the  TJ.  S.  Greological 
Suryey  in  the  annual  collection  and  publication  of  the  statistics  of  out- 
put of  our  mineral  industry.  For  the  year  1907  the  plan  adopted  was 
that  of  the  previous  years.^  the  State  Survey  undertaking  to  look  up  the 
delinquent  producers  and  the  Federal  Survey  carrying  on  the  main  cor- 
respondence. Mr.  F.  B.  Yan  Horn  acted  as  special  agent  and  prepared 
Circular  No.  4:,  containing  a  resume  of  the  production  for  1907.  It  was 
preceded  by  Circular  3,  giving  the  special  statistics  of  the  petroleum  in- 
dustry. Since  these  reports  were  gotten  out  at  the  earliest  possible 
moment  they  were  not  complete  with  regard  to  minor  products,  and 
slight  corrections  are  included  in  the  figures  in  this  report. 

in  collecting  the  figures  for  1908  the  plan  has  been  changed  and  the 
inquiry  blanks  are  in  the  main  sent  out  by,  and  returns  made  to,  the 
State  Survey;  the  returns  after  tabulation  being  forwarded  to  Wash- 
ington. There  are  now  on  the  mailing  lists  2,040  producers  and  the 
output  includes  coal,  coke,  clay,  pottery,  brick  and  tile,  stoneware,  sand- 
lime  brick,  flourspar,  sandstone,  sand  and  grave],  mineral  paints,  mineral 
waters,  limestones,  gas  and  oil.  Because  of  the  delay  in  printing  this 
report  it  is  possible  to  include  the  figures  for  1908.  For  the  last  three 
years  the  complete  totals  for  Illinois,  according  to  the  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey,  were  as  follows : 

Table  Shovs^ifg  Mineral  Output  op  Illinois  por  tpie  Calendar 
Years  1906,  1907  and  1908. 

(Collected  in  Co-operation  with  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.) 


Product. 


1906. 


Quantity      Value 


1907. 


Quantity.      Value 


1908. 


Quantity.      Value 


Cement,  natural — barrels 

Portland— barrels 

Clay  products 

Coal— short  tons 

Fluorspar— short  tons 

Glass  sand— short  tons 

Iron,  pig— long  tons 

Lead — short  tons 

Lime— short  tons 

Mineral  waters— gallons  sold . 

Natural  gas 

Petroleum— barrels 

Sand  and  gravel— short  tons. 
Silver— fine  ounces  (troy) . . . 

Stone 

Zinc— short  tons 

Other  products 


Total. 


365,843 
1,858,403 


41,480,104 

28,268 

238,178 

2,156,866 

572 

121,546 

574,453 


4,397,050 
2,419,381 


282 


$      118,221 

2,461,494 

12,765,453 

44,763,062 

160,623 

156,684 

47,128,000 

65,208 

534,118 

77,287 

87,211 

■   3,274,818 

886,357 


2,961,456 
34,404 

11,787,807 


284,599 
,036,093 


,317,146 

25,128 

235,716 

,457,768 

498 

124,784 

720,400 


281,973 

315,275 

2,900 


1,446 


$        92, 

2,632: 

13,220, 

54,687, 

141, 

152, 

52,229, 

52: 

559, 

91; 

143; 

16,432, 

1,215, 

1, 

3,789, 

170  i 

1154, 


188,859 
,211,168 


,659,660 
31,727 
194,722 
,691,944 
363 
92,549 
685,763 


33, 


$121,188,306  1145, 


,464 


685,106 

463,026 

2,000 


298 


$        68,772 

2,707,044 

11,559,114 

49,978,247 

172,838 

139,172 

30,135,000 

30,492 

393,951 

58,904 

446,077 

22,648,881 

1,363,850 

1,100 

3,134,770 

28,012 

134,464 

.1122,900,688 


1  Includes  in  1906:  Alum  amd  aluminum  sulphate,  slag  cement,  infusorial  earth,  sand-lime  brick, 
Venetian  red,  and  white  lead;  in  1907:  Puzzolan  cement,  infusorial  earth,  metallic  paint,  pyrite,  quartz, 
sienna,  umber,  sand-lime  brick;  in  1908:    Infusorial  earth,  pyrite,  sand-lime  brick. 

—2  G 


18 


YEAR    BOOK   FOE    1908, 


[BULL.    NO.  14 


Bureau  of  Information.— OnQ  of  the  most  important  functions  of  the 
Survey  is  to  furnish  information  regarding  the  mineral  resouTces  of  the 
State  to  land  owners,  miners,  investors  and  educators.  A  large  amount 
of  time  is  devoted  to  this  work,  and  a  great  deal  of  correspondence  is 
involved.  The  requests  for  information  come  from  all  parts  of  the 
country  and  from  every  part  of  the  State.  The  recent  requests  from 
within  the  State  are  tabulated  below.  Ajaproximately  an  equal  number 
of  inquiries  have  come  from  other  states  and  countries. 

Eequests  foe.  Infoemation. 


County. 


Number. 

of 
Inquiries. 


County. 


Number. 

of 
Inquiries. 


County. 


Number. 

of 
Inquiries . 


Adams 

Alexander. . 

Bond 

Bureau 

Carroll 

Cass 

Champaign. 
Christian . . . 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Coles . : 

Cook 

Crawford . . . 
Cumberland 
DeKalb.... 

DeWitt 

Douglas 

DuPage 

Edgar 

Edwards . . . 
EfRnghan . . 

Ford 

Franklin . . . 

Fulton 

Gallatin 

Greene 

Grundy 

Hamilton... 


Hancock 

Hardin 

Henderson . . . 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jefferson 

Johnson 

Jersey 

Jo  Daviess . . . 

Kane 

Kankakee — 

Kendall 

Knox 

Lake 

LaSalle 

Lawrence 

Logan 

McDonough. . 

McHenry 

McLean 

jMacon 

Macoupin  — 

Madison 

Marion 

Mason. 

Massac 

Mercer 

Monroe...,-.. 
Montgomery . 


Morgan 

Ogle 

Peoria 

Perry 

Pike 

Pope 

Pulaski 

Randolph. . . 

Richland 

Rock  Island. 

Saline 

Sangamon... 

Schuyler 

Scott 

Shelby 

St.  Clair 

Stark 

Stephenson . 

Union 

Vermilion. . . 

Wabash 

Washington. 

Wayne 

White 

Whiteside. . . 

Win 

Williamson . 
Winnebago.. 
Woodford... 


Subject. 


No.  of 
Inquiries. 


Subject. 


No  of 
Inquiries. 


Altitudes 

Areal  surveys . . . 

Asphalt 

Bauxite 

Cement 

Chalk 

Chert 

Clay 

Coal 

Copper 

Drainage 

Fluorspar 

Galena 

Gas 

Geology,  general 

Gold 

Granite 

Graphite 

Gravel 

Gypsum 

Iron 

Koalin 

Lead : 

Lime 


Limestone 

Manganese 

Maps 

Mica 

Mineral 

MisceUaneous . . 

Oil 

Paint  materials 

Pearls 

Peat 

Phosphate 

Sand 

Sandstone 

Shale 

Silica 

Soil 

Stone 

Swamps 

Trenton  rock. . . 

Water 

Wells 

Zinc 

Zoological 


STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


BULL.  NO.  14,  PL.  1. 


COKSTO 


wso«  o^"'„ 


Published  prio.       i/c  i/X^~i^  ""TV" '^'^'--^°"'>-^'-f'b°>'  /i  \ 
to  1-905  J/   #7    i  \tr7cWT(»^'''i's^>^^'';^^ 

urv^yed  In  coop-  /w   Viooro^Ts^^i^ — SiL.  JZJ___y__ti4  .^ 
eration  and  P^blishfe^Oy^t,.^''^^^  /X^o.  s  ^;  •    -v  enf 

Surveyed  m  cooperatiQrf^^^^H^LB^^;|^^  ;  ifS  ^ 

and  in  course  of  '•^^!^li.„„j >#\n''*'"''lV°'' 

publication  _^      _..  . 

e  Maps 


^nOramag 


Quadrangles  being  sorveyed 


A       Astronon-.ic  stations 
A        Triangulation  stations 
"'^ —     Routes  of  primary  traverse 
'~—  Routes  of  precise  levels 
..., Routes  of  primary  leve[s 


Map  Showing  progress  of  Topographic  and  Drainage  Surveys. 


BAIN.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT  19 

These  lists  illustrate  sufficiently  perhaps  the  wide  variety  of  subjects 
and  the  general  nature  of  these  requests  for  information.  In  making 
this  table  no  account  has  been  taken  of  the  numerous  requests  for  printed 
reports.  The  list  includes  only  the  cases  requiring  the  preparation  of  a 
manuscript  report  or  letter.  It  is  not  possible  in  all  cases  to  give  the 
information  asked  for.  Often^  indeed,  the  information  does  not  exist. 
In  other  eases  it  would  require  expensive  field  studies  to  solve  the  par- 
ticular problems  involved.  In  such  cases  it  is  only  possible  to  file  the 
request  for  investigation  the  first  time  one  of  the  field  men  shall  be  in  the 
vicinity  in  the  course  of  regular  work. 

In  many  cases  the  request  for  information  is  accoanpanied  by  a  spec- 
imen for  analysis  or  test.  Usually  the  specimen  has  not  been  well  chosen, 
and  an  analysis  would  not  signify  much  with  regard  to  the  deposit  as 
a  whole.  It  is  not  generally  understood  that  sampling  is  quite  as  im- 
portant, and  calls  for  nearly  as  much  skill,  as  making  analyses  or  labor- 
atory tests.  This  is  entirely  aside  from  the  honesty  of  the  one  taking 
the  sample  and  his  desire  to  get  an  average  specimen  of  the  material. 
Analytical  work  and  laboratory  tests  are  expensive,  and  it  is  desirable 
not  to  spend  money  on  them  except  on  the  basis  of  good  sampling.  For 
these  reasons,  together  with  the  fact  that  any  other  course  would  permit 
the  whole  appropriation  to  be  used  up  by  any  citizen  for  private  pur- 
jooses,  or  for  work  of  doubtful  value,  the  Survey  has  been  forced,  in  most 
instances,  to  decline  to  make  any  analyses  or  laboratory  tests  on  miscel- 
laneous material  sent  in  by  correspondents.  While  this  occasionally 
leads  to  individual  disappointment,  it  seems  to  be  the  only  plan  con- 
sistent with  the  present  size  of  the  appropriations,  the  general  purpose 
of  the  Survey — a  systematic  study  of  the  mineral  resources  of  the 
State.  In  many  cases  it  is  not  necessary  to  make  an  analysis  in  order 
to  determine  the  value  of  the  material,  but  the  results  of  a  physical  ex- 
amination are  cheerfully  and  promptly  furnished  the  inquirer. 

Topographic  Section". 

(By  W.H.  Hereon. )i 

The  plans  for  the  cooperative  topographic  surveys  in  Illinois  for  the 
season  of  1908,  contemplated  the  completion  of  the  topographic  sketch- 
ing of  unfinished  quadrangles  begun  in  the  previous  year,  the  revision  of 
the  Hennepin  and  LaSalle  maps,  made  previous  to  the  inauguration  of 
the  cooperative  survey,  and  the  extension  of  the  control,  both  primary 
and  secondary,  over  areas  to  be  completed  in  the  near  future.  The  gen- 
eral progress  of  the  work  is  shown  on  the  accompanying  map. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  localities  selected  for  this  yearns  work  are 
widely  divergent,  the  G-alena  and  Apple  River  quadrangles  being  in  the 
extreme  northwestern  corner  of  the  State,  the  LaSalle  and  Hennepin 
in  the  north  central  portion,  the  Hardinville,  Bridgeport,  Carmi  and 
Shawneetown  in  the  southeastern  part,  while  the  remainder  of  the 
quadrangles  are  situated  in  southern  and  southwestern  Illinois.  The 
clistribution  of  the  work  has  been  conditioned  by  the  needs  of  the  mining 


Geographer  in  Charge,  Central  Division,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


20 


YEAR    BOOK   FOE    1908. 


[BULL.    NO.  14 


industries  of  the  State^  there  being  an  especially  large  demand  for  the 
ma23s  in  the  coal^  oil,  and  lead  and  zinc  fields.  The  season  has  been  an 
unusually  favorable  one,  and  the  output  has  been  most  satisfactory. 

It  has  been  possible  to  utilize  much  of  the  primary  control  of  the 
quadrangles  in  sOiuthAvestern  Illinois  in  the  drainage  surveys  of  the  Kas- 
kaskia  and  Big  Muddy  rivers,  thus  avoiding  duplication  of  work,  and 
accomplishing  a  saving  of  funds  for  the  drainage  surveys. 

A  summary  of  results  of  the  cooperative  topographic  surveys  in  Illi- 
nois during  the  season  of  1908  is  shown  in  the  following  table: 


Square. 

miles  of 

topograph  3^ 

Traverse,  Miles. 

B.  M. 

Levels 

,  Miles. 

Locality, 

Primary. 

Second- 
ary. 

Primary. 

Second- 
ary. 

696 
594 

10 
11 
19 

71 

78 
91 

Baldwin 

55 
55 

32i 

c£i^^'.:::::::::;::;:::::: 

Carmi 

156 

102 

74 

345 
408 

37 
556 

50 
686 

97 

19 
11 

84 
48 

Galena 

139 

Hennepin 

62 

18 

67 

105 

LaSalle 

62 

20 

73 

Murphysboro 

New  Athens 

236 

576 

462 

Okawville 

165 

25 

10 
3 

30 

388 

Shawneetown 

36 

101 

539 

902 

344 

4,033 

121 

542 

1,849 

It  will  be  noted  from  a  perusal  of  the  above  table,  and  comparing  it 
with  that  published  for  1907,^  that  the  Carlyle,  Hardinville,  Herrin, 
Murphysboro  and  Okawville  quadrangles  will  be  ready  for  publication  as 
soon  as  the  office  drawings  are  completed,  the  field  work  having  been 
entirely  finished  for  these  areas.  'The  New  Athens  sheet  needs  only  the 
topographic  sketching  in  order  to  complete  the  field  work  for  this  quad- 
rangle. The  secondary  leveling  and  topographic  sketching  are  necessary 
to  finish  the  Apple  Eiver,  Galena,  Hennepin  and  LaSalle  quadrangles, 
while  the  secondary  traversing  and  sketching  will  complete  the  Bridge- 
port sheet. 

The  following  is  the  personnel  of  the  organization  arranged  by  quad- 
rangles : 

Apple  River — Henry  Bucher,  levelman;  F.  B.  Barrett,  field  assistant;  Terry 
Hackett,  rodman;   Ml.  F,  Gannett,  field  assistant. 

Baldwin — W.  A.  Gelbach,  levelman;  F.  W.  Crisp,  field  assistant;  L.  S. 
Bowles,  rodman. 

Bridgeport — W.  A.  Gelbach,  junior  topographer;  W.  S. 
man;  A.  J.  Hendley,  levelman;  Percy  Kimmell,  levelman 
man;  L.  S.  Bowles,  rodman;  Mack  McCreery,  rodman 
rodman. 

Carlyle — A.  T.  Fowler,  assistant  topographer;  E.  W.  McCrary,  assistant 
topographer;  A.  J.  Htendley,  levelman;  A.  C.  Wood,  levelman;  Thos.  Gas. 
soway,  rodman;   F.  W.  Hempstone,  rodman. 


S.  Johnson,  level- 
J.  M.  Aiken,  rod- 
Thos.    Gassoway, 


^  Year  Book  for  1907,  Bull.  No.  8,  page  23. 


ADMINISTEATIVE    EEPORT. 


21 


Carmi — J.  R.  Ellis,  assistant  topographer;  W.  A.  Gelbach,  junior  topo- 
grapher; F.  W.  Crisp,  field  assistant;  W.  H.  Snyder,  recorder;  L.  S.  Bowles, 
rodman;  G.  C.  Graeter,  rodman;  N.  Underwood,  chainman;  M.  Underwood, 
rodman;   F.  P.  Tippitt,  laborer. 

Galena—Henry  Bucher,  levelman;  F.  B.  Barrett,  traversman;  F.  W.  Crisp, 
traversman;   Terry  Hackett,  rodman;   M.  F.  Gannett,  field  assistant. 

Hardinville — M.  Hackett,  topographer. 

Hennepin — C.  B.  Kendall,  assistant  topographer;  G.  R.  Hoffman,  travers- 
man; Henry  Bucher,  levelman;  Terry  Hackett,  rodman;  R.  C.  Gaylord,  rod- 
man;  J.  W.  Matthewson,  rodman;  S.  L.  Fuller,  rodman;  M.  F.  Gannett,  re- 
corder. 

Herrin — W.  J.  Loyd,  topographer;  G.  L.  Gross,  junior  topographer;  J.  A. 
Duck,  field  assistant;  J.  W.  Lowell,  Jr.,  field  assistant;  J.  M,.  Aiken,  rodman. 

LaSalle — W.  J.  Lloyd,  topographer;  C.  B.  Kendall,  assistant  topographer; 
Henry  Bucher,  traversman;  G.  R.  Hoffman,  traversman;  Terry  Hackett, 
rodman;  R.  C.  Gaylord,  rodman;  J.  W.  Matthewson,  rodman;  S.  L.  Fuller, 
rodman;    M.  F.  Gannett,  recorder. 

Murphy sTyoro — W.  J.  Loyd,  topographer;  G.  L.  Gross,  junior  topographer;  J. 
W.  Lowell,  field  assistant;  A.  C.  Wood,  levelman;  W.  S.  S.  Johnson,  level- 
man;  Percy  Kimmel,  levelman;  F.  W.  Hempstone,  rodman;  C.  P.  Gross,  rod- 
man;   Mack  McCreery,  rodman;   J.  W.  Aiken,  rodman. 

ISIeio  Athens — A.  C.  Wood,  levelman;  H.  A.  Church,  levelman;  A.  J.  Hend- 
ley,  levelman;  Thos.  Gassoway,  rodman;  Melvin  Evenson,  rodman;  F.  W. 
Hempstone,  rodman;    C.  P.  Gross,  rodman. 

Okawville — W.  J.  Lloyd,  topographer;  E.  W.  McCrary,  assistant  topo- 
grapher; W.  A.  Gelbach,  levelman;  A.  J.  Hendley,  levelman;  A.  C.  Wood, 
levelman;  H.  A.  Church,  levelman;  L.  S.  Bowles,  rodman;  F.  W.  Hempstone, 
rodman;   Thos.  Gassoway,  rodman;   Melvin  Evenson,  rodman. 

Shawneetoion — J.  R.  Ellis,  assistant  topographer;  W.  H.  Snyder,  recorder; 
N.  Underwood,  chairman;  M.  Underwood,  rodman;   F.  B.  Tippitt,  laborer. 

Yanclalia — E.  W.  McCrary,  assistant  topographer;  Lee  Morrison,  junior  to- 
pographer;  E.  L.  Hain,  junior  topographer;   A.  K.  Atkinson,  field  assistant. 

The  following  table  shows  the  season's  expenditures : 


Balance  Jan.  1, 1908 

%  3,294  18 

Appropriation,  United  States,  net 

$7,920  00 
6,920  00 

14,840  00 

Total  funds  available 

$18,134  18 

Disbursed  Jan.  1  to  Dec.  31, 1908— 

Office    

$  1,820  79 
14,775  78 

rield 

$16,596  57 

$    305  25 
1,232  36 

Balance  Jan.  1, 1909— 

United  States             .          

State              .  .  

$1,537  61 

The  office  expenditures  indicated  were  from  the  unexpended  balance 
of  last  year,  and  the  work  consisted  of  the  completion  in  the  office  of 
maps  of  the  previous  season. 


Deainage  Section". 

Organization  and  Worh. — The  special  drainage  section  of  the  Surve}^ 
was  organized  in  1907  to  take  charge  of  the  work  provided  for  by  the  ap- 
propriation for  the  survey  and  stu.dy  of  the  lands  subject  to  overflow 
along  our  inland  rivers.    The  need  of  this  work  has  been  recognized  for 


22 


YEAE    BOOK   FOE    1908. 


[BULL.    NO.  14 


some  years.  AccoTcling  to'  estimates  made  for  the  State  Geological  Sur- 
vey by  W.  Carvel  Hall,  there  is  an  enormous  area  of  land  subject  to 
overflow  along  onr  intra-state   streams. 

Bottom  Lands  Subject  to  Overflow  in  Illustois. 

(Estimate  by  W.  Carvel  Hall.) 


River. 


Estimated 
valley  length- 
miles. 


Estimated 

area  of 

bottom  land — 

square  miles. 


Embarrass 

Little  Wabash 

North  Fork  Little  Wabash 

Skillett  Fork 

Olney  Fork 

Saline  River 

Big  Muddy 

Kaskaskia 

Silver  Slough 

Shoal  Creek 

Crooked  Creek 

Sangamon 

Salt  Creek 

Desplaines 

Rock 

Spoon 

Mackinaw 

Pecatonica 


175 

335 
45 

190 
15 
30 
45 

245 

30 

40 

5 

100 
20 

900 

275 
30 
25 


In  this  table  are  included  only  those  streams  which  were  unsurveyed. 
If  to  the  areas  estimated  are  added  the  bottom  lands  of  the  Illinois'  and 
its  branches,  surveyed  by  the  U.  S.  Army  Engineers  in  1905/  and  the 
Cache  river  bottoms  surveyed  by  a  State  commission  in  1904/  the  totals 
would  be  much  greater.  Preliminary  surveys  have  already  shown  that 
Mr.  Hairs  estimates  are  well  within  the  truth  since  on  the  Kaskaskia 
alone  nearly  300  square  miles  of  bottom,  land  are  now  known.  The  table 
however^  will  serve  its  main  purpose  in  illustrating  the  extent  and  some- 
thing of  the  distribuiton  of  the  bottom  lands  of  these  streams. 

The  great  interstate  rivers  which  border  Illinois,  the  Mississippi, 
Ohio  and  Wabash,  have  also  extensive  bottom  lands.  Mr.  Hall  estimates 
that  in  Illinois  their  areas  amount  respectively,  to  1,205,  25  and  270 
square  miles. 

Probably  ninety  per  cent  of  the  bottom  lands  of  the  State  are  unpro- 
tected or  inadequately  protected  against  floods  and  it  is  estimated  that 
if  they  could  all  be  brought  under  successful  cultivation  there  would  be 
added  to  the  farm  value  of  the  State  over  one  hundred  million  dollars. 
There  would  be  additional  benefits  to  be  derived  from  improved  health 
conditions,  some  power  development  and  the  increased  navigation  of 
the  streams. 

In  order  properly  and  economically  to  plan  works  which  shall  protect 
and  drain  the  river  bottom  it  is  necessary  to  take  into  account  the  river 
as  a  whole.  Power  development  must  not  be  allowed  to  interfere  with 
navigation  and  one  drainage  project  must  not  be  allowed  to  block  the  way 


iHouse  of  Rep.,  Doc.  263,  59th  congress,  first  session. 

^Report  of  Board  of  Cache  River  Drainage  Commission  of  Illinois,  30  pages,  Danville,  1905. 


BAIN.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    EEPORT.  23 

for  a  inoT'e  comprehensive  one.  No  permanently  satisfactory  solntdon 
of  the  problems  afforded  by  even  one  of  these  streams  is  likely  to  be 
reached  except  by  the  nnited  action  of  the  people  of  a  whole  valley. 
Large  districts  must  be  arranged  and  in  order  that  they  may  work  most 
efficiently^  it  will  probably  prove  necessary  for  the  State  to  assume  at 
least  supervisory  control  of  the  work.  The  State  is,  in  fact,  under  cer- 
tain obligations  to  do  this.  The  lands,  originally  in  possession  of  the 
general  government,  were  given  to  the  State  upon  condition  that  they 
be  drained.  This  obligation  was  passed  on  to  the  counties,  drainage  laws 
being  provided  to  permit  of  the  work  being  execu.ted.  Since  now  a  stage 
in  the  work  has  been  reached  where  a  considerable  change  in  method 
is  necessary,  the  State  must  assume  its  share  of  the  burden. 

A  beginning  has  been  made.  In  1903  the  General  Assembly  provided 
for  a  special  survey  of  the  Cache  river  bottoms.  In  1905  the  General 
Assembly  passed  a  joint  resolution  looking  to  the  improvement  particu- 
larly of  certain  of  the  rivers  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  No 
definite  results  having  been  accomplished  under  this  resolution,  the 
General  Assembly  in  1907  made  a  special  appropriation  to  the  State 
Geological  Survey  for  the  survey  and  study  of  lands  subject  to  overflow 
along  the  streams  of  the  State.  At  the  same  time  an  additional  ap- 
propriation was  made  to  the  Internal  Improvement  Commission  for  the 
further  study  of  the  rivers  of  the  State  with  a  view  especially  to  their 
improvement  from  the  point  of  view  of  navigation  and  the  development 
of  power.  The  State  has  therefo're  undertaken,  as  its  share',  the  expense 
of  the  surveys,  the  studies  and  the  supervision  of  the  work,  and,  in  ap- 
propriating for  the  Shawneetown  levee,  has  even  set  the  precedent  of  at 
least  some  appropriation  for  construction  work. 

To  consider  the  various  problems  involved  in  river  improvement  in 
Illinois.,  there  has  been  organized  a  State  Committee  on  Waterways  Ee- 
clamation,  including  representatives  of  the  State  Geological  Survey,  the 
Internal  Improvement  Commission,  and  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agri- 
culture. The  work  of  this  joint  committee  is  expected  to  result  in  a  re- 
port upon  which  the  General  Assembly  can  formulate  a  definite  policy 
toward  stream  improvement.  The  making  of  detailed  maps  of  the 
different  river  valleys  has  been  assigned  tO'  the  Geological  Survey,  and 
is  now  being  carried  on.  A  report  by  Mr.  E.  W.  McCrary,  detailing  the 
progress  for  the  year,  is  given  on  the  following  pages."  The  methods 
used  are  essentially  those  developed  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 
which  is  actively  cooperating  in  the  work. 

Work  is  now  being  carried  on  along  the  Kaskaskia,  Big  Muddy  and 
Embarrass  and  additional  work  along  the  Little  Wabash  and  the  Sanga- 
mon is  planned.  The  special  study  of  drainage  problems  will  be  under- 
taken by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  under  the  direction  of 
Mr.  C.  G.  Elliott,  Chief  Engineer  of  Drainage  Investigations.  Work 
has  already  been  taken  up  along  the  Little  Wabash  river  and  Skillet 
fork. 

The  Internal  Improvement  Commission  is  making  the  general  engin- 
eering studies  involved,  including  the  gauging  of  the  streams,  in  whicli 
part  of  the  work  the  assistance  of  the  water  resources  branch  of  the 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey  has  been  enlisted.  A  report  upon  these  phases 
of  the  work  will  be  made  by  the  Internal  Improvement  Commission. 


24  .  YEAR   BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  U 

Surveys  for  1908.  (By  E.  W.  McCrary.) — The  topographic  survey  of 
overflowed  lands^  begun  in  1907,  was  continued  througli  the  season  of 
1908,  resulting  in  complete  surveys  of  the  Kaskaskia  river  from  the 
wagon  hridge,  one  and  one-half  miles  southeast  of  Cowden,  to  its  outlet 
near  Chester ;  Shoal  Creek,  from  the  wagon  bridge  six  miles  west  and 
one  mile  south  of  Greenville,  to  its  outlet  into  the  Kaskaskia  river;  and 
the  Big  Muddy  river  from  near  Mulkeytown  to  the  Mississippi.  The 
distance  along  the  surveyed  portion  of  the  Kaskaskia  river,  by  direct 
line  through  the  bottomiS^,  is  118  miles;  Shoal  Creek,  twenty-nine  miles, 
and  the  Big  Muddy,  fifty  miles.  The  areas  surveyed  are  shown  on  the 
accompanying  map,  (PI.  1). 

In  addition  to  these  completed  maps,  a  primary  level  line  has  been 
run  from  Beardstown  along  the  Sangamon  river  to  Petersburg,  and  from 
Springfield  to  Decatur;  from  Decatur  the  line  continues  north  along  the 
Illinois  Central  railroad  to  Clinton,  and  thence  west  along  Salt  river  to 
the  Sangamon  and  south  to  Petersburg.  This  line  of  levels  will  serve  as 
vertical  control  for  the  work  along  the  Sangamon  and  Salt  rivers. 

The  total  area  surveyed  is  496  square  miles,  of  which  348  are  included 
in  the  Kaskaskia  Eiver  Survey,  48  in  the  Shoal  Creek  Survey,  and 
100  in  the  Big  Muddy.  Of  the  348  square  miles  along  the  Kaskaskia 
river,  160  was  surveyed  in  1907,  which  leaves  for  1908,  a  total  of  336 
square  miles.  There  is  an  average  of  five  linear  miles  of  stadia  traverse, 
with  fifty  determined  elevations  per  square  mile,  which  makes  a  total 
of  2,480  miles  of  traverse  and  24,800  elevations,  which  are  distributed 
along  these  streams  as  follows : 


Miles  traverse. 

Elevations. 

Kaskaskia  River 

1,740 
240 
500 

17  400 

Siioal  Creek 

2,400 
5,000 

Big  Muddy  River 

2,480 

24,800 

In  addition  to  the  ground  elevations,  levels  have  also  been  taken  of  a 
sufficient  number  of  high  water  marks  to  make  it  possible  to  show  upon 
the  completed  maps,  the  extent  of  the  flooded  section.  With  this  infor- 
mation plotted  on  the  maps,  it  will  be  possible  to  see  at  a  glance  the  ex- 
tent of  the  flood  along  the  entire  length  of  the  stream.  Elevations  have 
also  been  determined  of  the  ap|)roximate  low  water,  but  because  of  the 
quick  changes  in  the  level  of  the  water  surface,  and  the  lack  of  stream 
gauges,  these  elevations  may  vary  as  much  as  three  feet  from  a  given 
stage.  However,  they  should  be  useful  in  giving  a  fairly  accurate  idea 
of  the  fall  between  different  points  along  the  stream. 

In  their  completed  form,  the  maps  are  divided  into  sections  or  sheets, 
which  are  given  the  name  of  the  largest  town,  or,  if  there  be  no  town,  of 
the  best  known  feature  which  it  contains.  The  size  of  the  sheets  are  not 
uniform,  but  necessarily  vary  in  order  to  fit  the  changing  course  of  the 
stream.  The  approximate  size  will  be,  to  the  scale  of  the  map,  9  by  11 
miles. 

The  scale  is  1 :24000,  or  one  inch  to  2,000  feet,  and  the  contour  in- 
terval, five  feet.     The  methods  used  in  the  survey  of  these  streams  are 


BAIN.]  ADMINISTRATIVE    EEPOET.  25 

fully  given  in  the  year-book  for  1907.^  During  1908  the  work  was 
carried  along  in  practically  the  same  manner  as  in  the  preceding  year. 
Following  is  a  list  of  the  completed  sheets : 

Easkaskia  River — Lorton  Bridge,  Vandalia,  Sopher  Lake,  Carlyle,  Santa  Fe, 
Queens  Lake,  Fayetteville,  Round  Pond,  Evansville. 

Shoal  Creek — Breese,  Frogtown. 

Big  MuMy  River — There  will  be  five  or  six  sheets  along  this  stream. 
They  were  surveyed  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  W.  J.  Lloyd  of  the  U.  S.  G.  S., 
and  are  being  put  into  map  form  by  him. 

Of  these  sheets,  the  Carlyle,  Santa  Fe  and  Qneen's  lake  are  now  avail- 
able. The  Breese  and  Frogtown  wexe  completed  February  1.  The 
Vandalia,  Soper  Lake  and  Lorton  Bridge  are  expected  to  be  ready  by 
March  1,  and  the  remainder  by  April  1. 

From  the  view  point  of  area  mapped,  and  the  qnality  of  the  work,  the 
year  1908  has  been_  a  successful  one.  However,  the  party  in  the  field 
suffered  a  great  deal  from,  sickness  during  the  summer  months,  there  be- 
ing only  two  out  of  a  party  of  ten  toi  escape  sickness.  Of  the  eight  who 
were  sick,  five  were  affected  at  the  same  time,  which  very  seriously  in- 
terfered with  the  progress  of  the  work.  The  work,  as  previously  planned 
for  1908,  included  the  Kaskaskia  river.  Big  Muddy,  Shoal  creek,  and 
a  small  section  of  the  Little  Wabash,  south  of  Carmi,  and  the  level 
work  on  the  Sangamon.  All  of  this,  Avith  the  exception  of  the  Little 
Wabash,  was  completed  as  planned. 

The  personnel  of  the  surveying  party  is  as  follows : 

Kaskaskia  River — E.  W.  McCrary,  assistant  engineer;  Lee  Morrison,  as- 
sistant topographer;  E.  L.  Hain,  assistant  topographer;  S.  K.  Atkinson,  field 
assistant;  A.  L.  Hambrecht,  field  assistant;  H.  P.  Hancock,  field  assistant; 
R.  E.  Johnson,  field  assistant;  John  Fletcher,  levelman;  F.  W.  Hughes, 
traversman;  P.  E.  Fletcher,  traversman;  W.  H.  Herron,  Jr.,  rodman;  Herbert 
Johnson,  rodman;  Douglas  Wright,  rodman;  William  Ahring,  rodman;  Ralph 
Atkinson,  rodman;  G.  R.  Hoffman,  rodman;  W.  S.  S.  Johnson,  rodman; 
J.  W.  Johnson,  rodman;  J.  M.  Aiken,  rodman, 

Shoal  Creek — E.  W.  McCrary,  assistant  engineer;  Lee  Morrison,  assistant 
topographer;  J.  A.  Duck,  field  assistant;  S.  K.  Atkinson,  field  assistant;  F. 
W.  Hughes,  levelman;  J.  Lederer,  rodman;  Douglas  Wright,  rodman;  Wil- 
liam Ahring,  rodman. 

Big  Muddy  River — W.  J.  Lloyd,  topographer;  George  Gross,  assistant  to- 
pographer; A.  L.  Hambrecht,  field  assistant;  J.  A.  Duck,  field  assistant;  R. 
E.  Johnson,  field  assistant;  W.  H,  Herron,  Jr.,  rodman;  Mack  MicCreery, 
rodman;  W.  S.  S.  Johnson,  rodman;   J.  M.  Aiken,  rodman. 

Plans. — It  is  greatly  regretted  that  these  surveys  are  not  yet  suffi- 
ciently advanced  to  permit  definite  recommendations  for  the  improve- 
ment of  these  rivers  to  be  submitted  at  this  time.  This  phase  of  the 
subject  is  treated  in  the  report  of  the  Internal  Improvement  Commis- 
sion. 

Publications. 

Reports  Pnnted. — At  the  beginning  of  the  year  Bulletin  7,  a  report  on 
the  Physical  GeogTaphy  of  the  Evanston-Waukegan  Eegion,  by  Messrs. 
Atwood  and  Golthwait,  was  still  in  press.     It  was  distributed  in  the 


'  Topographic  Mapping  in  Bottom  Lands,  by  E.  W.  McCrary.  Bull.  No.  8,  State  Geol.  Survey,  pp. 
64-67. 


26  YEAR   BOOK   FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

spring,  followed  in  the  fall  by  Bnlletin  8,  the  Year-Book  for  1907.  Bul- 
letin 9,  a  special  report  on  paving  brick  and  paving  brick  clays,  by 
Messrs.  Eolfe,  Purd}^,  Talbott  and  Baker,  is  now  in  press.  Bulletin  10, 
a  report  on  the  Mineral  Content  of  Illinois  Waters,  prepared  in  cooper- 
ation with  the  State  Water  Survey,  has  been  submitted  for  publication.^ 

The  reports  now"  available  for  distribution  are  listed  at  the  close  of 
this  bulletin. 

The  distribution  of  these  reports  so  as  to  prevent  waste,  and  yet  make 
them  most  widely  available,  has  been  in  itself  a  considerable  task.  It 
was  thought  that  the  interests  of  all  concerned  would  be  best  met  if  500 
copies  of  each  report  be  reserved  for  sale  at  the  cost  of  printing,  the  re- 
ceipts from  the  sales  being  turned  into  the  State  treasury.  This  makes 
it  possible  for  libraries  to  complete  their  sets  and  for  persons  having 
real  need  for  any  of  the  volumes  to  obtain  the  earlier  ones  at  small 
cost.  The  remainder  of  the  edition  is  distributed  by  the  Survey  and  the 
Secretary  of  State  to  institutions  and  individuals  making  application 
for  them  or  exchanged  with  other  Surveys  or  publishing  organizations. 

Any  of  the  published  reports  will  be  sent  upon  receipt  of  the  amount 
noted.  Money  orders,  drafts  and  checks  should  be  made  payable  to  F. 
W.  DeWolf. 

The  topographic  maps  completed  and  published  are  distributed  from 
Washington,  the  State  having  made  no  provision  for  publishing  a  local 
edition.  They  may  be  purchased  at  the  rate  of  five  cents  each  or  $3.00 
a  hundred.  Drafts  or  money  orders  should  be  sent  to  the  Director, 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C.  He  is  not  allowed  to  receive 
postage  stamps  or  personal  checks  in  payment.  The  areas  already  sur- 
veved  and  the  names  of  the  maps  are  shown  on  the  accompanying  map. 

(PI.  1). 

Reports  in  Pi'&puraUon. — There  are  a  number  of  reports  now  ready  for 
the  printer  or  in  an  advanced  stage  of  preparation.  These  include  three 
educational  bulletins  which  have  been  already  submitted,  and  three 
others  which  are  available  at  any  time.  The  three  which  have  been  for 
some  months  ready  for  the  printer  are : 

The  Mississippi  Valley  between  Savanna  and  Davenport,  by  J.  Ernest 
Carman. 

Physical  Features  of  the  Des  Plaines  Valley,  by  James  Walter  Goldthwait. 

Physical  Geography  of  the  East  St.  Louis  District,  by  N.  M.  Fenneman. 

The  three  reports  which  can  be  submitted  with  slight  delay  are : 
Physical  Geography  of  the  Springfield  Quadrangle,  by  J.  C.  Jones. 
The  Middle  Portion  of  the  Illinois  Valley,  by  Harlan  HI.  Barrows. 
Physiography  of  the  Wheaton  Quadrangle,  by  A.  C.  Trowbridge. 

In  less  advanced  state  of  preparation  is  the  year-book  for  1908,  in- 
cluding a  preliminary  report  on  cement  making  material  of  Illinois; 
some  studies  of  Illinois  coals  and  other  papers.  Special  reports  on  coal, 
oil  and  other  materials  are  in  preparation. 

The  State  Geological  Survey  has  not  attempted  as  yet  the  publication 
of  areal  reports  either  by  counties  or  districts.     Instead,  arrangements 


i  Published  July,  1909. 


BAIN.] 


ADMINISTKATIVE    EEPOET. 


27 


have  been  made  for  tlie  IT.  S.  Geological  Survey  to  assume  the  expense 
of  publishing  the  areal  reports.  One  such  report,  that  of  J.  A.  Udclen  on 
the  Peoria  quadrangle  has  been  completed  and  is  in  process  of  publi- 
cation. The  report  of  'N.  M.  Fenneman  on  the  St.  Louis-East  St.  Louis 
quadrangle  has  also  been  submitted.  The  Springfield  quadrangle  has 
been  surveyed  and  a  report  has  been  prepared  by  T.  E.  Savage.  A 
similar  report  upon  the  Belleville-Breese  quadrangles  by  J.  A.  Udden 
is  about  ready  for  publication.  Mr.  DeWolf  and  his  assistants  have  sur- 
veyed a  numl3er  of  quadrangles  in  the  southern  coal  fields  and  prelimin- 
ary articles  on  certain  of  them  will  be  found  in  Bulletin  8  of  this  Survey. 
It  is  expected  later  that  a  combined  report  on  the  whole  district  will  be 
prepared. 

Expenditures. 

The  annual  appropriation  for  the  survey,  including  the  topographic 
work,  is  $25,000.00.  Originally  $10,000.00  per  year  of  this  amount  was 
allotted  for  cooperative  topographic  surveys.  In  1907,  owing  to  a  reduc- 
tion in  aj)propriations,  the  U.  S.  G-eological  Survey  was  only  able  to 
meet  an  allotment  of  $8,000.00,  and  in  1908  certain  new  charges  for 
administration  were  made  against  this  allotment,  still  further  reducing 
the  Federal  appropriation  to  $6,920.00.  This  has  been  met  by  an  equal 
allotment  of  funds  by  the  State.  In  1908,  in  addition,  $1,000.00  of  the 
unexpended  funds  of  the  IT.  S.  G-eological  Survey  for  the  preceding  fiscal 
year  were  available  and  $10,484.92  of  the  special  appropriation  made 
by  the  State  for  the  survey  and  study  of  overflowed  lands.  The  total 
funds  available  on  January  1,  1909  are  as  follows : 

For  geologic  surveys   $4,577  82 

For  topographic  surveys    1,232  36 

For    drainage   surveys    863  46 

The  detailed  expenditures  are  listed  below: 


General  Appropriations- 
Balance  on  hand  Jan.  1,  1908      

$  5,306  73 
25,000  00 

Appropriation  of  July  1,  1908 

Total  available 

$30,306  73 

Expenditures  Jan.  1,  1908,  to  Jan.  1, 1909— 

$4,027  33 

2,323  91 

4,779  38 

635  24 

877  73 

969  78 

1,831  24 

835  13 

682  31 

135  00 

144  20 

1,184  01 

383  65 

5,687  64 

Clerical  help  and  general  office  expenses 

Surveys  and  laboratory  studies  of  coal  fields 

Studies  of  cement  materials 

General  stratigraphic  studies  .                 .   .          .... 

Water  resources                     .  . 

Special  studies 

Topographic  surveys 

Total 

24,496  55 

Balance  available  Jan.  1, 1909 

$5,810  18 

Special  appropriation  for  survey  and  study  of  overflowed  lands- 
Balance  on  hand  Jan.  1,  1908 

$10,484  92 
9,621  46 

Expended  in  1908 

$9,621  46 

Balance  available  Jan.  1,  1909 

$863  46 

28  YEAE   BOOK   FOR   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Eecommbndations. 

In  view  of  the  needs  of  the  Survey  and  the  numero'iis  demands  upon  it^ 
the  following  reconimendations  are  made: 

1.  That  the  present  annual  appropriation  for  the  general  support  of  the 
Survey  be  increased  from  $25,000  to  $35,000  annually.  This  is  necessary  if 
the  reasonable  demands  for  increased  work  along  the  lines  now  being  pur- 
sued is  to  be  met.  In  support  of  this  recommendation,  it  may  be  pointed 
out  that  since  the  State  Geological"  Survey  was  established,  the  mineral  in- 
dustry of  the  State  has  enormously  increased.  Excluding  pig  iron  and 
spelter,  the  total  output  in  1904  amounted  to  $56,400,829.00.  For  the  same 
items  in  1907  the  total  v/as  $93,415,404.00  and  for  1909  probably  an  even 
larger  amount.  It  is  not  claimed  that  this  increase,  amounting  to  65  per 
cent,  is  due  to  the  activities  of  the  Survey,  though  the  latter  doubtless  had 
some  influence.  It  may  be  pointed  out,  however  that  this  increase  in  pro- 
duction has  very  greatly  increased  the  work  of,  and  demands  on,  the  Survey. 
At  the  time  this  bureau  was  established  and  the  size  of  its  annual  appro- 
priation fixed,  there  was  no  oil  production  in  Illinois.  We  have  now  a  pro- 
duction of  nearly  40,000,000  barrels.  This  has  brought  millions  of  dollars 
into  the  State,  and  has  also  brought  hundreds  of  requests  to  the  office  of  the 
Survey  for  information  regarding  depth  to  various  horizons,  location  of 
anticlines,  etc.  It  has  not  been  possible  to  give  satisfactory  service  to  this 
industry  because  we  have  not  had  the  men  nor  the  money  to  hire  them.  At 
the  completion  of  Mr.  Blatchley's  season  in  the  oil  field  this  year  it  was 
necessary  to  practically  stop  the  work  and  leave  the  results  undigested  and 
unstudied,  and  therefore  largely  valueless,  because  of  the  pressure  of  routine 
work  in  the  office.  If  the  information  asked  for  by  the  oil  men  could  be 
promptly  and  accurately  supplied  now  that  they  are  in  the  mood  for  pros- 
pecting, very  large  developments  would  undoubtedly  result.  These  facts 
are  cited  to  illustrate  the  new  and  unanticipated  demands  made  on  the  Sur- 
vey, which  require  additional  funds  if  the  work  now  undertaken  is  to  go 
forward;  to  say  nothing  of  new  lines  of  work  as  yet  untouched.  Similar 
but  less  critical  conditions  obtain  in  regard  to  the  demands  on  us  for  in- 
formation regarding  coal,  stone,   clay,  and  other  minerals. 

It  is  further  true  that  as  the  work  of  the  Survey  becomes  better  known 
and  more  of  the  citizens  of  the  State  learn  the  ways  in  which  the  office  can 
be  useful  to  them,  that  larger  demands  on  the  time  of  the  members  of  the 
force  are  being  made.  This  may  be  expected  to  continue  and  so,  from  time  to 
time,  either  additional  funds  must  be  provided  or  the  work  deliberately  cut 
down.  In  the  estimate  above  no  provision  is  made  for  taking  up  any  new 
lines  of  work.  If  it  is  desired  that  any  of  the  many  which  have  been  sug- 
gested, be  taken  up,  a  still  larger  increase  must  be  made. 

2.  That  the  special  appropriation  of  $15,000.00  for  the  survey  of  the  bot- 
tom lands  be  continued  and  be  made  annual.  While  good  progress  has  been 
made,  it  will  necessarily  be  several  years  before  complete  plans  for  the 
proposed  reclamation  of  these  lands  can  be  presented.  It  is  everywhere 
recognized  that  surveys  are  the  first  step,  and  that  maps  are  necessary  to  any 
satisfactory  study  of  the  problems  involved,  either  by  the  engineer  or  the 
financier.  These  maps  are  now  being  made  rapidly,  accurately,  and  eco- 
nomically; at  a  cost,  in  fact,  of  but  a  few  cents  per  acre.  If  any  satisfactory 
plan  of  improvement  is  every  to  be  adopted  it  can  only  be  on  the  basis  of  the 
study  of  the  whole  valley,  or  even  of  the  comparative  study  of  several  val- 
leys. ■  The  force  is  splendidly  organized,  and  the  work  should  go  forward 
without  any  check  until  all  the  data  needed  for  a  comprehensive  plan  of 
action  are  at  hand.  The  reclamation  of  these  bottom  lands  and  the  regula- 
tion of  the  rivers  is  one  of  the  big  constructive  problems  of  the  State.  We 
will  never,  however,  make  sure  progress  with  problems  of  this  nature  except 
on  the  basis  of  accurate  knowledge,  and  to  this  end  these  surveys  and  the 
coordinate  work  of  the  cooperating  State  bureaus  should  be  liberally  sup- 
ported. 


BAIN.]  ■  ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT.  29 

3.  It  is  recommended  that  a  special  appropriation  of  $7,500  per  annum  be 
made  to  the  Geological  Commission  to  provide  for  preparing  and  engraving 
illustrations  and  maps  for  printing  and  binding  the  reports  of  the  survey; 
provided  that  all  printing  contracts  be  approved  by  the  State  Printer  Expert. 
The  law  establishing  the  State  Geological  Survey  requires  of  it:  "The 
preparation  of  geological  and  other  necessary  maps  to  illustrate  the  re- 
sources of  the  State"  and  "The  preparation  of  reports,  with  necessary  illus- 
trations and  maps."  It  is  further  provided  that:  "The  regular  and  special 
reports  of  the  said  bureau  shall  be  printed  and  distributed  or  sold,  as  the 
commissioners  shall  deem  best."  Finally  there  is  the  following  section  with 
regard  to  the  printing: 

"Section  6.  The  printing  of  said  reports  and  necessary  supplies  of  stationery,  blank  books  ani 
other  printed  matter  necessary  for  the  purpose  of  said  bureau  shall  be  and  form  a  part  of  the  State 
printing  contract,  and  as  such,  shall  be  under  the  direction  and  siipervision  of  the  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners of  State  contracts;  provided,  however,  that  the  cost  thereof  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  five 
thousand  dollars  ($5,0ij0.00)  per  annum." 

The  reports  so  far  issued  by  the  Survey  have  been  printed  by  the  State 
Printer  under  the  terms  of  Section  6.  Despite,  however,  the  specific  pro- 
vision of  the  law  to  the  effect  that  such  reports  shall  include  maps  and  illus- 
trations, the  latter  have  been  paid  for  out  of  the  general  support  fund  of 
the  Survey.  At  one  time  the  paper  upon  which  the  reports  were  printed 
was  paid  for  by  the  Survey.  There  are  probably  good  reasons  for  this,  and 
there  is  no  objection  from,  the  point  of  view  of  the  Survey,  provided  that 
this  expense  be  taken  into  account  in  fixing  the  appropriations  of  the  latter. 
As  it  stands,  this  constitutes  expense  of  from  $1,000  to  $2,000  a  year,  and 
serves  by  just  so  much  to  decrease  the  amount  originally  intended  to  be  made 
available  for  the  field  work  of  the  survey.  So  far  only  the  most  necessary 
maps  have  been  published,  and  these  have  been  printed  in  small  editions. 
No  provision  has  been  made  for  publishing  by  the  State  of  any  of  the  de- 
tailed maps  now  being  made,  and  much  valuable  material  is  therefore  un- 
available to  the  general  public. 

4.  It  is  recommended  that  hereafter  the  reports  of  the  Survey  be  pub- 
lished in  the  same  general  style  "as  regards  typography,  paper,  and  binding 
as  were  the  reports  of  the  older  Geological  Survey  of  Illinois,  and  as  are 
now  the  reports  of  the  State  Laboratory  of  Natural  History,  and  that  ade- 
quate appropriations  be  made  to  the  commission  to  cover  the  cost  of  this 
paper,  printing  and  binding,  so  that  the  work  may  be  done  promptly.  Sec- 
tion 6,  quoted  above  should  be  repealed  in  order  to  relieve  the  Secretary 
of  State  of  responsibility. 

As  matters  now  stand,  even  with  the  Survey  paying  for  all  maps  and  fur- 
nishing all  engravings  to  the  printer,  it  has  been  impossible  to  get  reports 
printed  as  fast  as  they  were  prepared.  There  are  now  seven  reports  written 
and  ready  for  the  printer,  and  several  more  in  preparation.  Some  of  these 
reports  have  been  in  hand  for  more  than  a  year,  and  yet  the  Survey  has 
never  had  the  benefit  of  the  maximum,  amount  allowed  by  law  for  its 
printing. 

A  list  of  the  reports  awaiting  publication  has  already  been  given.  All 
these  reports  have  been  written  by  the  best  men  we  could  command  any- 
where in  the  United  States,  and  each  is  designed  to  answer  a  specific  pur- 
pose. The  field  work  has  been  done  and  paid  for  and  the  report  has  been 
written,  and  yet  the  State  has  no  benefit  because  of  the  congestion  in  the 
printing  office  and  the  defective  arrangements  already  cited. 

In  addition  to  the  reports  enumerated,  detailed  reports  on  the  geology 
and  mineral  resources  of  the  Peoria,  Springfield,  Belleville-Breese  areas 
have  been  prepared  and  material  is  in  hand  for  a  similar  report  on  the 
southern  coal  fields  from  New  Haven  as  far  west  as  Herrin.  As  each  of 
these  reports  will  require  an  expensive,  engraved  map  for  which  the  State 
has  made  no  provision,  arrangements  have  been  made  for  their  publication 
to  be  undertaken  by  the  Federal  Government.  It  is  desirable,  if  possible, 
that  the  State  provide  at  least  one  edition  of  these  and  similar  reports  for 
local  use. 


30  YEAR    BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  U 

Studies  of  the  coal,  cement,  oil  and  clay  industries  are  being  prosecuted, 
but  in  the  absence  of  adequate  means  of  publication  no  attempt  has  been 
made  to  hurry  the  preparation  of  reports.  None  the  less,  a  report  on  cement 
materials  is  practically  complete. 

These  difficulties  regarding  printing  have  arisen  not  because  of  any  lack 
of  cooperation  on  the  part  of  the  various  persons  concerned,  but  because  the 
attempt  is  being  made  to  put  out  technical  publications  from  plants  designed 
for  commercial  and  ordinary  book  work,  and  with  facilities  entirely  inade- 
quate to  the  demand.  A  change  is  imperative,  since  it  is  poor  policy  for 
the  State  to  spend  money  on  surveys  and  investigations  and  then  not  pro- 
vide for  printing  the  results  promptly  and  in  such  form  as  to  be  really  ser- 
viceable to  its  citizens. 


HERRON.l  TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEYS.  31 


REPORT  OF  THE  CO-OPERATIVE  TOPOGRAPHIC 
SURVEY  OF  ILLINOIS. 

(By  W.  H.  Hereon.)^ 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

Introduction 32 

Legislative  and  Administrative 33 

Season  1905-6 ■ 32 

Results 34 

Season  1906-7 34 

Results 35 

Season  1907-8 36 

Results 36 

Season  1908-9 37 

Results 37 

Expenditures 37 

Resume  of  results 37 

Topographic  sheets  mapped  in  cooperation 38 

Nature  of  cooperation 38 

Objects  and  recommendations 39 

Organization  and  reports 39 

Fiscal  system 40 

Nature  and  uses  of  topographic  maps  ." 41 

General  plan 41 

Publication 43 

Scale  and  contour  interval 43 

Areas  of  political  subdivisions. 44 

Uses  of  the  maps 1 44 

Topographic  mapping  of  bottom  lands 46 

Progress  of  topographic  surveys  in  Illinois  prior  to  cooperation 50 

Detailed  report  of  field  work 54 

Organization  and  personnel 54 

Summary  of  results .- 55 

Spirit  leveling 60 

Methods 60 

Detailed  results 60 

Introduction : 60 

Index  to  results ." . . .  63 

Precise  leveling 64 

Primary  leveling 76 

State  Geological  Survey  leveling ■. 118 

Primary  control 126 

Methods 126 

Results  of  primary  horizontal  control  1896-1908 127 

Primary  railroad  traverse 127 

Primary  quadrangle  traverse 133 


1.    Geographer  in  Charge,  Central  Division,  U.S.  Geological  Survey. 


82  YEAK   BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  act  of  the  State  Legislature  of  1905  which  provided  foT  cooper- 
ation between  the  State  of  Illinois  and  the  United  States  G-eological 
Siirve}'  in  the  making  of  -a  topographic  map  of  the  State  has  been  more 
than  justified  by  the  ]3opular  interest  in  the  progress  of  the  work  and  by 
the  demand  for  the  finished  maps.  The  State  was  slow  in  taking  this 
step,  but  it  is  believed  that  the  success  of  the  last  four  years  will  insure 
the  steady  progress  of  the  work  until  the  entire  State  is  surveyed. 

Illinois  has  never  had  a  satisfactory  State  map,  the  best  at  present 
available  being  those  issued  by  the  General  Land  Office  and  the  Post 
Office  Department  of  the  Federal  Government,  together  with  several 
popular  maps  compiled  from  them,  which  contain  many  inaccuracies  of 
latitude  and  longitude,  etc.,  in  the  interior  part  of  the  State ;  and  while, 
as  a  rule  they  show  the  system  of  subdivision  of  the  public  land  lines, 
counties,  towns,  drainage  systems,  etc.,  the  data  for  their  control  is  very 
incomplete  and  in  many  cases  inaccurate. 

It  is  therefore  easy  to  comprehend  the  value  to  the  State  of  the  topo- 
graphic map'  that  is  now  being  prepared  in  cooperation  with  the  United 
States  G-eological  Survey,  which  is  utilizing,  at  an  immense  saving  to  the 
State,  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Sur\'ey  primary  triangulation,  U.  S.  Lake 
triangulation,  surveys  by  the  Mississippi  Eiver  Commission,  and  the  ac- 
curate control  survey  of  the  Army  Engineers  along  the  Illinois  river 
from  its  mouth  to  Lake  Michigan.  The  rapid  progress  and  completion 
o±  this  m,ap  will  be  of  inestimable  benefit  in  the  study  and  development 
of  the  economic  resources  of  the  State,  such  as  minerals,  including  coal, 
oil,  clay,  lead,  zinc  and  cement-making  materials.  It  can  also  be  util- 
ized as  a  basis  for  the  reclamation  of  overflowed  lands  and  swamps  and 
their  drainage;  for  the  improvement  of  highways;  for  a  study  of  water 
supply  for  cities,  and  as  a  preliminary  survey  for  railways  and  trolley 
lines,  etc.,  and  for  any  class  of  improvements  which  must  take  into  con- 
sideration the  configuration  of  the  land  surface  and  quality  and  character 
of  the  soil. 


LEGISLATIVE  AND  ADMINISTRATIVE. 

Season  oe  1905-1906. 

In  May,  1905,  House  Bill  No.  63  of  the  General  Assembly  was  adopted, 
whereby  a  State  Geological  Survey  Avas  established  under  the  direction 
Oi  a  commission  known  as  the  State  Geological  Commission,  and  said 
commission  was  authorized  to  arrange  with  the  director  or  representative 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS.  33 

of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  in  regard  to  cooperation  between 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey  and  the  State  Geological  Commis- 
sion in  the  preparation  and  completion  of  a  contour  topographic  survey 
and  map  or  maps  of  the  State  of  Illinois.  The  commission  was  author- 
ized to  spend  a  sum  of  not  more  than  $10,000  in  any  one  year  on  this 
work,  provided  this  sum  was  met  by  an  equal  amount  by  the  Federal 
Survey. 

The  following  formal  agreement  was  entered  into  in  November,  1905, 
between  the  Governor  of  Illinois  and  the  Director  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  confirming  a  verbal  a;greement  entered  into  in  May, 
1905,  by  which  agreement  provision  was  made  for  the  execution  of  this 
topographic  work : 

Agreement  between  the  State  Geological  Commission  of  the  State  of  Illinois 
and  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  for  the  Execution  of  the  Coopera- 
tive Topographic  Survey  of  the  State  of  Illinois  as  provided  for  in  Act  of 
Legislature  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  1905. 

1.  The  preparation  of  the  map  shall  be  under  the  supervision  of  the 
director  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  who  shall  determine  the 
methods  of  survey  and  map  construction, 

2.  The  order  in  which,  in  point  of  priority,  different  parts  of  the  State 
shall  be  surveyed  shall  be  agreed  upon  in  detail  by  the  State  Geological 
Commission  of  the  State  of  Illinois  and  the  Director  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  but  in  case  of  failure  to  agree  the  order  shall  be  de- 
termined by  the  State  Geological  Commission. 

3.  The  survey  shall  be  executed  in  a  manner  sufficiently  elaborate  to 
prepare  maps  upon  a  scale  of  1:62,500.  This  map  shall  exhibit  the  hydro- 
graphy, hypsography  and  public  culture,  and  all  township  and  county  boun- 
dary lines  and  extensive  wooded  areas  in  this  State  as  existing  on  the 
ground  at  the  time  of  the  execution  of  these  surveys.  The  location  of  all 
trails,  by-roads,  railroads,  streams,  canals,  lakes,  rivers,  and  shall  show  by 
contour  lines  the  elevation   and   depression   of  the  surface   of  the   country. 

4.  The  hypsography  shall  be  shown  by  contour  lines  with  vertical  in- 
tervals of  10  or  20  feet,  depending  upon  the  scale  and  relief  of  the  country, 
and  as  may  hereafter  be  agreed  upon  in  detail. 

5.  The  heights  of  the  important  points  shall  be  determined  and  furnished 
to  the  State  Geological  Commission  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 

6.  The  outlines  of  wooded  areas  shall  be  represented  upon  the  proofs  of 
the  engraved  map  to  be  furnished  to  the  State  Geological  Commission  of  the 
State  of  Illinois. 

7.  For  convenience,  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  shall,  during 
the  progress  of  the  field  work,  pay  the  salaries  of  the  permanent  employes 
engaged  thereon,  while  the  traveling,  subsistence  and  field  expenss  shall 
be  paid  for  the  same  time  by  the  State.  For  official  work  on  the  map  the 
salaries  shall  be  divided  between  the  two  agreeing  parties  in  such  way 
as  to  equalize  expenses,  providing  that  the  total  cost  to  the  State  of  Illinois 
of  the  field  and  office  work  shall  not  be  more  than  $10,000  from  July,  1905, 
to  June  30,  1906,  or  for  any  subsequent  fiscal  year.  And,  further,  provided, 
that  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  shall  expend  an  amount  upon  the 
same  work  and  during  the  same  period  of  time. 

8.  During  the  progress  of  field  and  office  work,  free  access  to  the  records 
of  the  topographers  shall  be  afforded  the  State  Geological  Commission  of  the 
State  of  Illinois  for  examination  and  criticism,  and  should  the  Commission 
consider  that  the  work  is  not  being  executed  in  accordance  with  this  agree- 
ment, it  may,  on  formal  notice,  terminate  the  same.  This  agreement  may 
also  be  terminated  by  formal  notice  of  either  party  thirty  days  prior  to  the 
beginning  of  the  new  fiscal  year. 

—3  G 


34  YEAR    BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  U 

9.  The  resulting  reports  shall  fully  recognize  the  cooperation  of  the  State 
organization. 

10.  All  accounts  and  vouchers  paid  by  the  State  Geological  Commission 
under  this  agreement  shall  be  subject  to  their  auditing  and  approval. 

11.  It  is  further  agreed  that,  in  view  of  the  cooperation  arrangements 
here  entered  into,  the  State  Geological  Commission  of  the'  State  of  Illinois 
shall  be  furnished  with  transfers  ,at  the  cost  of  printing,  from  the  copper 
plates,  for  use  in  printing  editions  of  said  maps  by  the  State. 

(Signed)     Chas.  D.  Walcott, 

Director  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
Washington,  D.  C,  November  20,  1905. 

(Signed)     Chables  S.  Deneen, 
Chairman  State  Geological  Commission,  State  of  Illinois. 
Springfield,  111.,  November  17,  1905. 

RESULTS. 

From  the  expenditure  of  the  joint  fund  of  $20,000  provided  for  in 
the  above  agreement,  a  complete  and  accurate  map  was  made  for  publi- 
cation on  the  scale  of  1 :62500,  with  contour  intervals  of  10  and  20  feet, 
of  1,347  square  miles  of  the  State,  which  is  represented  on  the  follow- 
ing six  sheets :  Belleville,  in  Madison  and  St.  Clair  counties ;  Eldorado, 
in  Gallatin,  Hamilton,  Saline  and  White  counties;  Mahomet,  in  Cham- 
paign and  Piatt  counties;  New  Haven  (111.,  Ind.,  iCy.)  in  G-allatin  and 
White  counties ;  Springfield,  in  Logan,  Menard  and  Sangamon  counties ; 
Urbana,  in  Champaign  county.  In  addition,  eighty-three  square  miles 
were  mapped  over  the  edges  of  these  sheets,  which  will  be  incorporated 
in  future  map^  work. 

Considerable  preliminary  work  was  accomplished  on  the  following 
quadrangles :  Breese,  in  Bond,  Clinton;  St.  Clair  and  Madison  counties ; 
Carmi,  (111.,  Ind.)  in  White  county;  Havana,  in  Fulton  and  Mason 
counties;  Petersburg,  in  Logan,  Menard  and  Sangamon  counties;  Sai- 
dora.,  in  Cass,  Fulton,  Mason  and  Schuyler  counties ;  Wheaton,  in  Du- 
Page  county.  Of  these  the  Breese  and  Wheaton  quadrangles  were  al:)out- 
half  surveyed. 

During  the  season  there  were  run  on  all  of  the  above  eleven  sheets 
3,740  miles  of  spirit  levels,  in  the  course  of  which  24,446  elevations  and 
101  permanent  bench  marks  were  established;  there  were  run  6,223 
linear  miles  of  road  traverse,  every  bend  and  every  house  being  accurately 
located. 

Two  parties  extended  primary  traverse  over  the  counties  of  Cham- 
paign, (Clinton,  DuPage,  Madison,  Menard,  St.  Clair  and  Sangamon, 
resulting  in  the  occupation  of  1,441  stations  and  the  running  of  402 
miles  of  traverse.  One  party  extended  precise  levels  over  the  counties 
of  Champaign,  DeWitt,  McLean,  Piatt  and  Tazewell,  resulting  in  the 
running  of  eighty-seven  miles,  in  the  course  of  which  thirty-three  per- 
manent bench  marks  were  established. 

Seasoit  of  1906-1907. 

The  cooperative  agreement  signed  by  the  Governor  of  the  State  of 
Illinois  and  the  Director  of  the  United   States  Geological   Survey  in 


HERRON.]  TOPOGRAPHIC  SUEVEYS.  35 

November,  1905,  was  continued  for  the  cooperative  topographic  survey 
of  the  State  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1907,  in  the  following 
supplemental  agreement : 

Supplemental  Agreement  Ijetween  the  State  Geological  Commission  of  the 
State  of  Illinois  and  the  Director  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survei/ 
for  the  continuation  of  the  Cooperative  Topographic  Survey  of  Illinois, 
for  the  Fiscal  Year  Ending  June  30,  1901. 

In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  an  agreement  between  the  above 
named  parties,  signed  November,  1905,  the  terms  of  which  are  hereby  ex- 
tended for  the  continuation  of  this  cooperative  surveying,  it  is  further  agreed 
and  understood  that  the  State  of  Illinois  shall  expend  for  such  cooperative 
surveys  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1907,  a  sum  of  not  less  than 
$10,000;  provided,  that  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  shall  expend 
for  cooperative  topographic  surveys  within  the  State  an  amount  at  least 
equal  to  the  above. 

(Signed)     Chas.  D.  Walcott, 

Director  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
(Signed)     C.  S.  Deneen, 
Chairman  State  Geological  Commission,  State  of  Illinois. 

RESULTS. 

Correspondence  was  immediately  entered  into  between  the  Director  of 
the  State  Geological  Survey,  Dr.  H.  Foster  Bain,  and  Mr.  H.  M.  Wilson, 
Geographer,  of  the  IT.  S.  Geological  Survey,  in  which  plans  were  per- 
fected for  the  work  to  be  executed  during  the  year,  and  such  plans  were 
carried  to  completion. 

From  the  expenditure  of  funds  provided  for  in  the  supplemental  agree- 
ment an  accurate  map  was  made  for  publication  on  the  scale  of  1 :62,500, 
with  contour  intervals  of  10  and  20  feet,  of  an  area  oi  1,055  square  miles 
of  the  State,  which  is  represented  on  the  following  five  sheets,  namely: 
Breese,  in  Bond,  Clinton,  Madison  and  St.  Clair  counties;  Galatia,  in 
Franklin,  Hamilton,  Saline  and  Williamson  counties;  Waukegan,  (111., 
Wis.),  in  Lake  county;  Whealon,  in  Cook  and  DuPage  counties;  Tal- 
lula,  in  Cass,  Menard,  Morgan  and  Sangamon  counties.  This  latter 
quadrangle  was  completed  with  the  exception  of  thirteen  miles.  In 
addition,  ninety  square  miles  were  mapped  over  the  sheet  edges,  which 
will  be  incorporated  in  future  map  work.  Considerable  preliminary  work 
was  accomplished  on  the  following  quadrangles:  Galena,  (111.,  la.),  in 
Jo  Daviess  county;  Thompsonville,  in  Franklin  and  Williamson  coun- 
ties ;  Herrin,  in  Franklin,  Jackson,  Perry  and  Williamson  counties. 

During  the  season,  for  the  control  of  the  above  quadrangles,  2,464 
miles  of  spirit  levels  were  run,  in  connection  with  which  sixty-six  per- 
manent marks  and  15,771  useful  elevations  were  established.  There 
were  also  run  3,227  miles  of  road  traverse,  upon  which  all  bends  and 
houses  were  accurately  located. 

One  party  extended  primary  traverse  over  portions  of  the  counties  of 
Franklin,  Hamilton,  Jackson,  Jo  Daviess,  Perry,  Lake,  Saline,  William- 
son, which  will  furnish  geodetic  positions  of  a  great  many  points  to 
which  to  tie  future  topographic  and  property  surveys.  This  work  re- 
sulted in  the  occupation  of  1,671  stations  and  the  running  of  398  miles 


36  YEAE   BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  141 

of  traverse.  One  party  extended  precise  levels  over  portions  of  the 
counties  of  Coles,  Cumberland,  Douglas,  Edgar,  Franklin,  Gallatin,  Jas- 
per, Eichland,  Saline,  and  Vermilion,  306  miles  of  double  line  being 
run,  in  connection  witli  which  seventy-six  permanent  bench  marks  and 
435  elevations  were  established'.  These  furnish  exact  heights  through 
which  to  refer  to  mean  sea  level  any  spirit  leveling  which  may-  be  done 
hereafter  by  private  or  public  organizations. 

Owing  to  the  late  date  at  which  it  was  possible  to  resume  field  work, 
namely,  after  the  first  week  in  July,  because  neither  State  nor  Federal 
funds  were  available  until  July  1st,  the  field  season  was  unusually  short,^ 
But  the  progress  was  as  good  as  could  have  been  anticipated. 

Three  of  the  topographic  sheets  mapped  during  the  previous  year  were 
engraved,  namely;  Urbana,  New  Haven  and  Eldorado,  copies  of  which 
are  sold  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  at  the  nominal  price  of  five  cents 
per  copy. 

Season  of  1907-1908. 

The  agreement  of  November,  1905,  for  cooperative  topographic  sur- 
veys was  further  continued  by  a  supplemental  agreement  similar  to  that 
of  the  year  before,  the  amount  provided  by  the  State,  however,  being 
$8,000,  to  be  met  by  a  like  sum  from  the  United  States. 

EESULTS. 

From  the  expenditure  of  the  $16,000  provided  for  cooperative  topo- 
graphic work,  the  survey  of  the  Tallula  quadrangle,  in  Morgan,  San- 
gamon, Cass  and  Menard  counties,  and  the  West  Frankfort  quadrangle, 
in  Franklin  and  Williamson  counties,  was  completed;  and  the  survey  of 
the  Carlyle,  New  Athens  and  Okawville  quadrangles,  in  St.  Clair,  Wash- 
ing-ton, Clinton  and  Bond  counties;  the  Hardinville  quadrangle,  in 
Jasper,  Crawford,  Eichland  and  Lawrence  counties;  and  the  Herrin 
quadrangle,  in  Jackson,  Perry,  Franklin  and  Williamson  counties,  was 
commenced.  The  total  area  surveyed  was  624  square  miles,  for  publica- 
tion on  the  scale  of  1 :62,500,  with  a  contour  interval  of  twenty  feet. 
For  the  control  of  these  and  adjacent  areas  477  miles  of  primary  and 
2,636  miles  of  secondary  levels  were  run  and  108  permanent  bench 
marks  were  established.  The  Carlyle,  Chauncey,  Okawville  and  New 
Athens  quadrangles,  in  Clinton,  Eichland,  Lawrence,  Jasper,  St.  Clair, 
Washington  and  Monroe  counties,  were  controlled  by  237  miles  of  prim- 
ary traverse  run  and  913  stations  established.  A  line  of  precise  levels 
thirty-two  miles  in  length,  extending  from  the  vicinity  of  Terre  Haute, 
Ind.,  to  Oakland,  111.,  through  the  Paris  and  Kansas  quadrangles,  in 
Edgar  and  Coles  counties,  was  also  run,  in  connection  with  which  twelve 
permanent  bench  marks  were  established. 

Of  the  topographic  sheets  mapped  during  the  season  of  1906-1907,  the 
Breese  was  engraved. 


herron.]  topographic  sueveys.  37 

Season  of  1908-1909. 

The  agreement  of  November,  1905,  for  cooperative  topographic  sur- 
Teys  was  continued  by  a  supplemental  agreement  similar  to  that  of 
1906-1907,  which  provided  for  the  mutual  expenditure  of  $8,000  by  the 
State  of  Illinois  and  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

RESULTS. 

From  the  expenditure  of  the  $16,000  available  for  topographic  work, 
the  survey  of  the  Carlyle  quadrangle_,  in  Clinton  and  Bond  counties; 
the  Herrin  quadrangle,  in  Jackson,  Perry,  Franklin  and  Williamson 
•counties;  the  Murphysboro  quaarangle,  in  Jackson  and  x-erry  counties; 
the  Okawville  quadrangle,  in  Clinton,  Washington  and  St.  Clair  coun- 
ties; and  the  Hardinville  quadrangle,  in  Crawford,  Lawrence  and  Jasper 
counties  was  completed;  and  the  Survey  of  the  Vandalia,  quadrangle,  in 
Fayette  county;  the  Baldwin  quadrangle,  in  Eandolph  county;  and  the 
N'ew  Athens  quadrangle,  in  St.  Clair  and  Monroe  counties,  was  com- 
menced, the  total  area  mapped  to  December  31,  1908,  being  915  square 
miles,  for  publication  on  the  scale  of  1 : 62,500,  with  a  contour  interval 
of  twenty  feet.  Preliminary  work  was  well  advanced  on  the  Apple  Eiver 
and  Galena,  quadrangles,  in  Jo  Daviess  county ;  the  Baldwin  quadrangle, 
in  Eandolph  county;  the  LaSalle  quadrangle,  in  LaSalle,  Bureau,  and 
Putnam  counties;  the  Bridgeport  quadrangle,  in  Lawrence  and  Wabash 
counties;  the  Hennepin  quadrangle,  in  Putnam,  Bureau  and  LaSalle 
counties,  and  the  Carmi  quadrangle,  in  White  and  Posey  counties.  All 
control  for  the  New  Athens  quadrangle  was  completed. 

For  the  control  of  the  above  quadrangles  and  adjacent  areas  542 
miles  of  primary  levels,  1,849  miles  of  secondary  levels,  344  miles  of 
primary  traverse,  and  4,033  miles  of  secondary  traverse  were  run,  and 
118  permanent  bench  marks  were  established. 

Of  the  quadrangles  previously  mapped,  the  Galatia,  Waukegan  and 
Wheaton  were  engraved. 

Expenditures. 

Since  the  inauguration  of  topographic  surveys  in  1905,  to  the  close  of 
the  fiscal  year  1908-1909,  there  were  available  for  cooperative  topo- 
graphic surveys  from  State  and  Federal  funds  $72,000.  Of  this  amount 
there  had  been  expended  on  December  31,  1908,  $70,462.39,  leaving  a 
balance  of  $1,537.61.  This  balance  was  reserved  in  accordance  with  the 
agreement  in  order  to  meet  the  permanent  salaries  of  civil  service  em- 
ployes engaged  in  completing  the  drafting  of  the  topographic  maps,  and 
to  prosecute  surveys  in  the  field  during  the  good  spring  weather. 

Eesume  of  Eesults. 

During  the  time  that  cooperative  topographic  surveys  have  been  in 
progress,  seventeen  whole  and  three  partial  quadrangles  have  been  com- 
pleted, comprising  an  area  of  3,941  square  miles,  in  addition  to  which 
about  425  square  miles  over  sheet  edges  have  been  mapped,  at  a  total 


38 


YEAR   BOOK   FOE    1908. 


[BULL.    NO.  14 


expenditure  of  $57,462,  which  includes  the  cost  of  primary  triangula- 
tiion  and  precise  levels.  In  addition  to  this  a  large  amount  of  pre- 
liminary control  has  been  completed  preparatory  to  future  topographic 
mapping  at  a  cost  of  $14,538. 

The  following  tabular  statement  gives  the  names  of  the  sheets  com- 
pleted during  the  four  years  cooperation,  their  areas,  scale,  contour  in- 
terval and  the  year  mapped : 

TOPOGEAPHIC  ATLAS  SHEETS  MAPPED  IN   00-OPEEATION. 


Quadrangle. 


Area 

Year. 

Contour 

Mapped. 

Interval. 

Sq.  miles. 

Feet. 

233.28 

1905 

20 

235.66 

1905 

20 

228.40 

1905 

20 

192.78 

1905 

20 

229.22 

1905 

10 

228.40 

1905 

10 

233.28 

1906 

20 

235.66 

1906 

20 

149.00 

1906 

20 

225.50 

1906 

20 

229.22 

1906 

20 

235.66 

1907 

20 

235.66 

1907 

20 

233.28 

1908 

20 

235.66 

1908 

20 

234.07 

1908 

20 

232.48 

1908 

20 

64.00^ 

1908 

20 

35.00i 

1908 

20 

15. 00^ 

1908 

20 

3,941.21 

Scale. 


Belleville 

Eldorado 

Mahomet 

New  Haven  (111.,  Ind.,  Ky.) 

Springfield 

Urbana 

Breese 

Galatia 

Waukegan  (111.,  Wis.) 

Wheaton 

Tallula 

Herrin 

West  Frankfort 

Carlyle 

Murphysboro 

Okawville 

Hardin  ville 

Vandaliai 

New  Athens^ 

Baldwin^ 


1.62500 
1.62500 
1.62500 
1.62500 
1.62500 
1.62500 
1.62500 
1.62500 
1.62300 
1.62500 
1.62500 
1.62500 
1.62500 
1.62500 
1.62500 
1.62500 
1.62500 
1.62500 
1.62500 
1.62500 


Total 3,941.21 


iQnly  partially  completed. 


Natuee  of  Co-Opeeation. 

The  cooperative  topographic  survey  of  the  State  has  been  vigorously 
prosecuted  during  the  past  four  years  in  accordance  with  the  joint 
agreements  above  cited.  Under  the  terms  of  these  agreements,  the  execu- 
tion of  the  work  both  in  field  and  office  is  under  the  immediate  charge 
of  the  Federal  Survey,  which  draws  upon  the  large  corps  of  trained 
topographers  which  has  been  created  uncler  it  through  the  Federal  Civil 
Service.  The  Director  of  the  State  Geological  Survey  recommends  the 
order,  in  point  of  priority,  in  which  the  different  parts  of  the  State 
shall  be  mapped,  as  he  is  best  acquainted  with  the  needs  of  the  State  in 
this  direction.  Many  of  the  citizens  of  the  State  who  are  competent 
engineers  have  found  employment  upon  this  work. 

When  the  Legislature  made  its  appropriation  for  beginning  this  work 
in  1905,  the  Federal  Survey  had  made  rough  reconnaissance  maps  in 
many  cases,  and  in  a  few  cases  more  detailed  and  accurate  topographic 
maps  of  a  total  area  of  4,917  square  miles  of  the  State.  These  have  been 
published  by  the  Government  upon  thirty-nine  separate  atlas  sheets  dis- 
tributed throughout  various  parts  of  the  State,  upon  which  it  had  inde- 
pendently expended  a  sum  roughly  estimated  at  $40,000  between  the 


HERRON.] 


TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS.  39 


years  1887  and  1904,  inclusive.  A  large  portion  of  this  work  is  on  the 
scale  of  about  two  miles  to  one  inch,  with  contours  showing  elevations 
for  change  of  every  fifty  feet  in  altitude.  Some  of  it  is  on  the  larger 
scale  of  one  mile  to  one  inch,  with  contour  intervals  of  twenty  and  ten 
feet.  A  consiclerahle  portion  of  this  area  was  mapped  before  the 
Federal  Survey  began  its  more  accurate  work  and  is  lacking  in  detail, 
no  houses  being  represented.  It  is  also  devoid  of  spirit  leveling,  so  that 
the  contouring  and  elevations  are  not  sufficiently  reliable  to  afford  a  basis 
for  exact  engineering  work. 

The  land  area  of  Illinois  is  56,002  square  miles  and  the  water  area 
663  square  miles,  making  a  total  of  56,665  square  miles.  There  have 
been  mapped  in  cooperation  3,941  square  miles,  and  prior  to  cooperation 
4,917  square  miles,  a  total  of  8,858  square  miles,  leaving  47,807  square 
miles  yet  to  be  mapped,  though  3,000  square  miles  of  the  earlier  recon- 
naissance work  should  be  added  to  this  area,  as  it  will  ultimately  be  re- 
surveyed. 

Objects  and  Eecommendations. 

As  stated,  the  object  of  making  a  topographic  survey  of  the  State 
in  such  great  detail  as  will  permit  the  making  of  a  map  on  the  scale 
of  one  mile  tO'  one  inch,  is  primarily  to  serve  as  a  basis  for  study  of  the 
structural  and  economic  geology  of  the  State,  with  a  view  to  aiding  in 
the  development  of  its  economic  mineral  resources.  In  1908  Illinois 
ranked  second  among  the  states  in  quantity  of  coal  produced,  the  amount 
being  47,659,690  short  tons  of  a  value  of  $49,978,247.  It  ranked  well  up 
in  the  production  of  building  stone  and  cement-making  materials.  It 
is  believed  that  the  output  of  many  of  the  minerals  found  in  the  State 
may  be  increased  through  the  medium  of  this  survey.  These  maps  have 
a  high  value  in  connection  with  all  studies  for  drainage  of  swamp'  and 
overflowed  lands.  They  show  the  positions  of  the  swamps,  the  absolute 
heights  of  points  upon  them,  and  the  relation  of  these  in  altitude  to  the 
stream  channels  through  which  they  may  be  drained.  They  are  of  es- 
pecial value  to  the  State  in  connection  with  studies  for  the  improvement 
of  highways.  They  are  needed  in  connection  with  the  planning  of  public 
improvements,  developing  railways,  trolley  lines,  etc. 

At  the  close  of  December,  1908,  8,858  square  miles  had  been  mapped, 
leaving  approximately  50,000  square  miles  to  be  mapped  or  resurveyed. 
In  order  that  this  work  may  be  continued,  now  that  it  has  been  so  aus- 
piciously commenced,  $10,000  should  be  appropriated  each  year  for  the 
completion  of  the  topographic  survey  of  the  State. 

Organization"  and  Eeports. 

Topographic  mapping  in  Illinois  is  under  the  general  direction  of  Mr. 
E.  B.  Marshall,  Chief  Geographer,  of  the  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey, and  under  the  immediate  direction  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Herron,  Geog- 
rapher in  Charge  of  the  Central  Division,  who  has  personal  supervision 
of  the  field  work  and  is  held  responsible  for  its  quality  and  organization. 
Mr.  E.  M.  Douglas,  Geographer,  has  charge  of  the  section  of  primary 


40  YEAR   BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

control  and  precise  leveling  and  overlooks  the  office  computations.  Un- 
der Mr.  Herron  several  topograpliers,  named  in  the  body  of  this  report, 
had  charge  of  field  parties,  assisted  by  temporary  aids  employed  for  the 
season  only.  All  of  the  men  excepting  the  temporary  employes  are  U.  S. 
Civil  Service  appointees  who  have  passed  a  rigid  engineering  examin- 
ation. The  temporary  employes  are  selected  preferably  from  residents  of 
the  State  and  fill  out  applications  accompanied  by  letters  of  recommend- 
ation showing  their  education,  experience,  and  other  qualifications  for 
this  special  line  of  work.  The  field  work  is  further  inspected  by  Mr. 
J.  H.  Eenshawe,  Inspector,  and  by  the  Director  of  the  State  Geological 
Survey. 

Weekly  reports  of  progress  are  sent  to  the  party  chiefs,  and  monthly 
reports  are  submitted  by  the  party  to  the  Division  Chief  and  the 
Chief  Ceographer,  the  latter  of  whom  transmits  them  with  a  financial 
statement  to  the  State  Geological  Survey. 

Fiscal  System. 

The  salaries  of  the  party  chiefs  are  fixed  by  appointment  from  the 
Honorable,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  while  the  salaries  of  the  tem- 
porary aids  are  determined  by  the  qualifications  shown  in  their  applica- 
tions and  by  promotion  subsequent  to  employment.  All  actual  traveling 
expenses  are  refunded  upon  presentation  of  vouchers  duly  signed  and 
sworn  tO',  and  per  diem  in  lieu  of  subsistence  is  allowed,  the  same  ranging 
from  $1.50  to  $2.25,  according  to  the  location  of  the  work  and  the  nature 
of  the  duties  assigned  to  the  employes.  All  vouchers  are  submitted  semi- 
monthly in  duplicate  to  the  division  chief,  who  after  approving  them 
transmits  a  portion  to  the  Federal  disbursing  officers  for  payment  and 
another  portion  through  the  Director  of  the  State  Geological  Survey  to 
the  State  Auditor  for  payment.  A  monthly  statement  transmitted  to  the 
Director  of  the  State  Geological  Survey  itemizing  the  amount  expended 
by  the  Federal  Government.  The  conditions  of  the  agreement  are  such 
that  the  State  Survey  expends  the  bulk  of  its  funds  during  the  summer 
season  on  actual  field  work  and  the  Federal  Government  pays  the  per- 
manent salaries.  In  consequence  the  Federal  Government  does  not  ex- 
pend nearly  so  much  as  the  State  by  the  close  of  the  season,  having  to 
reserve  a  sufficient  sum  to  cover  office  salaries  on  drafting  and  computing. 


HERRON.]  TOPOGKAPHIC  SUEVEYS.  41 


NATURE  AND  USES  OF  TOPOGRAPHIC  MAPS. 

Geneeal  Plan. 

The  topographic  maps  made  under  this  cooperative  arrangement  are 
drawn  up  in  the  office  in  three  colors  and  furnish  exact  copy  for  reproduc- 
tion. The  published  maps  are  engraved  in  the  office  of  the  Federal 
Survey  in  Washington  on  three  separate  copper  plates,  on  one  of  which 
is  shown  the  drainage  and  water  surfaces,  and  on  a  second,  all  roads, 
houses,  names  and  other  cultural  features,  and  on  the  third,  figures  of 
elevation  and  shapes  and  heights  of  hills  by  contour  lines.  The  map 
is  printed  from  transfers  from  these  three  copper  plates  to  three  litho- 
graphic stones,  in  blue,  for  the  water  features;  black  for  the  cultural 
features ;  and  brown,  for  the  topographic  relief  of  the  surface.  The  result 
is  a  very  handsome  and  attractive  and  extremely  legible  map,  the  neat 
size  of  which  is  about  17%  inches  by  13  inches  wide. 

For  purposes  of  convenient  publication,  and  in  order  that  the  edges 
■of  adjoining  sheets  may  match  and  be  mounted  together  in  larger  groups, 
the  whole  area  of  the  country  is  divided  by  latitudes  and  longitudes  fif- 
teen minutes  each  way  to  a  map  sheet,  so  that  each  map  represents  one 
■quarter  of  a  square  degree,  or  an  area  in  Illinois  of  approximately  325 
square  miles  to  an  atlas  sheet.  To  cover  the  entire  State  several  hun- 
dred such  atlas  sheets  will  be  required  to  make  the  final  map  which, 
extending  from  latitude  37°  00'  to  latitude  42°  30'  will  be  355  inches 
long  north  and  south,  and  240  inches  long  east  and  west.  Upon  this 
map  when  finally  completed  there  will  be  located  many  thousands  of 
geodetic  positions,  or  an  average  of  one  to  every  twenty  square  miles, 
and  a  still  greater  number  of  permanent  bench  marks  showing  precise 
level  elevations  above  sea,  these  averaging  about  two  to  each  township. 
The  latter  will  be  of  inestimable  value  as  datum  upon  which  to  base  all 
engineering  projects,  and  the  former  will  serve  as  permanent  bases  for 
all  future  cadastral  or  property  and  political  surveys. 

Surveying  in  general  may  be  divided  into  three  classes: 

1,  Those  made  for  general  purposes,  or  information  surveys,  which  may 
be  exploratory,  geodetic,  geographic,  topographic,  geologic,  etc. 

2,  Those  made  for  jurisdictional  purposes,  or  cadastral  surveys,  which 
define  political  boundaries  and  those  of  private  property  and  determine 
the  enclosed  areas. 

3,  Those  made  for  construction  purposes,  or  engineering  surveys,  on 
which  are  based  estimates  of  the  cost  of  public  and  private  works,  such  as 
canals,  railways,  water  supplies,  etc.,  and  their  construction  and  improve- 
ment. 

The  topographic  survey,  one  of  those  in  the  first  class,  is  made  for 
military,  industrial,  and  scientific  purposes.  The  topographic  map, 
made  directly  from  nature  by  measurements  and  sketches  on  the  ground, 


42 


YEAE   BOOK   FOE    1908. 


[BULL.    NO.  14 


is  the  mother  map  from  which  all  others  are  derived.     It  shows  with 
accurac}^  all  the  drainage,  relief  and  cultural  features  which  it  is  prac- 
ticable to  represent  on  the  scale  chosen. 
The  features  exhibited  on  the  maps  are : 

1.  Hydrography,  or  water  features,  as  ponds,  streams,  lakes,  swamps,, 
etc.,  which  are  printed  in  blue. 

2.  Hypsography,  or  relief  of  surface,  as  hills,  valleys,  and  plains,  which 
are  printed  in  brown. 

3.  Culture,  or  features  constructed  by  man,  as  cities,  roads,  villages,  and 
the  names  of  boundaries,  which  are  printed  in  black. 

This  combination  of  color  renaers  these  topographic  maps  readily 
legible.  On  the  reverse  side  of  each  sheet  is  a  description  of  the  mode  of 
reading  the  map,  and  a  legend,  or  series  of  conventional  signs,  indicat- 
ing how  the  various  facts  shown  on  the  maps  are  represented.  All  these 
conventions  are  self-explanatory  and  are  readily  understood  and  inter- 
preted by  the  layman,  except,  perhaps,  the  brown  ^^contour"  lines. 

These  contour  lines  are  of  equal  elevation — lines  along  which  the 
ground  w^ould  be  touched  by  the  border  of  a  water  surface  (of  the  ocean, 
for  instance)  if  it  were  repeatedly  raised  by  a  given  amount.  Contour 
lines  express  three  features  of  relief:  (1)  elevation;  (2)  horizontal 
form,  and  (3)  grade  or  slope.  To  explain  more  clearly  the  manner  in 
which  the  contours  shown  on  the  maps  of  the  Geological  Survey  delin- 
eate height,  form  and  slope,  the  accompanying  contour  map  (Fig.  1) 
has  been  prepared  from  the  ideal  view  shown  above  it.  It  may  be  in- 
terpreted as  follows: 


TtW^^-^'V^ 

i^^ 

^^^^^\ 

w 

^^^ 

^ 

Fig.  1— Ideal  view  and  corresponding  contour  map. 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS.  4ii 

1.  A  contour  indicates  a  certain  height  above  sea  level.  In  this  illustra- 
tion the  contour  interval  is  50  feet;  therefore,  the  contours  are  drawn  at 
50,  100,  150,  and  200  feet,  and  so  on,  above  mean  sea  level.  Along  the  250- 
foot  contour  lie  all  points  of  the  surface  250  feet  above  sea;  along  the  200- 
foot  contour,  all  points  that  are  200  feet  above  sea,  and  so  on.  In  the 
space  between  any  two  contours  are  found  elevations  above  the  lower  and 
below  the  higher  contour.  Thus  the  contour  at  150  feet  falls  just  below  the 
edge  of  the  terrace,  while  that  at  200  feet  lies  above  the  terrace;  therefore, 
all  points  on  the  terrace  are  shown  to  be  more  than  150  but  less  than  200 
feet  above  sea.  The  summit  of  the  higher  hill  is  stated  to  be  670  feet  above 
sea;  accordingly  the  contour  at  650  feet  surrounds  it.  In  this  illustration 
all  the  contours  are  numbered,  and  those  for  250  and  500  feet  are  accentu 
ated  by  being  made  heavier.  Usually  it  is  not  desirable  to  number  all  the 
contours,  and  then  the  accentuating  and  numbering  of  certain  of  them — say, 
every  fifth  one — suffice,  for  the  heights  of  others  may  be  ascertained  by 
counting  up  or  down  from  a  numbered  contour. 

2.  Contours  define  the  horizontal  forms  of  slopes.  Since  contours  are 
continuous  horizontal  lines,  they  wind  smoothly  about  smooth  surfaces, 
recede  into  all  re-entrant  angles  of  ravines,  and  project  in  passing  about 
prominences.  These  relations  of  contour  curves  and  angles  to  forms  of  the 
landscape  can  be  traced  in  the  map  and  view. 

3.  Contours  show  the  approximate  grade  of  any  slope.  The  altitudinal 
space  between  two  contours  is  the  same,  VN^hether  they  lie  along  a  cliff  or 
on  a  gentle  slope;  but  to  rise  a  given  height  on  a  gentle  slope,  one  must 
go  farther  than  on  a  steep  slope,  and  therefore  contours  are  far  apart  on 
gentle  slopes  and  near  together  on  steep  ones. 

Publication. 

While  the  Federal  Survey  cooperates  with  the  State  in  making  the 
field  survey  and  drafting  the  resulting  map^  it  undertakes  alone  the 
publication  of  the  final  results.  In  consequence,  though  the  State  con- 
tributes half  toward  the  making  of  the  survey,  one  of  the  most  expensive 
features  of  the  map  making,  the  publication  and  distribution,  is  handled 
at  no  expense  to  the  State.  Meantime,  since  the  inception  of  cooperation 
the  State  has  benefitted  by  marked  improvements  in  the  method  and 
style  of  the  published  maps,  the  character  of  the  lettering  and  other 
finish  of  the  engraving  making  the  maps  more  attractive  and  legible. 
Much  greater  detail  and  nicer  representation  is  shown  on  the  later  maps 
than  on  the  earlier  ones.  This  includes  chiefly,  exactness  in  representing 
cuts  and  fills  and  other  obstacles  along  railroads  and  highways;  the 
position  of  the  highest  point  on  hill  and  mountain  tops.  Not  only  are 
all  houses,  in  cities  and  in  the  country  shown,  but  school  houses  and 
churches  are  distinguished,  as  are  cemeteries. 

Scale  and  Contour  Interval. 

The  scale  selected  for  the  cooperative  maps  is  that  adopted  for  the 
whole  of  the  United  States,  which  is  being  mapped  upon  two  standard 
scales,  one  of  about  two  miles  to  one  inch,  and  the  other  of  about  one 
mile  to  an  inch.  This  latter  and  larger  scale  is  adopted  for  Illinois,  the 
exact  multiple  being  represented  by  the  figures  1 :62,500,  which  is  an 
aliquot  part  of  1 :1,000,000,  the  international  scale  adopted  by  all  great 
organizations  throughout  the  world,  as  well  as  by  the  Coast  and  Geodetic 
Survey  and  the  War  Department  of  the   Federal   Government.      The 


44  YEAR   BOOK   FOR   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

actual  field  scale  is  4,000  feet  to  1  inch,  which  is  reduced  in  publication. 
In  regions  of  special  importance,  as  about  large  cities,  the  field  work  of 
surveying  is  done  on  double  this  scale,  or  on  the  scale  of  2,000  feet  to 
1  inch,  though  no  arrangements  for  publishing  on  this  larger  scale  have 
yet  been  made  by  the  Federal  Government. 

The  contour  interval  adopted  is  10  or  20  feet  according  to  the  steep- 
ness and  amount  of  relief  or  comparative  flatness  of  the  slopes.  Which 
of  these  two  contour  intervals  shall  be  used  is  agreed  upon  in  detail 
each,  year  by  the  cooperative  oSicials;  the  maps  about  Urbana,  where 
the  country  is  quite  level,  having  been  mapped  with  the'  10-foot  in- 
terval, while  the  maps  about  Eldorado  and  Belleville,  where  the  country 
is  more  deeply  eroded  were  mapped  on  the  20-foot  interval.  The  scale 
selected  is  so  large  that  a  distance  of  about  100  feet  on  the  ground,  can 
be  represented  on  the  map,  thus  permitting  the  actual  platting  of  every 
house  and  every  bend  in  the  road,  etc.  The  contour  interval  is  such  that 
every  change  in  the  slope  and  every  difference  in  elevation  amounting 
to  10  and  20  feet  can  be  accurately  represented. 

Areas  of  Political  Subdivisions. 

The  result  of  this  topographic  mapping  is  to  show  accurately  for  the 
first  time  the  boundaries  of  all  townships  and  counties  so  far  as  the 
data  can  be  procured  in  the  field  and  from  county  records.  This  survey 
is  not  warranted  in  investigating  questions  of  disputed  boundaries  or  of 
obscure  boundaries.  These  are  matters  for  determination  by  the  courts. 
The  boundaries  as  found  and  shown  on  the  maps  present  clearly  and  ac- 
curately all  questions  connected  with  the  townships  and  counties;  show 
in  which  township  and  county  fall  various  roads,  houses,  etc.,  and  fur- 
nish the  data  from  which  to  make  an  exact  measurement  of  the  areas  of 
these  political  subdivisions. 

The  system  of  symbols,  and  particularly  the  contour  system  by  which 
elevations  and  slopes  of  these  maps  are  shown  has  been  adopted  by  the 
Federal  Survey  after  much  careful  thought. 

« 

Uses  of  the  Maps. 

It  is  evident  from  the  foregoing  that  the  uses  of  the  maps  are  so 
varied  as  to  furnish  data  touching  nearly  every  public  and  private  ac- 
tivity having  to  do  with  the  surface  of  the  land. 

Some  of  the  special  uses  of  the  maps  to  the  State  are  a§i  follows : 

1.  As  preliminary  maps  for  planning  extensive  irrigation  and  drainage 
projects,  showing  areas  of  catchment  for  water  supply,  sites  for  reservoirs, 
routes  of  canals,  etc. 

2.  Highways,  electric  roads,  railroads,  aqueducts  and  sewerage  systems 
may  he  laid  out  on  them,  thus  saving  the  cost  of  preliminary  surveys. 

3.  In  the  improvement  of  rivers  and  smaller  waterways. 

4.  In  the  determination  and  classification  of  water  resources,  both  surface 
and  underground. 

5.  By  boards  of  health  in  the  disposal  of  city  sewage,  garbage,  etc. 

6.  In  determining  routes,  mileage,  location  of  road-building  material,  and 
the  topography  in  country  traversed  by  public  highways. 


HERRON.]  TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS.  45 

7.  In  the  selection  of  most  practical  routes  for  automobiling  tours  and 
inter-city  runs. 

8.  As  a  guide  map  for  prospectors  and  others  in  traveling  through  little- 
known  regions. 

9.  As  a  base  for  the  compilation  of  the  extent  and  character  of  forest  and 
grazing  lands, 

10.  In  the  classification  of  lands  and  in  plotting  the  distribution  and 
nature  of  the  various  soils. 

11.  In  the  compilation  of  maps  in  connection  with  the  survey  and  sale 
of  lands. 

12.  In  investigations  for  the  improvement  of  the  plant  and  animal  in- 
dustries, and  in  a  comprehensive  study  of  physical  and  biological  conditions 
in  connection  with  the  stocking  of  interior  waters  with  food  fishes,  and  in 
advantageously  locating  fish-culture  stations. 

13.  In  locating  and  mapping  the  boundaries  of  the  life  and  crop  zones, 
and  in  mapping  the  geographical  distribution  of  plants  and  animals. 

14.  In  plotting  the  distribution  and  spread  of  injurious  insects  and  germs. 

15.  As  a  base  map  for  the  plotting  of  information  relating  to  geology  and 
the  mineral  resources  of  the  country, 

16.  In  maneuvers  of  the  national  guard,  in  the  development  of  military 
problems,  and  in  the  selection  of  routes  for  road  marches  or  strategical 
movements  of  the  troops,  particularly  of  artillery  or  cavalry. 

17.  In  connection  with  questions  relating  to  State,  county  or  town  boun- 
daries, 

18.  As  a  means  of  promoting  an  exact  knowledge  of  the  country  and 
serving  teachers  and  pupils  in  geographic  studies, 

19.  As  base  maps  for  the  graphic  representation  of  all  facts  relating  to 
population,  industries,  products,  or  other  statistical  information. 

20.  In  connection  with  legislation  involving  the  granting  of  charters, 
rights,  etc.,  when  a  physical  knowledge  of  the  country  may  be  desirable  or 
necessary.^ 

21.  Their  main  importance,  however,  is  as  a  basis  upon  which  to  study 
the  geological  formations  and  the  relations  of  the  various  coal,  oil  and  gas- 
bearing  formations  one  to  another,  their  depth  below  the  surface  and  the 
probable  extension  of  such  resources  into  unexploited  areas,  also  as  a  basis 
for  soil  surveys  for  the  determination  of  the  agricultural  value  and  prop- 
erties of  the  lands. 


46  YEAR   BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 


TOPOGRAPHIC  MAPPING  OF  BOTTOM  LANDS. 


The  last  General  Assembly  of  Illinois  made  a  small  appropriation  for 
the  beginning  of  siTrveys  and  studies  of  the  over-flow  lands  of  the  State, 
for  the  purpose  of  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  their  exsiting  conditions, 
and  the  methods  by  which  the  needed  improvements  may  best  be  made. 
In  accordance  with  this  legislation,  the  State  G-eological  Survey  last  year 
began  the  topographic  mapping  of  portions  of  the  Kaskaskia,  Big  Muddy 
and  Embarass  rivers,  in  which  it  cooperated  with  the  topographic  branch 
of  the  XJ.  S.  Geological  Survey.  Cooperative  topograhic  mapping  hav- 
ing been  arranged  in  quadrangles  adjacent  to  these  streams,  much  of 
the  control  work  of  the  regular  surveys,  has,  with  slight  modifications 
been  utilized  for  our  special  drainage  work.  This  has  enabled  us,  at  the 
least  possible  expense,  to  produce  during  the  past  season  a  5-ft.  topo- 
graphic map  on  a  scale  of  1 :24000  of  approximately  200  square  miles  of 
these  river  bottoms. 

The  purpose  of  the  survey  in  doing  this  work  along  the  riv^  courses 
is  to  furnish  a  detailed  topographic  map,  sufficiently  accurate  to  be  of 
practical  value  to  the  engineer  in  the  planning  of  any  proposed  improve- 
ments and  the  estimating  of  costs  for  same.  While  the  question  of  the 
scale  has  been  somewhat  perplexing,  it  is  believed  that  the  1 :24000  scale 
will  prove  adequate  for  the  uses  for  which  it  is  intended,  since  it  is  suf- 
ficiently large  to  contain  all  detail  that  would  be  taken  into  account  in 
the  planning  of  these  improvements.  It  has  the  additional  advantage  of 
permitting  large  sections  of  the  country  to  be  mapped  on  a  single  sheet 
of  paper,  thereby  presenting  in  a  collected  form  the  conditions  in  differ- 
ent sections  of  the  bottoms.  Also  because  of  its  much  reduced  cost, 
which  must  be  considered  with  a  limited  appropriation,  it  has  a  very 
strong  claim  to  consideration. 

The  section  of  country  especially  referred  to  here,  and  which  may  bo 
considered  in  a  general  way  as  representative  of  the  over-flow  lands,  is 
that  portion  of  the  Kaskaskia  river  bottoms  mapped  last  year,  extending 
from  Iveyesport  on  the  northern  boundary  of  Clinton  county  to  its  outlet 
near  Chester.  Within  this  area,  the  field  work  has  been  completed  south 
to  near  the  boundary  line  between  Clinton  and  St.  Clair  counties,  includ- 
ing a  total  of  160  square  miles,  while  the  level  and  traverse  work  has 
been  completed  for  the  remaining  portion  to  the  mouth.  Of  the  160 
square  miles  of  mapped  country,  130  square  miles  are  under  from  1  ft. 
to  8  ft.  of  water  several  times  each  year.  The  overfloAV  season  usually 
begins  in  January,  and  at  times  lasts  as  late  as  the  middle  of  August, 


HERRON.]  TOPOGRAPEIC  SURVEYS.  47 

which  makes  the  season^  in  which  the  land  is  dry  enough  for  cultivation, 
entirel}^  too  short  for  successful  farming.  It  seems  to  be  generally 
necessary  to  plant  several  times  each  spring,  and  even  with  the  last  plant- 
ing farmers  cannot  hope  for  a  yield  to  the  full  capacity  of  the  land.  It 
has  been  stated  that  a  successful  crop,  one  that  has  escaped  damage  by  the 
Hood,  does  not  occur  oftener  than  once  in  seven  years.  In  fact,  so  com- 
pletely is  this  river  in  possession  of  its  bottom  lands  that  very  little  effort 
is  made  to  utilize  it  in  any  way,  and  at  the  present  time  it  might  well  be 
■considered  waste  land. 

In  making  a  study  of  these  rivers,  it  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  their 
present  condition  is  not  altogether  due  to  natural  causes,  but  that  the 
making  of  drainage  improvements  in  other  parts  of  the  State,  is  to  a 
great  extent  responsible  for  their  present  trouble.  More  than  25  years 
ago,  after  a  practicable  demonstration  of  the  successful  drainage  of 
farm  lands  by  tiling,  the  central  part  of  the  State  began  an  earnest  and 
persistent  fight  for  the  reclamation  of  their  swamp  and  wet  areas.  The 
vital  question  of  sufficient  outlet  naturally  followed,  and  by  individual 
efi^ort,  by  the  formation  of  drainage  districts,  and  with  other  help,  canals 
were  dredged  and  natural  channels  straightened  and  improved.  These, 
with  innumerable  ditches  of  smaller  capacity,  now  quite  thoroughly  pro- 
vide for  the  disposition  of  the  water  from  tiled  fields.  This  quarter  of 
a  century  of  sustained  effort  on  the  part  of  the  farmers  of  the  State,  dur- 
ing which  millions  of  dollars  have  been  spent  on  drainage  propositions, 
has  resulted  in  a  most  thorough  system  of  successful  drained  farm  lands. 
So  thoroughly  has  this  work  been  accomplished  that  it  might  be  said  that 
Illinois,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  areas,  such  as  the  Kankakee  Marsh, 
and  the  Green  river  country,  has  reached  almost  the  last  stages  of  a 
complete  drainage  system  for  the  State.  Important  exceptions  also,  are 
some  of  the  rivers,  part  of  which  form  its  boundaries.  This  final  step, 
liowever,  presents  by  far  the  greatest  problems  for  the  engineer,  and 
their  successful  solution  can  be  obtained  only  after  a  very  thorough  ex- 
amination of  all  conditions  which  bear  upon  the  question.  The  localities 
now  needing  outlet  are  to  be  found  in  the  lower  stretches  of  the  principal 
streams  of  the  State,  the  Kaskaskia,  Little  Wabash,  Big  Muddy,  Em- 
harass  and  Sangamon  being  especially  important. 

Before  the  uplands  were  reclaimed  by  tiled  drains,  a  rainy  season  of 
even  a  week's  duration,  produced  but  a  slight  increase  in  the  flow  of  the 
channels  of  these  streams.  This  was  due  to  the  fact  that  the  rain  col- 
lected in  enormous  areas  of  marsh  and  loAvlands,  and  reached  these  river 
courses  by  a  very  slow  and  tedious  process.  The  experience  of  the  past 
summer,  while  making  topographic  surveys  along  the  Kaskaskia  river, 
shows  that  a  rain  of  24  hours  will  now  raise  the  stream  from  4  to  10 
feet.  An  explanation  of  this  is  readily  found  in  the  fact  that  with  our 
present  system  of  tile  drainage  and  the  excellent  outlets  thereto,  Avater 
from  such  a  rain  is  carried  quickly  from  the  fields  and  poured  immedi- 
ately into  the  upper  courses  of  these  streams,  and  the  multiplication  of 
these  feeders  has  forced  upon  the  streams  a  burden  entirely  beyond  their 
present  capacity.  As  a  result  the  numerous  floods  have  rendered  thous- 
ands of  acres  of  the  best  farming  land  of  the  State  practically  worthless. 


48  YEAR   BOOK   FOR   1908.  IBULL.  no.  14 

It  will  be  easily  seen  that -the  responsibility  for  the  improvement  of  the 
channels  of  these  rivers  rests  equally  npon  the  farm  holders  on  the  upper 
conrses  of  these  rivers  and  those  located  nearer  their  outlet.  The  prin- 
ciple of  general  assessment^  so  thoroughly  recognized  in  legislation  pro- 
viding for  drainage  districts^  can  be  applied  with  justice  to  these  larger 
problems  of  reclamation  which  cover  all  land  within  individual  drainage 
basins. 

The  methods  used  in  making  these  drainage  maps  are  very  similar  to 
those  of  the  topographic  branch  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  the 
principle  difference  being  that  because  of  the  contour  interval  used  the 
enlarged  scale,  and  the  object  of  the  work  itself,  a  greater  amount  of 
detailed  work  is  necessary.  As  bases  for  our  maps  we  have  the  primary 
traverse  transit  lines  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  for  position  and  the 
primary  level  lines  of  the  same  survey  for  elevation,  in  addition  to  which 
we  have  the  steel  tape  measurements  along  township  lines.  With  these 
lines  for  control,  a  plane  table  buggy  traverse  is  run  of  the  first  ridge 
road  outside  the  bottom  on  each  side  of  the  river,  and  as  often  as  pos- 
sible cross  roads,  which  tie  the  work  together,  are  run  in  the  same  way 
Since  the  distance  between  roads  crossing  the  river  is  so  great,  it  has 
been  found  necessary,  at  intervals  of  from  li/^  to  2  miles,  to  traverse 
from  the  outside  roads  to  the  river,  where  points  are  left  for  the  purpose 
of  being  tied  to  by  the  stadia  traverse  of  the  river.  While  the  wheel 
method  of  measurement  may  be  considered  crude  and  inaccurate,  a  prac- 
tical test  will  prove  that  for  scales  even  longer  than  the  one  used  in  this 
work  and  controlled  equally  well,  it  will  fully  meet  all  requirements. 
The  accumulation  error  is  slight,  and  when  larger  errors  are  made,  they 
are  readily  located  after  the  traverse  has  ben  tied  to  itself  or  to  another 
line. 

Over  the  same  roads,  and  others  when  necessary,  spirit  levels  are  run 
and  numerous  elevations  painted  at  summits,  bridges,  road  corners  and 
other  convenient  points,  while  at  intervals  scarcely  exceeding  a  quarter 
mile,  substantial  bench  marks  are  left.  The  level  work  is  so  planned  that 
elevations  determined  by  stadia,  need  not  be  carried  for  distances  greater 
than  1%  miles.  Experience  during  the  past  summer  indicates  that  levels 
may  be  successfully  carried  with  this  instrument  for  distances  of  3  or  4 
miles.  The  instrument  used  is  similar  to  the  ordinary  stadia,  except  that 
it  is  provided  with  an  attachment  which  simplifies  the  reading  of  eleva- 
tions at  an  angle.  It  has  been  in  use  on  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  the 
last  few  years,  the  idea  for  the  improvement  having  originated  with 
members  of  that  survey. 

The  frame  w^ork  of  traverse  and  level' lines,  together  with  the  stadia 
traverse  of  the  river  and  other  streams,  is  adjusted  to  the  land  lines  and 
the  other  available  control  after  which  it  is  ready  for  the  topographer. 
This  topographic  sketching  is  by  far  the  most  difficult  work  connected 
with  the  making  of  a  map,  because  the  necessity  of  carrying  innumerable 
stadia  lines  through  the  dense  jungles  of  the  bottoms.  Starting  from 
convenient  bench  marks,  these  lines  zig-zag  through  the  bottoms,  the  sight 
bein,s^  through  the  openings  of  greatest  length  in  the  general  directions 
of  the  traverse.  The  importance  of  these  lines  being  closely  run  is 
clearly  shown  by  a  glance  at  the  finished  map,  for  the  great  number  of 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS.  49 

lakes,  sloughs,  marshes  and  isolated  hills  are  features  that  can  not  be 
reliably  mapped  except  by  actual  survey.  Being  hidden,  as  they  are,  by 
dense  woods  they  must  be  hunted,  and  the  meandering  traverse  line  is 
the  method  by  which  we  find  them. 

On  our  drainage  maps,  such  features  have  been  carefully  traversed 
and  their  elevation  determined,  and  in  addition  to  the  numerous  cross 
sections  at  short  inten^als,  a  mass  of  isolated  elevations  have  been  left 
throughout  the  bottom  lands.  These  stadia  lines,  as  carried  through 
the  bottoms,  are  usually  run  with  great  difficulty  because  of  the  heavy 
undergrowth,  and  especially  is  this  true  in  mid-summer,  when,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  dense  foliage,  the  intense  heat  and  mosquitoes  make  work 
both  difficult  and  disagreeable.  In  fact,  because  of  this  condition  in  the 
bottoms,  the  problemx  of  keeping  help  is  a  very  serious  one  and  the  best 
solution  seems  to  be  in  the  bringing  of  help  from  such  a  distance  that 
quitting  at  will  is  made  more  difficult.  Few  men  will  submit  long  to  the 
physical  sufferings  met  with  in  the  bottoms,  even  at  wages  two  to  three 
times  the  price  they  can  receive  elsewhere,  if  they  are  where  they  can 
reach  home  within  a  few  hours. 

Along  with  the  stadia  traverse  and  levels,  the  relief  of  the  river  bot- 
toms and  the  country  adjoining  the  bottom  lands  has  been  carefully 
sketched.  This  map  of  the  relief  with  5  feet  contours  should  greatly 
facilitate  the  study  of  the  river  problem.  Mere  location  of  the  stream 
course  and  elevations,  be  they  ever  so  numerous,  does  not  bring  to  the 
eye  of  the  engineer  the  actual  figuration  of  the  surface.  It  is  thought 
that  it  will  be  necessary  to  inspect  most  minutely  the  local  physiographic 
conditions  before  a  successful  plan  of  improvement  can  be  determined. 
It  has  been  planned,  therefore,  to  present  to  the  engineer  who  studies 
this  great  problem  the  most  complete  possible  data  for  his  use.  It  is 
not  claimed  that  this  form  of  map  is  the  most  inexpensive  one  even  under 
favorable  conditions  under  which  it  was  accomplished  last  season,  but  it 
is  believed  that  in  the  end  it  will  justify  itself  on  the  ground  of  economy 
in  the  saving  of  time  and  of  additional  work  for  the  engineer.  It  also 
seems  that  in  a  study  of  the  carrying  capacity  of  the  channel,  the  effect 
of  possible  dike  construction  and  of  the  control  of  lateral  streams,  the 
topographic  features  of  the  map  will  appeal  very  strongly  to  the  en- 


4  G 


50  YEAE-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  NO.  14 


PROGRESS    OF   TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS  IN  ILLINOIS 
PRIOR  TO  CO-OPERATION. 


In  1887  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  did  its  first  work  in 
topographic  mapping  in  Illinois.  This  work  was  continued  thereafter 
for  several  years  with  considerable  energy,  chiefly  along  the  course 
of  the  Illinois  river.  This  surveying  was  undertaken  with  a  view  to 
aiding  the  study  of  the  Drainage  Commission  of  Chicago  in  solving 
the  problem  with  which  it  was  charged,  and  included  the  making  of  a 
series  of  fifteen  maps  extending  from  Chicago  via  Joliet  and  Hennepin 
to  Peoria,  and  covering  an  area  of  approximately  3,700  square  miles. 
Other  topographic  mapping  was  done  in  the  neighborhood  of  Bast  St. 
Louis,  and  in  the  northwestern  corner  of  the  State  in  connection  with 
studies  of  mineral  resources  in  the  neighborhood  of  Jo  Daviess  county. 
There  were  thus  mapped  in  the  seventeen  years  prior  to  cooperation 
4,917  square  miles  without  the  assistance  of  the  State,  or  at  the  average 
rate  of  nearly  300  square  miles  a  year.  It  is  evident  that  ot  this  rate 
many  3^ears  must  pass  before  the  survey  of  the  State  will  be  completed. 
With  cooperation  appropriated  for  at  the  rate  of  $10,000  per  annum, 
there  have  been  mapped  2,492  square  miles,  or  at  the  rate  of  1,246 
square  miles  per  annum.  At  an  increased  rate  of  appropriation  there 
would  be  an  increased  output.  The  topographic  mapping  done  prior 
to  cooperation  is  estimated  to  have  averaged  $8.00  per  square  mile. 
The  total  expenditure  on  this  work  by  the  Federal  Government  alone 
and  unaided  has  therefore  been  about  $39,336. 

1887. — The  first  topographic  surveying  prosecuted  by  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  in  Illinois  was  in  connection  with  the  map- 
ping of  the  Louisiana  (Mo.-Ill.)  sheet,  in  Pike  county,  for  publica- 
tion on  the  scale  of  1 :125,000,  with  50-foot  contour  interval.  The 
work  was  done  by  Mr.  H.  L.  Baldwin,  topographer. 

1888. — During  this  year  Mr.  Baldwin  completed  the  survey  of  the 
St.  Louis  (M0.-III.)  sheet,  in  Madison,  St.  Clair  and  Monroe  counties, 
for  publication  on  scale  of  1 :62,500,  with  20-foot  contour  interval. 
This  sheet  was  resurveyed  in  1903  to  bring  the  culture  u.p  to  date  of 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition. 

1889. — The  Calumet  (Ul.-Ind.)  sheet,  in  Cook  county,  was  mapped 
by  Messrs.  D.  C.  Harrison  and  K.  C.  McKinney.  This  sheet  was  pub- 
lished in  1901  after  having  been  revised  for  cultural  changes.  The 
Chicago  sheet,  in  Cook  county,  was  mapped  in  this  year  and  revised 
for  publication  in  1897- and  1899.  The  topographic  field  work  was 
done  by  Messrs.  D.  C.  Harrison,  IST.  Tyler,  Jr.,  and  E.  C.  McKinney, 
topographers,  together  with  the  Chicago  Sanitary  Commission.  The 
Davenport  (la.-Ill.)   sheet,  in  Eock  Island  county,  was  mapped  by  Mr. 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC    SURVEYS.  51 

W.  J.  Peters,  topograplier.  It  lias  since  been  reduced  and  forms  part 
of  the  Eock  Island  (la.-Ill.)  sheet,  on  scale  of  1:125,000.  The  above 
work  was  all  for  publication  on  the  scale  of  1 :62,500  with  contour  in- 
tervals of  5  to  20  feet  respectivel3^ 

1890. — The  Clinton  (la. -111.)  sheet,  in  Carroll  and  Whiteside  coun- 
ties, was  mapped  by  Messrs.  W.  J.  Peters  and  E.  C.  McKinney,  topo- 
graphers, and  was  revised  in  1896.  This  was  on  the  publication  scale  of 
1 : 62,5 00,  with  a  contour  interval  of  ten  feet.  The  DesPlaines  sheet,  in 
DuPage,  Cook  and  Will  counties,  was  completed  by  Messrs.  D.  C.  Har- 
rison and  N.  Tyler,  Jr.,  and  the  Chicago  Sanitary  Commission.  It 
was  revised  in  1899  for  publication  on  the  scale  of  1 :62,500,  with  con- 
tour interval  of  10  feet.  Goose  Lake  (la.-Ill.)  sheet,  in  Eock  Island 
county,  was  mapped  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Peters,  topographer.  It  now  forms 
a  part  of  the  Cordova  (la.-Ill.)  1:125,000,  sheet,  though  it  was  orig- 
inally for  publication  on  the  1 :62,500  scale  with  contour  interval  of  20 
feet.  Joliet  sheet,  in  Cook,  DuPage  and  Will  counties,  was  mapped  by 
Mr.  D.  C.  Harrison,  topographer,  on  the  1 : 62,500  scale  with  contour 
interval  of  10  feet.  The  Leclair  (la.-Ill.)  sheet,  in  Eock  Island  county, 
was  mapped  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Peters,  topographer.  It  also  forms  a  part 
of  the  Cordova  thirty-minute  sheet,  and  is  published  on  the  1 :62,500 
scale,  with  contour  interval  of  20  feet.  The  Marseilles  sheet,  in  La 
Salle,  Grundy  and  Kendall  counties,  was  completed  by  Mr.  D.  C.  Har- 
rison, for  publication  on  the  scale  of  1 : 6 2,500,  with  contour  interval 
of  10  feet.  The  Morris  sheet,  in  Kendall  and  Grundy  counties,  was 
also  mapped  by  Mr.  Harrison  on  the  same  scale  and  with  the  same 
contour  interval.  The  Ottawa  sheet,  in  LaSalle  county,  was  mapped 
by  Mr.  Harrison  on  the  same  scale  and  with  the  same  contour  interval. 
The  Peosta  (la.-Ill.)  sheet,  in  Jo  Daviess  county,  was  mapped  by  Mr. 
W.  J.  Peters,  topographer,  and  was  revised  for  publication  in  1896. 
This  was  on  the  publication  scale  of  1 :125,000,  with  a  contour  inter- 
val of  20  feet.  The  Eiverside  sheet,  in  Cook  and  DuPage  counties, 
was  mapped  by  Messrs.  D.  C.  Harrison,  N.  Tyler,  Jr.,  and  the  Chicago 
Sanitary  Commission,  and  was  revised  for  publication  in  1899,  scale 
1:62,500,  contour  interval  10  feet.  Savanna  (la.-IU.)  sheet,  in  Jo 
Daviess  and  Carroll  counties,  was  mapped  for  publication  on  the  scale 
of  1:62,500,  with  contour  interval  of  20  feet,  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Peters, 
topographer.  The  Wilmington  sheet,  in  Will  county,  was  mapped  by 
Mr.  .D.  C.  Harrison,  for  publication  on  the  scale  of  1:62,500,  with  a 
contour  interval  of  10  feet. 

1891. — The  Brodhead  (Wis.-Ill.)  shee-t,  in  Winnebago  and  Stephen- 
son counties,  was  mapped  by  Mr.  Van  H.  Manning,  topographer,  for 
publication  on  the  scale  of  1:62,500,  with  a  contour  interval  of  20 
feet.  The  Dunlap  sheet,  in  Stark,  Marshall,  Peoria,  Tazewell  and 
Woodford  counties,  was  mapped  by  Mr.  D.  C.  Harrison  on  the  same 
scale  with  a  contour  interval  of  10  feet,  as  was  also  Hennepin  sheet, 
in  Bureau  and  Putnam  counties.  Lacon  sheet,  in  Bureau,  Putnam  and 
Marshall  counties,  was  also  mapped  by  Mr.  Harrison,  on  the  above 
scale,  with  a  contour  interval  of  20  feet,  as  was  the  Metamora  sheet, 
in  Marshall,  Woodford,  Peoria  and  Tazewell*  counties,  with  a  contour 
interval  of  10  feet. 


62  YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.   14 

1896.-^Th.e  Cordova  (la.-Ill.)  sheet,  in  Carroll,  Henry,  Eock  Island 
and  Whiteside  counties,  was  produced  by  Messrs.  W.  J.  Peters  and  R. 
C.  McKinney,  topographers,  on  the  scale  of  1 :125,000,  with  a  contour 
interval  of  20  feet.  This  map  work  was  a  revision  of  the  Clinton, 
Goose  Lake,  Leclaire,  and  Henry  sheets,  scale  1 :62,500,  which  it  re- 
placed. 

1897. — Lancaster  (Wis.-Ia.-Ill.)  sheet,  in  Jo  Daviess  county,  was 
mapped  by  Mr.  C.  B.  Cooke,  topographer,  for  publication  on  scale  of 
1 :125,000,  with  a  contour  interval  of  20  feet.  Highwood  sheet,  in  Cook 
and  Lake  counties,  was  mapped  by  Mr.  R.  C.  McKinney,  topogTapher,. 
for  publication  on  the  scale  of  1 : 62,500,  with  a  contour  interval  of 
10  feet.  Evanston  sheet,  in  Cook  county,  was  also  mapped  by  Mr. 
McKinney,  on  the  same  scale  and  with  the  same  contour  interval.  Dan- 
ville (Ill.-Ind.)  sheet,  in  Vermilion  county,  was  mapped  by  Mr.  W.  J. 
Lloyd,  topographer,  on  the  above  scale  and  with  the  same  contour  in- 
terval. 

1898. — OTallon  sheet,  in  Calhoun  and  Jersey  counties,  was  mapped 
by  Mr.  Paul  Holman,  topographer,  for  publication  on  the  scale  of 
1:125,000,  with  a  contour  interval  of  50  feet.  The  Rock  Island  (la.- 
111.)  sheet,  scale  1:125,000,  contour  interval  20  feet,  was  mapped  in 
1889,  and  revised  for  publication  in  1898.  It  is  formed  by  reduction  of 
four  15-minute  sheets,  of  which  Davenport,  la.,  sheet  is  one. 

1^00. — Kahoka  (Mo.-Ia.-IIL),  in  Hancock  and  Adams  counties,  pub- 
lication scale  1:125,000,  contour  interval  20  feet,  was  mapped  by  Mr. 
Paul  Holman,  topographer.  Mineral  Point  (Wis.-IU.)  sheet,  seal© 
1 :125,000,  contour  interval  20  feet,  in  Jo  Daviess  county,  was  mapped 
by  Mr.  R.  C.  McKinney,  topographer. 

1901. — New  Harmony  (Ind.-Ill)  sheet,  in  White  and  Wabash  coun- 
ties, publication  scale  1 :62,500,  contour  interval  20  feet,  was  mapped 
"by  Mr.  C.  W.  Coodlove,  topographer.  Princeton  (Ind.-Ill.)  sheet,  in 
Wabash  county,  with  above  scale  and  contour  interval,  was  also  map- 
ped by  Mr.  Goodlove.  These  sheets  form  by  redu.ction,  parts  of  the 
Patoka  (Ind.-Ill.)  thirty-minute  sheet. 

1902. — ^Mount  Carmel  (Ill.-Ind.)  sheet,  in  Edwards,  Wabash  and 
White  counties,  scale  1 : 62,5 00,  contour  interval  20  feet,  was  mapped 
by  Mr.  C.  W.  Goodlove,  topographer.  It  forms  part  of  the  Patoka 
(Ind.-Ill.)  thirty-minute  sheet,  which  latter  was  completed  and  pub- 
lished during  the  same  year. 

1903. — ^The  St.  Louis  Special  (Mo.-Ill.)  sheet,  was  completed  this 
year  by  Messrs.  C.  E.  Cooke,  W.  0.  Tufts,  G.  Young  and  the  city  of 
St.  Louis,  and  was  published  on  the  scale  of  1 :24,000  with  a  con- 
tour interval  of  20  feet.  This  sheet  was  reduced  and  included  in  the 
St.  Louis  double  atlas  sheet,  scale  1 :62,500  and  contour  interval  20 
feet,  a  resurvey  of  the  1888  sheets. 

190Jf. — Peoria  sheet,  in  Tazewell,  Peoria  and  Woodford  counties,  was 
mapped  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Cooke,  topographer,  assisted  by  Mr.  J.  IST.  William- 
son. This  was  on  the  publication  scale  of  1 :62,500,  with  a  contour  in- 
terval of  10  feet. 


HERRON.] 


TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS. 


53 


The  following  list  contains  all  topographic  atlas  sheets  mapped  by 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey  outside  of  any  cooperation  with 
the  State  of  Illinois.  These  sheets  are  arranged  alphabetically  by 
names.  They  show  the  exact  area  of  any  sheet  within  the  State  where 
the  sheet  overlaps,  one  or  more  states.  The  total  area  mapped  within 
the  State  is  given. 

The  Geological  Survey^  in  its  measurement  of  areas,  does  not  in- 
clude large  bodies  of  water  bordering  on  political  boundaries  or  the 
open  ocean.  The  measurement  closely  follows  the  shore  line,  jumping 
from  headland  to  headland  across  necks  or  straits  less  than  1,000  feet 
in  width. 

Quadrangles  Mapped  Prior  to  Co-Operation. 


Quadrangle. 


Area 
Mapped 


Square  miles. 


Year. 


Original 
Survey. 


Resurvey  or 
Revision. 


Cont. 
Int. 


Feet. 


Scale. 


Brodhead  (Wis.-Ul.) 

Calumet  (Ill.-Ind.) 

Chicago 

Clinton  (la.-Ill./' 

-Cordova  (la.-Ill.y 

Danville  (Ill.-Ind.) 

Davenport  (la.-Ill.)* 

Des  Plaines 

Dunlap 

Evanston 

Goose  Lake  (la.-IU.)- 

Hennepin 

Highwood 

.  Joliet 

Kahoka  (Mo .-la .-111.) 

Lacon 

Lancaster  (Wis.-Ia.-Ill.) 

LaSalle 

LeClaire  (la.-IU.)- 

Louisiana  (Mo.-IU.) 

Marseilles 

Metamora 

"Mineral  Point  (Wis.-Ill.) 

Morris 

Mount  Carmel  (Ill.-Ind.)^ 

JSTew  Harmony  (Ind.-Ill.)=' 

O'Fallon  (Mo.-IU.) 

Ottawa 

Patoka  (Ind.-Ill.)=' 

Peoria 

Peosta  (la.-Ill.) 

Princeton  (Ind.-Ill.)^ 

Riverside 

Rock  Island  (la.-Ill.)* 

Savanna  (la.-Ill.) 

Ste.  Genevieve  (Mo  .-111.)"^ 

St.  Louis  (Mo.-IU.) .  (double  sheet) ' 

-St.  Louis  Special  (Mo.-IU.)  "^ 

Wilmington 


0.99 

200.32 

120.87 

^143.13 

492.81 

200.12 

^7 .46 

223.36 

225.90 

28.55 

^3.30 

224.21 

206.94 

223.36 

3.11 

225.06 

4.39 

224.21 

^104.58 

11.49 

224.21 

225.90 

10.46 

224.21 

180.45 

44.78 

71.74 

224.21 

^232.29 

226.73 

33.90 

7.06 

222.50 

7.26 

177.00 

2.00 

194.43 


224.21 


1891 

1889 
1889 
1890 
1896 
1897 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1897 
1890 
1891 
1897 
1890 
1900 
1891 


1888 
1890 
1891 
1900 
1890 
1902 
1901 
1898 
1890 
1902 
1904 
1890 
1901 
1890 
1889 
1890 
1895 
1888 
1903 


1899 
1899 
1896 


1899 


1903 


Total . 


■4,916. 


1:62500 
1:62500 
1:62500 
1:62500 

1:125000 
1:62500 
1:62500 
1:62500 
1:62500 
1:62500 
1:62500 
1:62500 
1:62500 
1:62500 

1:125000 
1:62500 
1:62500 
1:62500 
1:62500 

1:125000 
1:62500 
1:62500 

1:125000 
1:62500 
1:62500 
1:62500 

1:125000 
1:62500 

1:125000 

1:125000 

1:125000 
1:62500 
1:62500 

1:125000 
1:62500 

1:125000 
1:62500 
1:62500 
1:62500 


1  Figures  in  italic  are  not  included  in  total,  as  the  sheets  form  parts  of  other  sheets  whose  total  area 
are  given. 

2  Clinton,  Goose  Lake,  and  LeClaire  sheets,. on  scale  of  1:62500  have  been  reduced,  and  form  parts  of 
Cordova  sheet,  on  scale  of  1:125000. 

3  Princeton,  New  Harmony,  and  Mount  Carmel  sheets,  on  scale  of  1:62500,  have  been  reduced,  and 
lorm  parts  of  Patoka  sheet,  on  scale  of  1:125000. 

*  Davenport  sheet,  on  scale  of  1:62500,  has  been  reduced  and  forms  part  of  Rock  Island  sheet,  on  scale 
of  1:125000. 

s  St.  Louis  Special  sheet  is  included  within  the  St.  Louis  double  sheet. 


54  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908,  [bull.  no.  U 


DETAILRD  REPORT  ON  FIELD  WORK. 


Organizatioit  and  Personnel. 

During  the  field  season  of  1905  three  parties  were  engaged  under  the 
supervision  of  Mr.  C.  E.  Cooke,  chief  of  section,  in  the  topographic  map- 
ping of  twelve  atlas  sheets,  portions  of  three  of  which  lie  in  the  adjoin- 
ing states  of  Indiana  and  Kentucky,  the  area  in  Kentucky  having  been 
mapped  in  cooperation  with  that  state,  while  that  in  Indiana  was  mapped 
by  the  Federal  Survey  alone.  The  other  two  parties  were  in  charge  of 
Messrs.  Albert  Pike  and  W.  J.  Lloyd,  topographers.  Six  quadrangles 
were  completed  during  the  season.  Primary  control  was  extended,  un- 
der the  supervision  of  Mr.  S.  S.  G-annett,  Geographer,  by  two  parties 
under  Messrs.  E.  L.  McN^air  and  J.  E.  Ellis,  assistant  topographers.  One 
line  of  precise  levels  was  run  by  Mr.  McNair. 

During  the  field  season  of  1906  Mr.  W.  H.  Herron,  topographer,  was 
placed  in  supervisory  charge  of  the  section  which  includes  Illinois,  and 
under  him  three  parties  were  maintained  throughout  the  season  under 
Messrs.  W.  J.  Lloyd,  topographer;  C.  L.  Sadler,  assistant  topographer, 
and  J.  Gr.  Staack,  topographic  aid.  Towards  the  latter  end  of  the  season 
two  parties  under  Messrs,  A.  T.  Fowler,  assistant  topographer,  and  C. 
Hartmann,  topographic  aid,  were  added  to  these  to  aid  in  completion  of 
work  planned.  During  the  season  the  topographic  mapping  of  four  atlas 
sheets  was  completed.  Preliminary  work  was  in  progress  on  three  others. 
Primary  control  was  continued  under  the  general  supervision  of  Mr.  S. 
S.  Gannett,  geographer.  This  work  was  done  by  a  party  in  charge  of  Mr. 
L.  E.  Tucker,  topographic  aid.  Two  lines  of  precise  levels  were  run  by 
Mr.  T.  A.  Green,  field  assistant. 

During  the  field  season  of  1907  Mr.  W.  H.  Herron,  as  Geographer  in 
Charge  of  the  Central  Division  of  Topography,  has  supervisory  control 
of  all  topographic  surveys  in  Illinois,  and  under  him  Messrs.  W.  J.  Lloyd 
and  J.  P.  McBeth,  topographers,  Messrs.  E.  W.  McCrary  and  H.  L.  Mc- 
Donald, assistant  topographers,  and  Lee  Morrison  and  J.  E.  Tichenor, 
field  assistants,  were  engaged  in  topographic  mapping,  three  quadrangles 
being  completed  and  five  commenced.  Primary  control  was  continued 
by  parties  under  the  direction  of  Messrs  J.  E.  Ellis  and  C.  B.  Kendall, 
assistant  topographers.  A  line  of  precise  levels  was  run  by  Mr.  C.  H. 
Semper,  levelman,  and  primary  and  secondary  levels  were  run  by  Messrs. 
W.  A.  Gelbach  and  Henry  Bucher,  levelmen. 


HERRON.]  TOPOGKAPHIC   SURVEYS.  00 

During  the  season  of  1908  Mr.  Herron  eontinned  in  charge  of  topo- 
graphic work  in  Illinois.  Topographic  mapping  was  continued  by 
Messrs.  W.  J.  Lloyd  and  M.  Hackett,  topographers;  E.  W.  McCrary  and 
A.  T.  Fowler,  assistant  topographers ;  G.  L.  Gross,  Lee  Morrison  and  E. 
L.  Hain,  junior  topographers,  and  J.  W.  Lovell  and  J.  A.  Duck,  field 
assistants.  Four  quadrangles  were  completed  and  three  were  commenced. 
Primary  levels  were  continued  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Gelbach,  junior  topographer. 

Summary  of  Eesults. 

The  following  are  tabular  statements  of  the  results  of  the  field  work 
of  the  seasons  of  1905,  1906,  1907  and  1908: 


56 


YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908. 


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TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS. 


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TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS. 


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60  YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

SPIRIT   LEVELING. 

Methods, 

The  elevations  shown  on  the  topographic  maps  are  determined  from 
accurate  spirit  leveling  executed  in  three  orders :  First,  precise  level- 
ing, whereby  levels  are  brought  hundreds  of  miles  from  mean  sea  level 
to  different  parts  of  the  State,  to  furnish  the  fundamental  bases  to 
which  further  leveling  is  referred.  This  leveling  is  of  the  highest  order. 
Some  of  it  has  already  -been  executed  by  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey, 
and  recently  this  cooperative  survey  has  run  many  lines  of  such  leveling. 
Second,  primary  leveling  is  run  in  connection  with  the  topographic  map- 
ping and  consists  of  a  high  order  of  engineering  levels,  such  as  are  run 
on  railways  or  in  cities.  Lines  of  these  levels  are  run  with  such  frequency 
as  to  permit  the  placing  of  two  permanent  bench  marks  in  each  township. 
Third,  based  on  the  above,  secondary  leveling  or  flying  leveling  is  run, 
with  less  accuracy,  but  3^et  within  limits  of  about  one  foot,  so  as  to  pro- 
cure elevations  upon  which  to  base  the  contour  sketching,  these  lines  of 
levels  running  practically  into  every  section  of  one  mile  square  within 
the  area  surveyed.  In  appendix  attached  hereto  are  printed  instructions 
governing  this  work,  as  is  a  list  giving  elevations  determined  by  leveling 
both  prior  to  and  since  cooperation. 

During  1905  and  1906  five  parties  were  engaged  in  the  running  of 
spirit  levels  over  the  areas  unaer  survey,  and  in  1907  and  1908,  seven 
parties  were  engaged  in  the  same  work.  This  leveling  was  done  for  the 
purpose  of  determining  elevations  and  establishing  bench  marks  upon 
which  to  base  the  contour  sketching  of  the  areas  mapped.  During  the 
field  season  of  1905,  3,740  miles  of  spirit  levels  were  run  and  101  per- 
manent bench  marks  were  established;  in  1906,  4,518  liiiles  were  run 
and  QQ  permanent  bench  marks  were  established;  in  1907,  3,145  miles 
of  levels  were  run  and  161  permanent  bench  marks  were  established;  in 
1908,  2,391  miles  of  levels  were  run  and  121  permanent  bench  marks 
were  established.  Appended  hereto  are  descriptions  of  such  bench  marks 
as  were  established  during  the  field  seasons  of  1905,  1906,  1907,  and 
1908,  all  of  the  precise  leveling  for  1906  and  1907,  also  of  levels  run 
prior  to  cooperation. 

Detailed  Results. 

Introduction. — The  following  lists  are  based  upon  the  precise  level  net 
as  adjusted  in  1907  by  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  upon  a  common 
mean  sea  level  datum.  The  elevations  are  not,  however,  finally  deter- 
mined or  accepted  for  all  points  given  for  the  reason  that  the  precise 
leveling  of  the  Army  Engineers  along  the  Ohio  Eiver  has  not  yet  been 
published  nor  taken  into  account  in  fixing  an  elevation  for  Shawnee- 
town.  The  net  of  precise  level  lines,  which  lie  within  or  along  the  bord- 
ers af  this  State,  comprises  also  the  line  along  the  Mississippi  Eiver  and 
the  lines — Savanna,  111.,  to  Chicago,  and  Grafton,  111.,  to  Chicago;  by 
the  Army  Engineers;  the  lines — Yincennes,  Ind.,  to  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and 


HERRON.]  TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEYS.  61 

Cairo,  111.,  to  Odin,  111.,  by  tlie  Coast  Survey;  and  the  line  Pekin,  111. 
via  Fairmont  Junction,  111.  to  Olney,  III,  the  spnr,  Fairmont  Jtinction, 
111.  to  Catlin,  111.,  and  the  lines  Farrington,  111.  to  Oakland,  111.,  and  Du- 
quoin.  111.  to  Shawneetown,  111.  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

All  results  of  spirit  leveling  in  this  State  previously  published  by  the 
U.  S.  G-eological  Survey,  and  all  later  work  are  included  in  this  report, 
rearranged  by  quadrangles. 

The  field  work  previous  to  1903  was  done  under  the  general  direction 
of  Mr.  J.  H.  Eenshawe,  geographer,  that  for  1903  to  1906,  inclusive, 
under  Mr.  H.  M.  Wilson,  geographer,  and  the  later  work  under  Mr.  W. 
H.  Herron.  The  work  in  the  State  was  supervised  in  1905,  by  Mr.  C.  E. 
Cook,  topographer,  chief  of  section,  and  in  1906  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Herron, 
then  topographer  and  chief  of  section.  The  office  work  of  computa- 
tion adjustment  and  preparation  of  lists  was  done  mainly  by  D.  H. 
Baldwin,  topographer,  under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  S.  S.  Gannett, 
geographer,  and  since  1907  under  the  general  direction  of  Mr.  E.  M. 
Douglas,  geographer. 

The  elevations  are  classified  according  to  the  accuracy  of  the  method 
employed  in  their  determination,  precise  and  primary.  The  precise 
leveling  done  by  the  Geological  Survey  in  this  State  consists  of  lines 
run  in  both  forward  and  backward  directions  using  high  grade  instru- 
ments, special  precautions  being  taken  in  observations  and  reduction,  and 
a  small  allowable  limit  of  divergence  adopted  to  insure  the  results  to  be 
continuously  good  throughout.  The  primary  leveling  consists  of  lines 
run  with  the  ordinary  "Wye"  level,  precautions  being  taken  against 
principal  sources  of  error.  These  lines  are  usually  run  in  circuits  of 
single  lines  required  to  close  within  a  less  severe  limit  of  error.  'The 
allowable  divergence  adopted  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  on  precise 
lines  is  represented  in  feet  by  0.017  \^'D,  in  which  "D"  represents  the 
distance  between  bench  marks  in  miles.  The  limit  for  primary  work 
is  represented  in  feet  by  .05  VE):*  in  which  "D"  represents  the  length  of 
circuit  in  miles. 

The  standard  bench  marks  are  of  the  two  following  general  forms : 

First — A  circular  bronze  or  aluminum  tablet  3.5  inches  in  diameter 
and  0.25  inch  thick,  appropriately  lettered,  having  a  3-inch  stem  ce- 
mented into  a  drill  hole,  generally  in  the  vertical  walls  of  public  build- 
ings, bridge  abutments  or  other  substantial  masonry  structure. 

Second — A  form  employed  where  masonry  or  rock  is  not  accessible, 
consists  of  a  hollow  ^vrought  iron  post  3.5  inches  in  outer  diameter  and 
four  feet  in  length  after  being  split  at  bottom  and  expanded  to  ten 
inches  in  base  so  as  to  prevent  both  the  easy  subsidence  of  the  post  and 
its  being  maliciously  pulled  out  of  the  ground.  The  iron  is  heavily 
coated  with  asphalt,  and  over  the  top  of  the  post  is  riveted  a  bronze 
tablet  similar  to  that  described  above. 

The  numbers  stamped  upon  the  bench  marks  as  described  in  the  fol- 
lowing lists  represent  the  elevations  to  the  nearest  foot  above  mean  sea 
level,  as  determined  by  unadjusted  levels  in  the  field.  They  have  been 
subjected  to  changes  resulting  from  the  adjustments  necessary  to  close 
circuits  and  to  those  resulting  from  reduction  to  mean  sea  level  through 
readjustment  of  the  precise  level  net  of  the  United  States.     In  some 


62  YEAE-BOOK    FOR    1908.  [BULL.  NO.  14 

cases  the  finally  accepted  elevations  as  printed  herein  differ  from  those 
submitted  as  bench  mark  numbers  by  one  or  two  feet.  This  method 
of  numbering  bench  marks  has  been  adopted  where  many  levelmen  are 
working  in  the  same  area  at  the  same  time  as  less  liable  to  lead  to  con- 
fusion in  identification  of  bench  marks  than  any  attempt  at  serial 
numbering,  and  because  the  bench  mark  number  at  the  same  time  gives 
an  approximate  statement  of  the  elevation.  It  is  assumed  that  engineers 
and  others  finding  these  bench  marks  so  stamped  in  the  field  will  com- 
municate with  the  Director  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  in  order  to 
obtain  the  accepted  elevation  to  hundredths  or  thousandths  of  a  foot. 

Any  person  finding  bench  marks  in  the  following  lists  mutilated  or 
destroyed  will  confer  a.  favor  by  notifying  the  Director,  United  States 
Geological  Surve}^,  Washington,  D.   C. 


HERRON.]  TOPOGRAPHIC   SUEVEYS.  63 


Index  to  Results. — ^The  results  of  precise  and  primary  leveling  and  of 
State  leveling  for  drainage  projects  are  indexed  in  the  following  table : 

Page. 

PRECISE  LEVELING 64 

Peoria,  Mackinaw,  Danvers,  Leroy,  Farmer  City,  Monticello,  Maliomet,  Urbana,  Fithian,  and 

Danville  quadrangles 64 

Champaign,  DeWitt,  McLean,  Piatt,  Tazewell  and  Vermilion  counties 64 

Olney,  Newton,  Greenup,  Bradbury,  Mattoon,  Oakland,  Kansas,  Sidell  and  Fithian,  quad- 
rangles   68 

Coles,  Cumberland,  Douglas,  Jasper  and  Richland  counties 68 

Kansas,  Marshall,  Oakland  and  Paris  quadrangles 72 

Clark,  Coles  and  Edgar  counties 72 

Duquoin,  Eldorado,  Equality,  Herrin,  Shawneetown  and  West  Frankfort  quadrangles 73 

Franklin,  Gallatin,  Perry  and  Saline  counties 73 

PRIMARY  LEVELING 76 

Galena  and  Apple  River  quadrangles 76 

Jo  Daviess  county 76 

,  Cordova  quadrangle 79 

Henry,  Rock  Island  and  Whiteside  counties 79 

Evanston,  Highwood  and  Waukegan  quadrangles 80 

Cook  and  Lake  counties 80 

■    Wheaton  quadrangle 83 

DuPage  county 83 

Hennepin,  LaSalle  and  Toluca  quadrangles 84 

Bureau,  LaSalle  and  Putnam  counties 84 

Peoria  quadrangle 90 

Peoria  and  Tazewell  counties 90 

Mahomet  and  Urbana  quadrangles 91 

Champaign  and  Piatt  counties 91 

Danville  quadrangle 93 

Vermilion  county 93 

Havana,  Petersburg,  Saidora,  Springfield  and  Tallula  quadrangles 94 

Mason,  Menard  and  Sangamon  counties 94 

St.  Louis  quadrangle 97 

Madison  and  St.  Clair  counties 97 

Belleville  and  Breese  quadrangles  .♦. 98 

Bond,  Madison  and  St.  Clair  counties 98 

Baldwin,  Carlyle,  Centralia,  Chester,  New  Athens,  Okawville  and  Sparta  quadrangles 99 

Clinton,  Monroe,  St.  Clair  and  Washington  counties 99 

Hardinville,  Merom,  Olney  and  Russellville  quadrangles 103 

Crawford,  Jasper^  Lawrence  and  Richland  counties 103 

Bridgeport,  Carmi  and  Mt.  Carmel  quadrangles 106 

Edwards,  Lawrence,  Richland,  Wabash  and  White  counties 106 

Eldorado,  Enfield  and  New  Haven  quadrangles Ill 

Gallatin,  Hamilton,  Saline  and  White  counties Ill 

Galatia  and  West  Frankfort  quadrangles 113 

Franklin,  Hamilton,  Saline  and  Williamson  counties 113 

Alto  Pass,  Herrin  and  Murphysboro  quadrangles 114 

Franklin,  Jackson,  Perry  and  Williamson  counties 114 

STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  LEVELING.    (See  also  portion  of  work  on  Baldwin  and 

Chester  quadrangles) 118 

St.  Charles  quadrangle 118 

Kane  county 118 

Mattoon,  Ramsey,  Shelbyville,  St.  Elmo,  Vandalia  and  Windsor  quadrangles 119 

Coles,  Fayette  and  Shelby  counties 119 

Beardstown,  Clinton,  Dawson,  Decatur,  Kenney,  Lincoln,  Mason  City,  Niantic,  Petersburg, 

Saidora  and  Springfield  quadrangles 121 

Cass,  DeWitt,  Logan,  Macon,  Mason,  Menard  and  Sangamon  counties 121 


64  YEAE-BOOK   FOR   1908.  [bull.  no.  U 

Precise  Leveling. — Peoria,  Maelcinaw,  Danvers,  Leroy,  Farmer  City, 
Monticello,  Mahomet,  Urhana,  Fithian  and  Danville  Quadrangle's — 
Champaign,  DeWitt,  McLean,  Piatt,  Tazewell  and  Vermilion  Coun- 
ties. 

The  following  are  the  results  of  a  line  of  precise  levels  run  in  1905- 
1906;  in  1905  from  the  U.  S.  Army  Engineers'  bench  mark  at  Pekin 
over  the  C.  C.  C.  &  St.  L.  E.  E.  to  Champaign,  and  continued  in  1906 
over  the  Wabash  Eailroad  to  Catlin.  This  line  is  connected  at  Fair- 
mount  Junction  with  a  similar  precise  level  line  run  from  Olney,  and 
together  they  form  a  link  in  the  precise  level  net  as  adjusted  in  1907. 
As  a  result  of  this  adjustment  the  original  elevations  have  been  al- 
tered by  amounts  varying  between  plus  .058  foot  at  Pekin  and  plus 
.051  foot  at  Pairmount  Junction,  and  on  the  spur  east  to  Catlin. 

The  methods,  kind  of  instruments  and  limit  of  error  used  are  those 
now  adopted  by  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey.  On  all  sections  upon 
which  the  forward  and  backward  measures  in  millimeters  differed  more 
than  4.0  VK  (in  which  Iv  is  the  distance  between  bench  marks  in  kilo- 
meters), both  forward  and  backward  measures  were  repeated  until  a 
pair  run  in  opposite  directions  came  within  limits,  and  all  other  re- 
quirements necessary  to  obtain  accurate  results  were  closely  adhered  to. 
In  1905  self  reading  rods  were  used  3.2  meters  in  length,  graduated  to 
centimeters  and  reading  to  millimeters  by  estimation.  In  the  work 
of  1906  self  reading  rods  of  the  same  length  were  used  but  graduated 
to  hundredths  of  a  yard  and  reading  by  estimation  to  thousandths,  com- 
putations being  made  in  feet.  The  equivalent  limit  of  error  expressed 
in  feet  being  .017  VI^  (where  D  is  the  distance  in  miles  between  bench 
marks.) 

The  leveling  of  1905  was  done  by  Mr.  E.  L.  McNair  and  that  of  1906 
by  Mr.  T.  A.  Grreen,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  S.  S.  Gannett. 

The  work  was  done  in  cooperation  with  the  State  and  the  standard 
bench  marks  are  stamped  with  the  State  name  and  in  addition  with  fig- 
ures of  elevation  except  on  the  portion  run  -in  1905. 

Pekin,  via  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  Railway,  to 

Champaign. 

peoeia  quadrangle. 

Feet. 

Pekin,  in  water  table  on  east  side  of  county  clerk's  office;  iron 
bolt    (Pekin    city    bench    mark) 479.092 

Pekin,  in  water  table  on  east  side  of  county  clerk's  office;  bronze 
tablet  stamped"    ?  " 479.080 

Pekin,  in  top  of  east  abutment  of  Traction  Line  bridge  across  Illi- 
nois river,  12  feet  north  of  center  of  track;  copper  bolt;  "U.  S. 
Army  Engineers'  bench  mark,"   (P.  B.  M.  49) 455.422 

Pekin,  in  front  of  Big  Four  station;  top  of  rail 467.2 

Leslie,  1  mile  west  of,  6  miles  east  of  Pekin,  15  rails  east  of  mile- 
post  marked  "P-15,"  15  feet  from  center  of  Peoria  and  Eastern 
Railway  track,  in  coping  stone  of  concrete  culvert;  aluminum 
tablet  stamped  "    ?  " 68L979 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS.  65 

MACKINAW    QUADEANGLE.  Feet. 

Tremont,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 643.9 

Tremont,  25  feet  southeast  of  street  crossing,  at  west  end  of  con- 
crete platform  of  station;    iron  post  stamped  "   ?  " 643.425 

Menert,  0.33  miles  west  of,  in  top  of  north  end  of  east  abutment 
of  plate  girder  bridge  over  Mud  creek;   aluminum  tablet  stamped 

''     ?    "     575.634 

Menert,  in  front  of  station;    top  of  rail 595.4 

Minert,  0.67  miles  east  of,  on  top  of  and  on  south  end  of  west  abut- 
ment of  a  through  bridge  over  Mackinaw  river,  6  feet  below  top 
of  rail,  3.5  feet  from  center  of  track,  midway  between  south  shoe- 
plate  and  south  floor  beam  in  first  panel  from  west;    aluminum 

tablet    stamped    "    ?    " 583.134 

Mackinaw,  175  feet  west  of  station,  in  top  of  first  cap  in  east  pier 
of   first   row   of   piers   to   railroad   water   tank;    aluminum    tablet 

stamped    "     ?     "     646.239' 

Mackinaw,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 645.5 

Lilly,  in  top  of  southwest  corner  of  west  end  of  concrete  platform 
of  railroad   station,   5   feet  north   of   center   of   track;    aluminum 

tablet  stamped  "    ?  " 803.268 

Lilly,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 802.4 

DANVEBS    QUADRANGLE. 

Woodruff,  900  feet  west  of  coaling  sheds,  30  feet  south  of  center  of 
track,  on  right-of-way  line  in  front  of  house  of  N.  C.  Osman;  iron 
post   stamped   "    ?   " '. 840.198 

Danvers,  about  120  feet  south  of  station,  in  top  of  southwest  corner 
west  end  of  concrete  platform  of  station;  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"    ?   "    809.268 

Danvers,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 809.2 

Danvers,  4.5  miles  east  of,  6  feet  north  of  center  of  track,  in  coping 
of  east  wall  of  wagon  pass  under  railroad;  aluminum  tablet 
stamped    "    ?    " '754.948 

Twin  Grove,  in  front  of  station;    top  of  rail.  . 817.3 

Twin  Grove,  at  north  end  of  station  platform,  due  south  of  elevator 
owned  by  F.  Supple,  10  feet  south  of  track;  iron  post  stamxped 
"    ?   " 816.420 

Bloomington,  0.75  miles  west  of,  at  Chicago  &  Alton  and  Big  Four 
junction,  15  feet  from  center  of  track,  6  feet  belovf  top  of  rail,  in 
south  side  of  west  abutment  of  plate  girder  bridge  across  a  creek 
used  as  an  open  sewer  for  city;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "  ?  "..    746.283 

LEROY     QUADRANGLE. 

Bloomington,  Chicago  &  Alton  junction,   Kansas   City   division 775.3 

Bloomington,  in  front  of  station;    top  of  rail '. 789.3 

Bloomington,  about  350  feet  east  of  passenger  station,  south  of 
track,  in  north  pier  of  water    tank;     aluminum    tablet    stamped 

"    ?   " 793.949 

Bloomington,  in  southeast  corner  of  court  house,  about  2  feet  above 
ground  and  in  face  of  wall,  on  a  spur  line  from  the  preceding  bench 

mark;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "     ?     "   829.800 

Bloomington,  1  mile  east  of;   Illinois  Central  Railv/ay  crossing 857.7 

Gillum,  2  miles  west  of,  20  feet  from  center  of  track,  in  top  of  para- 
pet wall  on  south  side  of  a  concrete  arch  across  a  draw  on  the  Big 
Four   Railroad    (arch    is   No.    300-88);    aluminum   tablet    stamped 

"    ?   ''    832.836 

Gillum.  75  feet  west  of   station,   20   feet  from   center   of  track,    on 

south  side  and  1.75  foot  below  rail;  iron  post  stamped  "  ?  " 820.416 

—5  G 


66  YEAE-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Feet. 

Gillum,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 822.1 

Downs,  360  feet  east  of  station,  15  feet  south  of  center  of  track,  10 

feet  northwest  of  section  car  house;   iron  post  stamped  "     ?     "...    794.255 

Downs,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 796.3 

Ford  Woods,  0.67  mile  west  of,  12  feet  from  center  of  track,  in  coping 
stone  on  north  side  of  stone  arch  No.  293-94  on  railroad;  aluminum 

tablet  stamped  "    ?  " 791.339 

Ford  Woods,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 803.0 

LeRoy,  300  feet  east  of  station,  20  feet  south  of  center  of  track,  at 
intersection  of  right-of-way  line  and  street  line;  iron  post  stamped 

"    ?"    779.903 

LeRoy,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail -. 780.9 

FARMER   CITY    QUADRANGLE. 

Empire,  130  feet  west  of  station.  15  feet  north  of  center  of  track,  15 

feet  east  of  switch  stand  at  siding;  iron  post  stamped  "  ?  " 755.580 

Empire,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 756.7 

Farmer  City,  1  mile  west  of,  10  feet  from  center  of  track,  in  top  on 
west  side  of  abutment  of  a^mall  I-beam  briuge  on  railroad;  alumi- 
num tablet  stamped  "   ?  " 730.718 

Farmer  City,  at  Illinois  Central  crossing;    top  of  rail ,    732.3 

Farmer  City,   "Big  Four  Railway"  bench  mark    (railroad  elevation 

723.500) 733.86 

Farmer  City,  375  feet  east  of  junction  of  Big  Four  and  Illinois  Cen- 
tral railways,  18  feet  south  of  center  of  track,  65  feet  south  of 
where  first  street  east  of  Pittsburg  and  Eastern  Railroad  station 
crosses  tracks ;    iron  post  stamped  "    ?  " 732.510 

MONTICELLO     QUADRANGLE. 

Harris,   60  feet  west  of  station,  16  feet  north  of  center  of  tracks; 

iron  post  stamped  "   ?  " 721.633 

Harris,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 722.8 

Mansfield,  270  feet  east  of  Wabash  and  Big  Four  railroad  crossing, 
18  feet  south  of  center  of  Big  Four  track;  iron  post  stamped 
"    ?   "    727.288 

Mansfield  station,  at  Wabash  railroad  crossing;  top  of  rail 729.7 

MAHOMET    QUADRANGLE.. 

Mansfield,  3.5  miles  east  of,  in  south  end  of  west  abutment  of  plate 
girder  bridge  No.  270-40  on  Big  Four  railroad;  aluminum  tablet 
stamped    '    ?   "    721.663 

Mahomet,  230  feet  west  of  station,  15  feet  north  of  center  of  track; 

iron   post   stamped   "     ?     "    712.117 

Mahomet,   in  front  of  station;    top  of  rail    712.4 

Mahomet,  2  miles  west  of,  10  feet  from  center  of  tracks,  in  top  of 
south  side  of  stone  culvert  No.  266-11  on  Pittsburg  and  Eastern 
Railroad;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "     ?     "    733.530 

Rising,  75  feet  west  of  station,  15  feet  north  of  center  of  track;  iron 

post   stamped    "     ?     " 734.092 

Rising,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail   735.7 

Champaign,  2  miles  west  of,  15  feet  south  of  center  of  track,  in 
south  side  of  west  abutment  of  small  I-beam  bridge  on  Big  Four 
Railway;    aluminum    tablet    stamped    "     ?     "    748.327 


HERRON.]  TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS.  67 

URBANA    QUADRANGLE.  Feet. 

Champaign,  53  feet  southeast  of  southeast  corner  of  Engineering 
building  of  University  of  Illinois;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim. 
Trav.   Sta.  No.   1"    : 721.103 

Champaign,  on  south  side  of  east  entrance  to  Engineering  building 

of  University  of  Illinois;    aluminum  tablet  stam.ped  "     ?     "    ....     722.774 

Champaign,  via  Wabash  Railroad  Southeast,  to  Sidney,  Thence  East  to 

Catlin. 

URBANA    quadrangle. 

Urbana,  in  front  of  station;    top  of  rail   713.9 

Urbana,  1059  feet  east  of  station,  220  feet  north  of  Wabash  tracks, 

45  feet  south  of  Big  Four  tracks,   in  southwest  corner   of  stone 

culvert  under  Big  Four  railroad;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "?"...    704.640 
Mira,  2.03  miles  northwest  of,  in  east  side  of  milepost  "Cha  3-Tol 

284;"    spike 746.02' 

Mira,  1.03  miles  northwest  of,  iii  east  side  of  mile  post  "Cha  4-Tol 

283;"    spike 719.21 

Mira,  at  road  crossing;   top  of  rail   695.8 

Mira,  30  feet  west  of  track,  30  feet  south  of  road,  3  feet  west  of  fence 

corner;    iron  post  stamped  "695  1906"    696.085 

Deers,  1.29  miles  northwest  of,  in  west  side  of  milepost  "Cha  6-Tol 

281;"    spike 686.66 

Deers,  0.99  miles  northwest  of,  in  west  side  of  milepost  "Cha  7-Tol 

280;"    spike 690.66 

Deers,  65  feet  west  of  track,  25  feet  south  of  road,  70  feet  north  of 

store   and  post  office  of  F.    C.  Edwards,   at  northeast   corner   of 

barn;   iron  post  stamped  "691  1906"   691.954 

Sidney,    in   front   of    station;    top    of    rail    (Old    elevation    marked 

"669")     665.8 

Sidney  High   School,    in    southwest    corner    of;     aluminum    tablet 

stamped  "673   1906"    672.575 

Sidney  High  School,  at  front  entrance  on  south  west  corner  of  stone 

step,  level  with  brick  pavement;   cross  mark 670.73 

Homer,  5.29  miles  west  of,  on  second  tier  of  concrete  on  north  side 

of  abutment  of  Wabash  Bridge  over  Chicago  and  Eastern  Illinois 

Railroad;    center  of  chiseled  square    682.17 

Homer,  3.56  miles  west  of,  45  feet  north  of  milepost  "St.  L.  163-T- 
273,"  35  feet  north  of  track,  5  feet  north  of  telegraph  pole;  iron  post 

not    stamped 668.028 

FITHIAN    QUADRANGLE. 

Homer,  605  feet  west  of  station,  30  feet  north  of  track,  25  feet  west 

of  road,  at    east    side   of    asphalt    pavement;     aluminum    tablet 

stamped  "674   1906"    674.484 

Homer,  in  front  of  station;,  top  of  rail 676.4 

Fairmount,  6.64  miles  west  of,  275  feet  northeast  of  milepost  "St.  L. 

168-T  268,"  in  north  side  of  telegraph  pole;   spike   670.70 

Fairmount,  5.59  miles  west  of,  35  feet  north  of  track,  25  feet  east  of 

road,  near  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped  "664  1906" 664.392 

Fairmount,  4.59  miles  west  of,  in  east  end  of  board  at  road  crossing; 

top  of  spike 673.14 

Fairmount,  3.69  miles  west  of,  in  north  side  of  milepost  "St.  L.  171- 

Tol  265;"  spike    675.91 

Fairmount,  2.69  miles  west  of,  40  feet  north  of  track,  50  feet  north 

of  mile  post  "St.  L.  172-Tol  264;"  iron  post  stamped  "655  1906".  ..    655.857 


68  YEAK-BOOK    FOR    1908.  ,  [bull.  no.  14 

Feet. 

Fairmount,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 661.5 

Fairmount,  1.71  miles  west  of,  240  feet  northwest  ot  milepost  "St. 

L.  173-T.  263,"  on  north  side  of  lock;   top  of  spike  656.840 

Fairmount  Junction,  56  feet  northwest  of,  50  feet  west  of  Chicago 
and  Eastern  Illinois  railroad  tracks,  60  feet  west  of  signal  station, 
35  feet  north  of  Wabash  tracks,  in  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped 

"654    1906"    654.522 

Fairmount  Junction,  Chicago  and  Eastern  Illinois  railroad  and  Wa- 
bash railroad  crossing;    top  of  rail 656.18 

The  Remaindee  of  This  List  to  Catlin  is  Result  of  a  Spur  Line. 

Fairmount  Junction,  1.01  miles  east  of;  120  feet  west  of  road  cros- 
sing, on  south  side  of  bridge;  lop  of  second  bolt  from  west  end.  .    656.40 

Fairmount  Junction,  2.32   miles  east  of,   in  north   side  of  milepost 

"St.  L.   177-Tol  259 ; "  spike    667.22 

Fairmount  Junction,  3.32  miles  east  of,  40  feet  directly  north  of  mile- 
post "St.  L.  178-Tol.  258,"  30  feet  north  of  track;  iron  post  stamped 
"672    1906"    672.379 

Fairmount  Junction,   4.32    miles   east   of,   in   west   side   of   milepost 

"St.  L.  179-Tol.   257 ; "  spike    674.01 

Middle  of  bridge  No.  7  over  stream  and  wagon  road;   top  of  rail...    664.89 

Surface  of  water  under  bridge  No.  7;   October  29,  1906   648. 

DANVILLE     quadrangle. 

Fairmount   Junction,    5.09    miles    east   of,    on    south    side    of   bridge 

No.  6;  top  of  fifth  bolt  from  west  end 665.69 

Catlin,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail   663.8 

Catlin  station,  section  34,  T.  19  N.,  R.  12  W.,  195  feet  north  of  track, 
30  feet  west  of  road,  at  "Champion's  Corner;"  iron  post  stamped 
"658    1906"    657.398 


Olney,  Newton,  Greenup,  Bradbury,  Mattoon,  Oakland,  Kansas,  Sidell, 
and  Fitliiaii  Quadrangles — Coles,  Cumberland,  Dougias,  Jasper  and 
Richland-  Counties. — The  following  elevations  are  the  result  of  a  pre- 
cise level  line  run  from  a  bench  mark  of  the  trans-continental  levels  at 
Olney  north  to  Fairmount  Junction  where  it  connects  with  a  similar 
line  from  Pekin.  The  two  together  formed  a  link  in  the  precise  level 
net  and  being  of  a  class  receiving  the  highest  weighty  there  has  only 
heen  a  small  adjuustment  of  0.006  foot  and  0.007  foot,  respectively,  dis- 
tributed in  these  lines  whereas  the  new  elevation,  accepted  for  Olney, 
is  0.785  greater  than  that  determined  by  the  adjustment  of  1903.  The 
usual  method  of  direct  and  reverse  leveling  was  employed,  the  line  being 
broken  by  temporary  bench  marks  into  sections  of  about  a  mile,  and  the 
partial  discrepancies  in  feet  required  to  not  exceed  0.017  times  the 
square  root  of  the  distance  between  bench  marks  in  miles.  All  the 
usual  precautions  were  taken  and  corrections  made. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1906  by  T.  A.  Green,  under  the  direction  of 
S.  S.  Gannett. 

The  work  was  done  in  cooperation  with  the  State  and  the  standard 
bench  marks  are  stamped  with  the  State  name. 


HERRON.]  TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS,  69 

Olxey  North  Along  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  to  Lerna. 

olney  quadrangle. 

Feet. 
Olney,  cut  at  the  base  of  one  cf  the  columns  at  the  north  face  of 
Richland  County  courthouse;    marked  "B3-U.   S.   C.   &  G.   S.-B.   M.- 

1882" 486.117 

Olney,  Richland  County  Courthouse,  in  top  west  stone  balustrade  of 

steps  at  south  entrance;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "483  1906"....    483.645 

Olney,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail   472.8 

Olney,   0.86  miles  north  of,  30  feet  west  of  track,   90   feet   south   of 
lock  to  switch   at   C,   H.   &  D.   junction;    top   of   rail   driven   in 
ground    461. 6bl 

NEWTON    QUADRANGLE. 

Olney,  2.87  miles  north  of,  45  feet  west  of  road  crossing,  40  feet 
north  of  road,  in  southeast  corner  of  lot  owned  by  J.  M.  Fleming; 
iron  post  stamped  "465  1906"    465.529 

Olney,  5.36  miles  north  of,  30  feet  east  of  track,  40  feet  southeast  of 
private  road  crossing,  50  feet  southeast  of  whistle  post,  10  feet 
south  of  gate  to  house;    iron  post  stamped  "475  1906"    475.308 

Dundas,   in  front  Of  station;    top  of   rail .     478.4 

Dundas,  439  feet  north  of  station,  50  feet  northeast  of  road  crossing, 
30  feet  east  of  track,  in  southwest  corner  of  Dundas  Rolling  Mill; 
aluminum,  tablet   stamped   "480   1906"    481.292 

West  Liberty,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  west  rail  484.0 

West  Liberty,  1.59  miles  north  of,  160  feet  north  of  milepost  "169-78;" 
70  feet  south  of  bridge  "B-163-93,"  590  feet  south  of  road  crossing, 
30  feet  east  of  tracks,  east  of  right  of  v/ay  line;  iron  post  stamped 
"480    1906"    ..y 481.253 

West  Liberty,  4,52  miles  north  of,  8  feet  west  of  milepost  "166-81;" 

iron  post  stamped  "506  1906"    507.128 

Boos,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail   517.4 

Boos,  1.84  miles  north  of,  40  feet  northeast  of  milepost  "163-84,"  25 
feet  east  of  track,  15  feet  east  of  warning  post,  50  feet  southeast  of 
road  crossing,  in  fence  corner;   iron  post  stamped  "524  1906"   .  . .    525.217 

Newton,  180  feet  northwest  of  station,  70  feet  west  of  railroad  cros- 
sing, 20  feet  west  of  water  plug  on  south  side  of  road;  iron  post 
stamped   "512   1906"    512.989 

GREENUP    QUADRANGLE, 

Newton,  3,03  miles  north  of,  165  feet  south  of  milepost  "157-90,"  30 
feet  east  of  track,  10  feet  north  of  private  road  crossing,  in  fence 
corner;   iron  post  stamped  "538  1906"   538.806 

Falomuth,  1.4  miles  north  of,  40  feet  east  of  track,  at  edge  of  fence, 
50  feet  east  of  milepost  "154-93,"  175  feet  west  of  oil  derrick;  iron 
post  stamped  "564   1906" 564.880 

Rose  Hill,  in  front  of  station;    top  of  rail   567.4 

Rose  Hill,  1.05  mile  north  of,  553  feet  north  of  milepost  "151-96," 
35  feet  southeast  of  road  crossing,  in  fence  corner;  iron  post 
stamped   "566    1906"    , 566.634 

Hidalgo,   in   front  of   station;    top   of   rail    ' 583,1 

Hidalgo,  0,31  mile  north  of,  30  feet  west  of  track,   8  feet  west  of 

milepost  "148-99;"  iron  post  stamped  "581   1906"    582,276 

Hidalgo,  3,37  miles  north  of,  245  feet  north  of  milepost  ^145-102,"  30 
feet  east  of  track,  9  feet  north  of  center  of  road  through  field,  at 
edge  of  right  of  way;   iron  post  stamped  "593  1906"    593.640 

Greenup,  at  junction  of  Illinois  Central  and  Vandalia  line;  top  of 
rail 553.9 


70  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  U 

Feet. 
Greenup,  in  front  of  Illinois  Central  Railroad  station;  top  of  rail  .  . .  553.9 
Greenup,  700  feet  northwest  of  station,  40  feet  north  of  track,  570 

feet  southeast  of  milepost  "142-105;"  iron  post  stamped  "543  1906"    543.690 

BRADBURY    QUADRANGLE. 

Greenup,  3.18  miles  northwest  of,  45  feet  northwest  of  road  crossing, 
25  feet  north  of  warning  post,  15  feet  west  of  wagon  road;  iron 
post  stamped  "553  1906"   553.387 

Toledo,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail  601.1 

Toledo,  0.75  mile  north  of,  210  feet  north  of  milepost  "136-111,"  35 
feet  west  of  track,  10  feet  north  of  private  road  to  Glenn  Mowel 
house,  in  fence  corner;   iron  post  stamped  "602  1906"    602.864 

Bradbury,  630  feet  north  of  station,  25  feet  west  of  track,  3  feet  west 

of  milepost  "133-114;"  iron  post  stamped  "607  1906"    608.131 

Janesville,  0.53  mile  south  of,  30  feet  west  of  track,  in  fence  corner 

20  feet  south  of  road;  iron  post  stamped  "676  1906"   676.582 

Janesville,  2.6  miles  northwest  of,  235  feet  south  of  milepost  "127- 
120;"  35  feet  east  of  track,  in  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped 
"735    1906" 735.938 

MATTOON   QUADRANGLE. 

Lerna  Junction,  Illinois  Central  and  Tole'do,  St.  Louis  and  Western 

Railroads ;    top  of  rail 754.3 

Lerna,  southeast  corner  of  station,  on  east  side  at  corner  of  platform 

113  feet  northwest  of  junction;   iron  post  stamped  "753  1906"   ...    754.316 

Lerna  Northeast  by  Toledo,  St.  Louis  and  Western  Railroad,  to  Brocton. 

mattoon  quadrangle. 

Lerna,  2  miles  northeast  of,  60  feet  east  of  milepost  "St.  L.  125-T 
326,"  10  feet  south  of  rail  rack,  in  south  end  of  terra  cotta  drain 
pipe;    chiseled  hole   721.39 

Lerna,  3.01  miles  northeast  of,  40  feet  north  of  track,  20  feet  east  of 

road;   iron  post  stamped  "708  1906"   >    708.589 

Lerna,  3.99  miles  northeast  of,  250  feet  northeast  of  milepost  "St. 
L.  127-T  324,"  20  feet  north  of  whistle  post,  in  top  of  rock; 
chiseled  hole    677.89 

Lerna,  5.74  miles  northwest  of,  50  feet  north  of  track,  25  feet  east 
of  road,  20  feet  west  of  silver  poplar  tree;  iron  post  stamped  "615 
1906"    615.548 

Charleston,  on  southwest  corner  of  "Clover  Leaf"  station,  5  feet  east 
of  entrance  to  baggage  room,  in  stone  coping;  aluminum  tablet 
stamped   "672   1906"    672.804 

Charleston,  Coles  County  Courthouse,  15  feet  west  of  north  entrance, 
in  section  of  building  occupied  by  U.  S.  Post  Office,  in  west  end  of 
top  step;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "686  1906"   686.536 

Charleston,  in  front  of  station   (Clover  Leaf  Railroad);   top  of  rail    678.5 

OAKLAND   QUADRANGLE. 

Charleston,  3.68  miles  north  of,  35  feet  east  of  track,  25  feet  north 
of  county  road,  in  southwest  corner  of  G.  W.  Wasson's  lot;  iron 
post  stamped   "686   1906"    686.866 

Pairgrange,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail  683.1 


HERRON.]  TOPOGBAPHIO   SURVEYS.  71 

Feet. 

Fairgrange,  0.95  mile  northeast  of,  45  feet  south  of  rock,  25  feet  south 
of  warnihg  post,  25  feet  east  of  county  road,  2  feet  west  of  fence 
corner;    iron  post  stamped  "686   1906"    687.083 

Bushton,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 672.6 

Bushton,  0.85  mile  northeast  of,  50  feet  northeast  of  road  crossing, 
30  feet  north  of  county  road,  near  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped 
"666    1906"    666.586 

Rardin,   in  front   of  station;    top   of  rail    664.9 

Rardin,  1.58  miles  northeast  of,  53  feet  south  of  private  road  cross- 
ing, 10  feet  south  of  angle  in  road;  iron  post  stamped  "658  1906".    658.348 

Oakland,  820  feet  south  of  junction,  60  feet  west  of  track,  140  feet 
northwest  of  milepost  "St.  L.  147-T.  304,"  25  feet  south  of  wagon 
road;   iron  post  stamped  "652  1906"    653.022 

Oakland,   at   Clover  Leaf  Junction   with  Vandalia   railroad;    top   of 

rail     656.6 

KANSAS    QUADRANGLE. 

Oakland,  2.98  miles  north  of,  50  feet  east  of  track,  30  feet  east  of 

milepost  "St.  L.  150-T.  301,"  465  feet  north  of  small  bridge  No. 

302,  in  edge  of  field;  iron  post  stamped  "661  1906"   661.593 

Brocton,  0.47  mile  southwest  of,  65  feet  north  of  road  crossing,  35 

feet  west  of  track,  in  fence  corner;  .iron  post  stamped  "661  1906".  662.182 
Brocton,  at  junction  of  Clover  Leaf  and  Cincinnati,  Hamilton  and 

Dayton  railroads ;   top  of  rail   662.7 

Beocton  Noeth,  via  Cincinnati,  Hamilton  and  Dayton  Raileoad,  to  Sidell. 

kansas  quabeangle. 

None. 

sidelt.  quadeangle. 

Brocton,  2.36  miles  northeast  of,  at  Payne's  Siding,  25  feet  east  of 
tracks,  50  feet  southeast  of  switch,  6  feet  east  of  telephone  pole, 
15  feet  north  of  county  road;   iron  post  stamped  "678  1906"   678.662 

Hughes,  0.48  mile  northeast  of,  40  feet  east  of  track,  12  feet  east  of 

telegraph  pole;   iron  post  stamped  "655  1906"   656.265 

Hume,  1.47  miles  north  of,  1,000  feet  north  of  milepost  "Olney  78- 
Sidoll  7,"  40  feet  east  of  track,  90  feet  northeast  of  whistle  post; 
iron  post  stamped  "645   1906"    , 646.299 

Hume,  4.34  miles  north  of,  330  feet  north  of  milepost  "Olney  81- 
Sidell  4,"  25  feet  west  of  track,  5  feet  north  of  private  road;  iron 
post  stamped  "693   1906"    693.572 

Hildreth,  in  front  of  station;    top  of  rail 714.3 

Hildreth,  1.99  miles  north  of,  at  road  crossing,  150  feet  north  of 
Archie  Siding,  30  feet  west  of  track,  10  feet  south  of  road;  iron 
post  stamped  "691  1906"    '. 691.984 

Sidell,  in  west  side  at  northwest  corner  in  water  shed  of  high  scho'ol, 
2  feet  south  of  corner  of  building;  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"684    1906"    685.184 

Sidell,  in  front  of  station;    top  of  rail 681.9 


72  YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull,  no.  14 

SiDELL  North  by  Rossville  Branch  G.  &  R.  R.  R.,  to  Fairmount  Junction. 

SIDELL    QUADRANGLE.  -  Feet. 

Sidell,  3.13  miles  northeast  of,  50  feet  east  of  track,  10  feet  north  of 

private  road;  iron  post  stamped  "679  1906"   679.859 

Jamaica,    in   front  of  station;    top  of  rail    683.3 

Jamaica,  145  feet  northwest  of  station,  100  feet  west  of  track,  30 
feet  north  of  road,  at  southeast  corner  of  Joe  Collin's  store  (owned 
by  Wm.  Gohain) ;   iron  post  stamped  "677  1906"   677.913 

FITIIIAN    QUADRANGLE. 

Jamaica,  2.22  miles  north  of,  60  feet  west  of  track,  70  feet  north- 
west of  milepost  "C  134-T.  260,"  195  feet  northwest  of  switch;  iron 
post    stamped    "668    1906"    668.351 

Fairmount   Junction,    at   junction   of   Chicago    and    Eastern    Illinois 

and  Wabash  railroads;   top  of  rail   656.2 

Fairmount  Junction,  56  feet  northwest  of,  50  feet  west  of  Chicago 
and  Eastern  Illinois  tracks,  60  feet  west  of  signal  tower,  35  feet 
north  of  Wabash  tracks,  in  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped  "654 
1906" 654.522 


Kansas,  Marshall,  Oakland  and  Paris  quadrangles — Clark,  Coles  and 
Edgar  Counties. — The  elevations  in  the  following  list  are  the  unadjusted 
results  of  a  line  of  precise  levels  run  from  Farrington  to  Oakland  and 
based  upon  the  1907  adjustment  value  at  Oakland.  They  are  the  Illi- 
nois portion  of  a  line  run  from  Mitchell,  Indiana.,  to  Oakland,  Illinois. 
At  Oakland  the  connection  is  made  with  a  similar  precise  line  of  the 
Geological  Survey  adjusted  between  Olney  and  Pekin  junction  points  of 
the  precise  level  net.  The  values  computed  from  Mitchell,  Indiana  would 
be  0.6  foot  greater  those  those  here  given,  but  since  this  line  was  not 
involved  in  the  1907  adjustment  and  since  it  has  much  greater  weight 
than  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  line  through  Mitchell,  it  was 
thought  best  not  to  distribute  any  part  of  this  adjustment  in  this  Illinois 
j)ortion  of  the  line  and  to  determine  later  a  new  elevation  for  Mitchell, 
Indiana.  A  prism  level,  yard  rods,  and  the  standard  method  were  used. 
The  divergence  between  the  forward  and  backward  lines  for  entire  dis- 
tance from  Mitchell  was  0.215  foot  in  132.8  miles  and  for  the  Illinois 
portion  alone  0.013  foot  in  31.5  miles. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1907  by  C.  H.  Semper. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  cooperation  with  the  State  and  the  standard 
bench  marks  are  stamped  with  the  State  name. 

From  the  State  Line  Near  Farrington  Station  Northwest  Along  Vandalia 

Railroad,  to  Oakl.\nd. 

MARSHALL    QUADRANGLE.  Feet. 

Farrington,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail. 570.7 

Farrington,  1.83  miles  west  of,  0.24  mile  southwest  of  milepost  "T. 
H.  10,"  east  of  track,  in  top  of  railroad  culvert;   aluminum  tablet 

stamped    "580"     579.453 

Ferrell,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 604.7 

Marley,   in   northeast   corner  of  front  wall   of   Methodist   Episcopal 

Church;    aluminum    tablet    stamped    "644" 644.155 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS.  78 

Feet. 

Marley,  in  front  of  station;    top   of  rail 645.8 

Marley,  2.1   miles   northwest   of,   750   feet  southeast   of  milepost   "T. 
H.  15,"  west  of  track,  in  top  of  railroad  culvert;    aluminum  tablet 

stamped    "673"     673.149 

PARIS    QUADRANGLE. 

Marley,  4.31  miles  northwest  of,  100  feet  east  of  road,  in  southv\''est 
corner  of  front  wall  of  McCall  school  house,  300  feet  east  of  track; 

aluminum    tablet   stamped    "728"    728.065 

Paris,   in   front   of  station;    top   of   rail 735.7 

Paris,  at  east  end  of  Vandalia  freight  station,   in  wall;    aluminum 

tablet   stamped   "739" 739.225 

KANSAS     QUADRANGLE. 

Mays,  150  feet  southeast  of  milepost  "T.  H.  26,"  north  of  track,  in 

top  of  railroad  culvert;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "691" 690.424 

Mays,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 689.6 

Mays,  1.29  miles  west  of,  1050  feet  west  of  road  crossing,  in  top  of 

south  end  of  railroad  culvert;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "681"....     680.538 

Redmou,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail. 683.0 

Redmon,  in  front  wall  of  Redmon  Bank;   aluminum  tablet  stamped 

"691" :  . .     690.300 

Borton,  0.51  mile  east  of,  in  top  of  railroad  culvert   north  of  track 

at  road  crossing;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "664"    664.209 

Borton,  in  front  of  station  at  crossing  of  C.  H.  &  D.  R.  R.;    top  of 

rail    664.9 

Isabel,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 669.2 

Isabel,  2.02  miles  west  of,  276  feet  west  of  road  crossing,  100  feet 

north    of    track,    in    house    of    Ed.    Gobert's;     aluminum     tablet 

stamped    "645"     644.680 

OAKLAND    QUADRANGLE, 

Oakland,  250  feet  west  of  crossing  of  T.  St.  L.  &  Y\\  R.  R.,  in  front 
wall  of  J.  T.  Simms'  grain  elevator;  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"659"   658.718 

Oakland,  at  crossing  of  Vandalia  Railroad  and  T.  St.  L.  &  W.  R.  R.; 
top   of  rail    656.6 

Oakland,  820  feet  south  of  junction,  60  feet  west  of  track,  140  feet 
northwest  of  M.  P.  St.  L.  147,  25  feet  south  of  highway;  iron  post 
stamped    "652"     653.022 


Duquoin,  Eldorado,  Eqimlity,  Herriiv,  Slimvneeiown  wnd~  West  Franl-- 
fort  Quadrangles — Franhlin,  Galatia,  Perry  a7id  Saline  Counties. — The 
following  are  the  tinadjusted  results  of  a  line  of  precise  levels  run  from 
Duquoin  southeastward  along  the  Illinois  Central  E.  E.  to  Shawnee- 
town.  The  elevations  are  based  upon  the  bench  mark  "E3"  at  Duquoin 
on  the  Coast  and  Greodetic  Survey  precise  level  line^  Cairo  to  Odin.  Illi- 
nois. It  is  the  bottom  of  a  square  cut  in  corner  of  stone  sill  at  main 
door  opposite  Illinois  Central  Eailroad  station  and  its  accepted  eleva- 
tion is  462.477  as  obtained  b}^  the  adjustment  of  1907  made  by  the 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey. 

The  method,  type  of  instrument,  and  limit  of  error  are  the  same 
as  those  now  used  by  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey.  The  self -reading 
rods  used  were  3.5  yards  in  length,  graduated  to  yards  and  hundredths 


74  YEAE-BOOK   FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

and  read  by  estimation  to  thousandtlis,  which  enabled  computation  to 
be  made  directly  in  feet  instead  of  meters  as  is  done  by  the  Coast  Sur- 
vey. On  all  sections  upon  which  the  forward  and  backward  measures 
in  feet  differed  more  than  0.017  VD  (in  which  D  is  the  distance  between 
bench  marks  in  miles)  both  forward  and  backward  measures  were  re- 
peated until  a  pair  run  in  opposite  directions  cam,e  within  limits,  and 
all  other  requirements  necessary  to  obtain  accurate  results  were  closely 
adhered  to. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1906  by.  T.  A.  Green  under  the  direction 
of  S.  S.  Gannett. 

The  standard  bench  marks  are  stamped  with  figures  of  elevation  and 
year.  Many  are  stamped  with  a  value  one  foot  too  small  but  will  prob- 
ably be  restamped  when  further  work  is  done  in  the  locality. 

DUQUOIN,     SOUTHEASTEELY    ALONG     ILLINOIS     CenTBAL    RaILKOAD,     TO     ShAWNEE- 

TOWN. 

DUQUOIN    QUADRANGLE.  Feet. 

Duquoin,  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  bench  mark  "R3,"  at  bottom  of 
a  square  cut  in  corner  of  stone  sill  at  main  door  opposite  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  station;  the  cavity  is  marked  thus  "[]" 462.477 

Duquoin,  600  feet  east  of  station,  in  east  brick  wall  of  Exchange 
Bank;    aluminum  tablet  stamped  "468  1906" 468.427 

Duquoin,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 463.7 

Duquoin,  3.2  miles  east  of,  60  feet  west  of  creek,  40  feet  north  of 

railroad  just  south  of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped  "396  1906".    396.407 

HEREIN     QUADRANGLE. 

McDonald,  in  front  of  station;    top  of  north  rail 395.9 

McDonald,   1  mile   southeast  of,   60   feet 'directly  north   of  milepost 
"East  St.  Louis  77  mi.,  Bldorauo  44  mi.";    iron  post  stamped  "402 

1906"     401.898 

Mulkeytown,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail   424.4 

Mulkeytown,  324  feet  south  of  station,  in  east  side  of  cornerstone 
at  hall   of  "Modern    Woodmen    of    America;"    aluminum    tablet 

stamped    "449    1906"    449.025 

Christopher,  in  front  of  station;    top  of  rail ! . . .  .    438.9 

Christopher,  in  southwest  corner  of  Christopher  National  Bank;  alu- 
minum  tablet   stamped   "443   1906". .- 443.866 

Buckner,   in  front  of  station;    top  of  rail 408.5 

Christopher,  2.8  miles  east  of,  348  feet  west  of  small  railroad  bridge 
over  stream,  150  feet  southeast  of  house  occupied  by  Isaac  Den- 
ton;   iron  post   stamped  "392   1906" 392.968 

WEST   FRANKFORT    QUADRANGLE. 

Christopher,  5.7  miles  east  of,  150  feet  southeast  of  road  crossing, 
at  northwest  corner  of  house  occupied  by  W.  M.  Wolf;   iron  post 

stamped    "438    1906"    439.161 

Benton,  Franklin  county  court  house,  1507  feet  north  of  station,  in 
stone  step  just  south  of  west  entrance;   aluminum  tablet  stamped 

"474    1906"    475.832 

Benton,  in  front  of  station;    top  of  rail 470.7 

Benton,  0.3  mile  east  of,  at  junction  of  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois 

and  Illinois  Central  railroads;  top  of  rail 471.1 

Benton,   2.3   miles  southeast  of,   90   feet   directly  north   of   milepost 

"E.  St.  Louis  92-Eldorado  29;"  iron  post  stamped  "405  1906" 406.605 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC   SUKVEYS.  75 

Feet. 

Smothers  (Smotherville  P.  O.),  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 481.5 

Smothersville  post-office,  260  feet  southeast  of  road  crossing,  at  north- 
west corner  of  store  kept  by  M.  M.  Moore;  iron  post  stamped  "479 

1906"    479.994 

Parrish,  200  feet  northeast  of  road  crossing,  at  southwest  corner  of 

store  kept  by  Brown  &  Moore;  iron  post  stamped  "438  1906" 439.500 

Parrish,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 438.1 

Thompsonville,  600  feet  south  of  road  crossing,  100  feet  east  of 
brick  school  house;   iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  4 — 

494    1906" 495.401 

Thompsonville,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 499.9 

GALATIA    QUADRANGLE. 

West  End,  75  feet  north  of  station,  in  south  wall  of  "West  End  Roll- 
ing Mill;"  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "429  1906" 430.507 

West  End,  60  feet  east  of  station;   top  of  rail  425.9 

Rileyville,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail   398.9 

Rileyville,  0.71  mile  southeast  of,  20  feet  northwest  of  cattleguard, 
in  corner  of  fence  at  point  where  county  road  jogs  north  from 

railroad;    iron  post  stamped   "392   1906"    393.222 

Galatia,  0.3  mile  west  of  station,  at  "Galatia  Rolling  Mill,"  in  south- 
west foundation   of  old   elevator;    aluminum   tablet   stamped   "397 

1906."     (This  bench  mark  is  to  be  destroyed) 398.186 

Galatia,  m  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 401. l^ 

Galatia,  3.18  miles  southeast  of,  20  feet  directly  south  of  milepost 
"E.  St.  Louis  114-Eldorado  7,"  inside  of  fence;   iron  riost  stamped 

'    ?"    394.403 

Raleigh,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 407.2 

Raleigh,  1.59  miles  east  of,  70  feet  west  of  milepost  "E.  St.  Louis 
117  mi-.Eldorado  4  mi.,"  62  feet  south  of  center  of  tracks;  iron 
post    stamped    "390    1906"     391.099 

ELDORADO    QUADRANGLE. 

Eldorado,  30  feet  south  of  southwest  corner  of  Grand  Hotel  at  edge 

of  pavement;   iron  post  stamped  "388  1906" 387.904 

Eldorado,  just  east  of  station,  at  junction  of  Big  Pour  and  Louisville 

&  Nashville  railroad;    top  of  rail    391.9 

Grayson,  30  feet  Vx^est  of  station;   top  of  rail 407.1 

Grayson,  0.49  mile  southeast  of,  40  feet  north  of  center  of  track; 
inside  of  wire  fence;   iron  post  stamped  "1906" 392.649 

EQUALITY    QUADRANGLE. 

Grayson,  3.1  miles  southeast  of,  40  feet  northwest  of  road  crossing, 

on  west  side  of  road;   iron  post  stamped  "1906". 363.044 

Equality,    at   northwest    corner    of   Louisville    &   Nashville    railroad 

station;   iron  post  stamped  "1906" ■ 362.272 

Equality,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  north  rail 362.9 

Equality,  2.7  miles  southeast  of,  100  feet  southeast  of  E.  P.  Fowler's 
residence,  40  feet  north  of  track  in  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped 
"1906" 376.921 

Equality,  5.7  miles  southeast  of,  60  feet  north  of  milepost  "St.  Louis 

138-Shawneetown  6  mi.;"  iron  post  stamped  "1906" 353.14:2 

SHAWNEETOWN     QUADRANGLE. 

Cypress  Junction,  at  crossing  of  Louisville  &  Nashville  and  Balti- 
more &  Ohio  railroads;    top  of  rail 355.9 

Cypress  Junction,  30  feet  east  of  station;  top  of  rail 358.0 


76  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908.  Lbull.  no.  14 

Feet. 

Cypress  Junction,  2.5  miles  east  of,  330  feet  west  of  road  crossing, 
50  feet  north  of  milepost  "St.  Louis  141-Shawneetown  5  mi.;" 
iron  post  stamped  "1906"    396.512 

Shawneetown,  in  front  of  station;    top  of  rail 350.2 

Shawneetown,  at  southwest  corner  of  Louisville  &  Nashville  railroad 

station;    iron  post   stamped   "1906" 349.598 

Shawneetown,  100  feet  east  of  southeast  corner  of  "Riverside  Hotel" 
in  northeast  corner  of  concrete,  gun  rack;  aluminum  tablet 
stamped    "1906"     365.968 

Primary  Leveling — Galena  and  Apple  River  Quadmngles — JoDaviess 
County. 

The  following  elevations  are  based  upon  the  precise  level  line  of 
the  Mississippi  Eiver  Commission  along  the  Mississippi  river  and  np- 
on  the  1907  adjustment. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1908  by  Henry  Bucher. 

The  work  was  done  in  cooperation  with  the  State  and  the  bench  marks 
are  stamped  with  the  State  name. 

Galena  Quadrangle. 

pleasant  hill  school  west,  to  blanding,  thence  north,  via  galena  junction 
and  galena,  to  sec.  24,  t.  29  n.,  r.  1  w.,  thence  east,  to  scales  mound. 

Feet. 

T.  26  N.,  R.  2  E.,  northeast  quarter  of  section  11,  at  T  road,  at  Pleas- 
ant Hill  school  house,  west  of  road,  120  feet  north  of  fence  corner, 
4  feet  east  of  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  19, 
965"     964.637 

T.  26  N.,  R.  2  E.,  near  center  of  section  11,  at  angle  in  road,  south 
of  road,  in  root  on  west  side  of  30-inch  oak  tree,  nail;  marked 
"945"     946.05 

Hanover,  at  southwest  corner  of  Hanover  Hotel;   iron  post  stamped 

"Prim.  Trav.   Sta.  No.  28,  632" ' 632.215 

Hanover,  south  side  of,  in  southwest  quarter  of  section  9,  T.  26  N., 
R.  2  E.,  at  southwest  corner  of  Y  road,  south  of  road,  in  root  on 
northeast  side  of  12-inch  hard  maple  tree;    nail 635.93 

T.  26  N.,  R.  2  E.,  north  of  center  of  section  17,  at  Y  road,  on  north- 
east side  of  road,  in  root  on  south  side  of  48-inch  oak  tree;  nail.  .    900.64 

T.  26  N.,  R.  1  E.,  in  southwest  quarter  of  section  12,  at  northeast 

corner  of  road  crossing,   in  field  corner,   3.7   feet  north  of  fence  ^ 

north  of  wagon  road,  5  feet    northeast    of    railroad    right-of-way 

fence;    iron  post  stamped  "626" 626.292 

Bellevue,  lov/a,  opposite,  0.5  mile  from  river,  0.5  meter  from  fence 
in  wagon  road  leading  back  from  ferry  landing,  100  meters  be- 
yond 100-foot  wooden  bridge  across  slough,  to  birch  102  degrees — * 
16.7  meters;  tile  and  pipe;  "Mississippi  River  Commission  Bench 
Mark  173."  (Bridge  and  fence  no  longer  remain  and  no  stump 
of  10-inch  birch;  iron  pipe  has  been  disturbed  and  at  time  visited 
was  half  filled  Vv^ith  water.) 

Cap    on    pipe    594.38 

Bolt    in    tile    590.44 

Blanding,  at  east  corner  of  road,  oposite  general  store,  1.7  feet  south- 
west of  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  27,  631"..    631.354 

T.  27  N.,  R.  1  E.,  0.13  mile  east  of  center  of  section  16,  public  road 
crossing,  south  of  road  on  bank,  40  feet  west  of  railroad,  8  feet 
west  of  line  of  railroad  right-of-way  fence;  iron  post  stamped 
"614"     614.008 


HERRON.]  TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS.  77 

Feet. 

Galena  Junction,  in  southeast  corner  of  cap  on  south  pier  of  Chicago, 
Burlington  and  Nashville  Railroad  drawbridge  across  Galena 
river;    aluminum   tablet  stamped   "606" 606.212 

Galena  Junction,  on  northeast  corner  of  south  pier  of  Illinois  Central 
Railroad  drawbridge  over  Galena  river,  one  foot  from  north  side,  6 
inches  from  east  end,  on  cap,  cross  in  center  of  black  painted  spot 
with  ring  of  white  around  it  (Mississippi  River  Commission  tem- 
porary bench  mark  15-L.  B.) 606.240 

Galena,  at  northeast  corner  of  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Rail- 
road station  grounds,  36.3  feet  northeast  of  northeast  corner  of 
building,  3.6  feet  from  telephone  pole,  7.1  feet  southwest  of  south- 
west corner  of  public  bridge  over  Galena  river;  iron  post  stamped 
"603"     603.191 

T.  28  N.,  R.  1  W.,  east  of  quarter  corner  between  sections  2  and  11, 
east  of  road  in  school  grounds,  in  root  on  southwest  side  of  large 
soft  maple  tree  second  in  row  from  north vv^est  end;  nail  840.39 

T.  28  N.,  R.  1  W.,  near  north  quarter  corner  of  section  2,  at  northwest 
corner  of  Y  road,  in  field,  14  feet  north  of  east  and  west  fence,  1.7 
feet  west  of  north  and  south  fence;   iron  post  stamped  "867"   ....    866.763 

T.  29  N.,  R.  1  W.,  near  center  of  section  24,  at  northeast  corner  of 
crossroads,  in  field,  3.5  feet  north  of  east  and  west  fence,  3  feet  east 
of  north  and  south  fence;    iron  post  stamped  "929" 928.699 

{Line  turns   east.) 

Day's  Siding,  west  of  center  of  section  22,  T.  N.,  R.  1  E.,  road  cross- 
ing Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad,  15  yards  north  of  rail- 
road at  intersection,  1.5  feet  south  of  old  board  and  wire  fence, 
hear  an  old  braced  telephone  pole;   iron  post  stamped  "670"   669.313 

T.  29  N.,  R.  1  E.,  near  center  of  section  27,  at  northeast  corner  of  Y 
road,  1.6  feet  south  of  east  and  west  fence,  8  feet  east  of  fence 
corner;    iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  23,  864"    863.510 

Council  Hill,  section  25,  T.  29  N.,  R.  1  E.,  in  masonry  foundation  to 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  1.7  feet  from  north  corner  in  north- 
west face  of  northeast  wing;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "926"   925.374 

T.  29  N.,  R.  2  E.,  in  southwest  quarter  of  section  30,  at  northeast 
corner  of  T  road,  in  root  on  northwest  side  of  24-inch  oak  tree; 
nail 851.37 

(Turn  east  on  Illinois  Central  Railroad  from  Council  Hill  station.) 

T.  .29  N.,  R.  2  E.,  in  southwest  quarter  of  section  21,  2.57  miles  east 
of  Council  Hill  station,  290  feet  west  of  wagon  road  which  passes 
under  stone  culvert  "W-155-56"  in  right  of  way,  2  feet  south  of 
fence;    iron  post  stamped  "835" 834.690 

Scales  Mound,  22  paces  north  of  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  25  paces 
southwest  of  James  Allen's  general  store,  in  center  of  small  tri- 
angle;   iron   post   stamped    "948" 948.006 

MOKLEY    SCHOOL    WEST,    TO    GALENA. 

T.  28  N.,  R.  2  E.,  in  southeast  quarter  of  section  26,  at  southwest 
corner  of  T  road,  25  feet  east  of  fence  corner,  on  opposite  side  of 
"road  from  Mount  Morley  schoolhouse;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim. 
Trav.   Sta.  No.  18,  1043"    ... 1,042.721 

T.  28  N.,  R.  2  E.,  near  center  of  section  29,  570  feet  east  of  Y  road, 
north  of  road  in  field,  2  feet  north  of  fence;  iron  post  stamped 
"1067" 1,066.176 

T.  28  N.,  R.  1  E.,  near  corner  of  sections  22,  23,  26  and  27,  at  north- 
east corner  of  Y  road,  in  southwest  corner  of  Mt.  Hope  school- 
house  grounds,  4  feet  from  edge  of  bank,  8.5  feet  southwest  of  36- 
inch  hard  maple  tree;  iron  post  stamped  "834" 833.732 


78  YEAR  BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Feet. 
Galena,   at   northeast    corner    of   intersection    of    Bogges    and    Bout- 

hillier  streets,  in  foot  on  west  side  of  36-inch  soft  maple  tree;  nail    785.20 

SCALES    MOUND    SOUTH    TWO   MILES. 

Scales  Mound,  at  southwest  corner  of  schoolhouse  grounds,  2.8  feet 
north  of  wooden  sidewalk  running  east  and  west  on  north  side 
of  schoolhouse;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No,  17,  956".  .    955.640 

T,  28  N.,  R.  2  E.,  near  center  of  section  2,  at  cheese  factory  at  Y 
road,  400  feet  east  of  Y,  in  top  of  south  side  of  west  abutment 
wall  to  iron  bridge;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "833"    832.926 

Apple  River  Quadrangle. 

scales  mound  east,   via  apple  river,  to  near  warren,   thence   south,   via 
stockton,  to  township  line,  thence  west,  to  pleasant  hill  school. 

Sawsiding,  0.6  mile  west  of,  southeast  corner  of  southwest  quarter 
of  section  20,  T.  29  N.,  R.  3  B.,  in  corner  of  field,  20  paces  south 
of  south  rail  of  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  3  paces  east  of  wagon 
road  which  crosses  track;   iron  post  stamped  "987"    986.293 

T.  29  N.,  R.  3  E.,  near  northeast  corner  of  section  22,  2.5  miles  west 
of  Apple  River,  at  southwest  corner  of  north  and  south  road  cross- 
ing Illinois  Central  Railroad,  in  field,  5.7  feet  west  of  fence,  14 
feet  south  of  fence;   iron  post  stamped  "1007"   1,006.885 

Apple  River,  in  southwest  corner  of  yard  of  W.  H.  Smith;  iron  post 

stamped   "Prim.    Trav.    Sta.   No.    16,    994"    994.043 

Apple  River,  at  northeast  corner  of  Railroad  and  Main  streets,  in 
face  of  concrete  walk  in  front  of  Anschutz  Brother's  general  store, 
2.4  feet  east  of  north  and  south  crossing  walk,  0.9  foot  below  pave- 
ment level;    aluminum  tablet   stamped  "996" 995.536 

T.  29  N.,  R.  4  E.,  near  south  quarter  corner  of  section  14,  about 
1.25  miles  northwest  of  Warren,  at  southwest  corner  of  road 
crossing  west  of  road;   iron  post  stamped  "994"   993.187 

T.  29  N.,  R.  4  E.,  north  quarter  corner  of  section  26,  0.25  mile  south 
of  T  road,  at  southwest  corner  of  schoolhouse  grounds,  west  of  road 
south  of  corner,  in  root  on  east  side  of  15-inch  hard  maple  tree 
first  in  row,  nail;  marked  "G.  S.  B.  M.  993.2"   992.86 

T.  29  N.,  R.  4  E.,  about  0.13  mile  west  of  east  quarter  corner  of  sec- 
tion 35,  at  southwest  corner  of  T  road,  in  field,  1.5  feet  south  of 
fence,  2  feet  west  of  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "993"  992.997 

T.  28  N.,  R.  4  E.,  in  southeast  quarter  of  section  14,  at  Y  road,  in 
field  at  northwest  corner  of  Y,  at  Robinson  schoolhouse,  11  feet 
north  of  fence,  8  feet  west  of  fence;   iron  post  stamped  "868"    .  .    867.421 

T.  28  N.,  R.  4  E.,  near  quarter  corner  between  sections  35  and  36,  at 
northeast  corner  of  crossroads  in  field,  5  feet  east  of  north  and 
south  fence,  3  feet  north  of  east  and  west  fence;  iron  post  stamped 
"973" 972.921 

T.  27  N.,  R.  4  E.,  corner  of  sections  11,  12,  13  and  14,  at  southeast 
corner  of  T  road,  in  field,  2.7  feet  south  from  east  and  west  fence, 
3.4  feet  east  of  north  and  south  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "1018".  .1,017.724 

T.  27  N.,  R.  4  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  23  and  26,  south 
of  road  at  crossroads,  about  40  feet  east  of  corner  and  5  feet  south 
of  fence,  in  root  on  north  side  of  18-inch  oak  tree;  nail 808.49 

T.  27  N.,  R.  4  E.,  in  southwest  quarter  of  section  35,  at  southwest 
corner  of  Y  road,  in  field,  4  feet  v/est  of  north  and  south  fence, 
5.3  feet  south  of  east  and  west  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "862".  . .  .    862.290 

T.  27  N.,  R.  4  E.,  in  southeast  quarter  of  section  32,  150  feet  east  of 
iron  bridge  over  (?)  creek,  south  of  road,  in  field,  4  feet  south  of 
fence,  4  feet  east  of  a  fence  running  of£  to  south;  iron  post 
stamped    "781"    780.987 


HERRON.]  .    TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS.  79 

Feet. 

T.  26  N.,  R.  3  E.,  in  northwest  quarter  of  section  2,  at  Y  roarl,  on 
west  side  of  road  at  Y,  in  field,  4  feet  northwest  of  corner  fence 
post;    iron  post  stamped  "990" 989.992 

T.  26  N.,  R.  3  E.,  corner  of  sections  8,  9,  16  and  17,  at  northwest  cor- 
ner of  crossroads,  in  foundation  of  east  wall  0.6  foot  north  of 
southeast  corner  of  Dermda  Center  schoolhouse;  aluminum  tablet 
stamped    "809"    809.204 

FORMER     SITE    OF    RUSH    POST-OFFICE,     WEST    TO    SCHAPVILLE,     THENCE     NORTH     ONE 

AND    A    HALF    MILES. 

T.  28  N.,  R.  4  E.,  in  southwest  quarter  of  section  28,  at  northeast 
corner  of  crossroads  (formerly  "Rush  post  office"),  in  field,  3.5 
feet  east  of  fence,  4.5  feet  north  of  fence,  1.5  feet  west  of  small 
narrow  ditch  drain;    iron  post  stamped  "996"    995.733 

T.  28  N.,  R.  4  E.,  in  northwest  quarter  of  section  29,  north  of  road 
opposite  T.  Uren's  house,  in  root  on  south  side  of  lone  oak  tree; 
nail    969.59 

T.  28  N.,  R.  3  and  4  E.,  about  0.25  mile  south  of  corner  of  sections 
19,  24,  25  and  30,  at  T  road,  north  of  road,  in  southwest  corner 
of  field,  4,5  feet  east  of  fence,  4.5  feet  north  of  fence;  iron  post 
stamped  "932"   931.396 

T.  28  N.,  R.  3  E.,  in  southeast  quarter  of  section  23,  at  southwest 

corner  of  T  road,  in  root  on  north  side  of  48-inch  elm  tree;  nail.  .    708.78 

T.  28  N.,  R.  3  E.,  in  southeast  quarter  of  section  22,  north  of  road 
in  field,,  60  feet  west  of  stone  arch  culvert,  just  east  of  gate  to 
lane  running  north  to  house  of  L.  Schultz,  2.5  feet  north  of  fence; 
iron  post  stamped  "766"    765.386 

Schapville,  in  northeast  quarter  of  section  30,  T.  28  N.,  R.  3  E., 
at  northwest  corner  of  Y  road,  in  east  wall  14.4  feet  north  of 
southeast  corner  of  Zion  Presbyterian  Church  (German) ;  alumi- 
num tablet  stamped  "859" 859.030 

T.  28  N.,  R.  3  E.,  in  northeast  quarter  of  section  19,  0.22  mile  north- 
west of  Y  road,  3.7  feet  below  top  in  west  face  of  north  arch 
abutment  wall  to  iron  bridge;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "731"...    730.563 

Cordova  Qiuidrangle — Henry,  Eock  Island  and  Whiteside  Counties. — 
The  elevations  in  the  following  list  are  based  on  the  Mississippi  Eiver 
Commission  bench  mark  at  Albany^  a  copper  bolt  in  the  west  side  of  the 
southwest  corner  of  foundation  of  brick  store  occupied  b}-  Hopper  and 
Son,  and  marked  "U.  S.  P.  B.  M."  The  elevation  of  this  bench  mark 
is  accepted  as  595.968  feet  above  mean  sea  level  in  accord  with  the 
1907  adjustment.  The  leveling  was  done  in  1896  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Newell, 
levelman. 

This  work  v,^as  done  prior  to  cooperation. 

Cordova  Quadrangle. 

WHITESIDE   COUNTY,    ALBANY   TOWNSHIP.  Feet. 

T  20  N.,  R.  2  E.,  sec.  1,  fourth  principal  meridian,  half  section  line, 

on  south  line;    iron  post  stamped  "678"    .• 679.573 

WHITESIDE    COUNTY,    NEWTON    TOWNSHIP. 

T.  20  N.,  R.  3  E.,  sec.  2,  near  northeast  corner  of  southeast  quarter 
of  northeast  quarter  of,  junction  of  roads  on  east  line  of  section; 
iroji   post   stamped   "702"    703.586 


80  *  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  U 

WHITESIDE    COUNTY,    FENTON    TOWNSHIP.  Feet. 

Fenton,  south  side  of  sidewalk,   about  100    feet    west    of    Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  railroad;    iron  post  stamped  "621"    (marked 
wrong,  should  be  "602")    602.458 

WPIITESIDE    COUNTY,    ERIE    TOWNSHIP. 

Erie,  small  triangular  park  in  public  square;    iron  post  stamped 

"587"     588.435 

HENRY    COUNTY,    PHENIX    TOWNSHIP. 

T.  18  N.,  R.  3  E.,  sec.  12,  northwest  corner  of  northeast  quarter  of 
northwest  quarter,  junction  of  roads,  0.25  mile  west  of  Sharon 
post-office;    iron  post   stamped   "597" 598.324 

HENRY    COUNTY,    LORAINE    TOWNSHIP. 

T.  18  N.,  R.  4  E.,  sec.  6,  near  southeast  corner  of,  junction  of  roads 
at  William  Ornett's  (Sharon  Stock  Farm);  iron  post  stamped 
"627" • 628.228 

ROCK    ISLAND    COUNTY,    COE    TOWNSHIP. 

Hillsdale,  90  feet  east  of  north  end  of  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 

railroad  station;   iron  post  stamped  "598"   (should  be  "578" 578.246 

ROCK    ISLAND    COUNTY,    ZUMA    TOWNSHIP. 

Joslin,  northeast  corner  W.  H.  Whiteside's  yard,  by  Chicago,  Burl- 
ington &  Quincy  railroad;   iron  post  stamped  "581" 582.343 

T.   19  N.,  R.   2   B.,  sec.   23,  southeast  corner   of;    iron   post   stamped 

"679" 680.426 


Evanston,  Higliivood  and  WauJcegan  Quadrangles — Cooh  and  Lahe 
Counties. — The  elevations  in  the  'following  lists  are  based  upon  a  Chi- 
cago City  bench  mark,  a  sqiiare  cut  on  the  corner  of  iron  plate  doorstep 
at  foot  of  round  iron  pillar  at  northeast  corner  of  two-story  brick  build- 
ing at  southwest  corner  of  Lincoln  and  Foster  avenues,  the  elevation  of 
which  is  now  accepted  as  610.696  feet  above  mean  sea  level;  they  are 
also  adjusted  to  agree  with  the  corrected  elevation  of  bench  marks  of 
the  Chicago  Sanitary  District  at  Niles  Center  and  DesPlaines.  The  cor- 
rected elevations  are  derived  by  adding  579.938  feet  to  the  elevations 
given  upon  the  Chicago  City  datum.  The  reference  plane  of  which  is 
the  level  of  the  city  directrix,  the  zero  of  the  lake  gage  and  low  water  of 
1847. 

The  leveling  done  in  1897  prior  to  cooperation  was  by  Mr.  E.  S. 
Smith,  levelman.  In  1906  leveling  was  done  by  Mr.  Heiiry  Bucher, 
levelman,  checking  levels  of  1897  on  the  High  wood  quadrangle  and  ex- 
tending levels  through  the  Waukegan  quadrangle. 

The  standard  bench  marks  established  by  Mr.  E.  S.  Smith  are  stamped 
"Chgo'^  in  addition  to  figures  of  elevation  in  a  few  cases  greatly  in  er- 
ror. Those  established  by  Mr.  Bucher  being  stamped  "Adj  1905"  in  ad- 
dition to  the  figures  of  elevation. 


HERRON  ]  TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS.  81 

BVANSTON    QUADE  ANGLE, 
CHICAGO    NORTH    VIA    EVANSTON    TO    WINNETKA,  Feet. 

Chicago,  southwest  corner  of  Clark  street  and  Pratt  avenue,  north- 
east corner  of  two-story  brick  building;  base  of  iron  column 604.126 

About  T.  44  N.,  R.  14  E.,  Evanston,  Evanston  City  Hall,  north  side 
of  east  entrance,  in  face  of  stone  work  of  18-inches  above  sill; 
bronze  tablet  stamped  "CHiGO  601"   602.153 

Winnetka,  old  town  hall,  30  feet  north  of  northeast  corner  of;   iron 

post  stamped  "CHGO-651" 651.300 

HiGHWooD  Quadrangle. 

EVANSTON   WEST   TO   EAST  EDGE  OF  MAIN   TOWNSHIP,   THENCE  NORTH   TO   SHERMAN- 
VILLE,   THENCE  EAST   TO  WINNETKA. 

Niles  Center,  near  southeast  corner  of  St.  Peters  Church,  projecting 
buttress  front  face  of  stone  v/ater  table;  bronze  tablet  stamped 
"C'HGO    663"    : 623.397 

T.  42  N.,  R.  12  E.,  road  crossing  on  half  section  line  between  sec- 
tion 15  and  16,  0.75  mile  south  of  Shermerville;  iron  post  stamped 
"CHiGO  650" 650.920 

MORTO  WEST  VIA  DES  PLAINES  TO  SEC.  16,  ELK  GROVE  TOWNSHIP,  THENCE  NORTH  VIA 
ARLINGTON  APTAKISIC  AND   HALF  DAY   TO  SEC.   33   LIBERTY   TOWNSHIP. 

DesPlaines,  southwest  wing  of  north  abutment  of  Chicago  and  North 
"Western  Railway  bridge  over  DesPlaines  river,  on  southwest  cor- 
ner of  lower  step;   chiseled  cross  .*. 630.908 

DesPlaines,  stone  foundation  east  side  of  town  hall;   bronze  tablet 

stamped    "CHGO    642"    642.881 

T.  41  N.,  R.  11  E,,  center  of  sec.  24,  south  of  road  at  angle,  0.5  mile 
east  of  crossroads  and  130  feet  east  of  road  to  house  of  H.  Beer, 
0.6  feet  north  of  fence  and  2.5  feet  east  of  north  and  south  line 
fence;  iron  post  stamped  ''666  AD  J  1905"   665.617 

T.  41  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  16,  northeast  quarter  of,  at  southeast  corner 
of  cheese  factory,  south  face  of  brickwork  near  foundation; 
bronze  tablet  stamped  "716  ADJ  1905"  715.922 

T.  42  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  29,  Arlington  Hieight  high  school  building 
(old),  front  face  of  stone  water  table,  at  southwest  corner  of  front 
projection;    bronze  tablet  stamped  "704  ADJ  1905"    703.820 

T.  42  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  8,  northwest  corner,  0.25  miles  east  of,  T  road 
to  south,  at  southwest  corner  of  T  on  west  side  of  road,  8.4  feet 
south  of  fence  corner  and  1  foot  east  of  fence;  iron  post  stamped 
"705  ADJ  1905"    705.137 

T.  43  N.,  R.  11  E.,  southeast  quarter,  0.5  mile  south  of  Aptakisic,  9 
feet  south  of  forks  of  road,  west  side  of  road,  15  feet  east  of  wire 
fence;    iron  post  stamped   "682  ADJ  1905"    681.566 

Aptakisic,  crossing  of  Wisconsin  Central  Railroad,  top  of  southwest 
rail    685.4 

T.  43  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  15,  Half  Day  school  building,  front  face  of 
northwest  corner  of  foundation;  bronze  tablet  stamped  "669 
CHGO" 667.628 

T.  43  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  15,  Dalf  Day,  bridge  over  Indian  Creek,  at 
southwest  corner  of,  top  of  stone  abutment,  6  feet  southwest  of 
end  of  iron  truss;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "654  ADJ  1905" 653.640 

T.  44  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  34,  near  southwest  corner  of,  crossroads,  1400 
feet  east  of,  on  south  side  of,  south  side  of  road,  9.7  feet  west  of 
southwest  corner  of  iron  truss  of  wagon  bridge  over  DesPlaines 
river;  primary  traverse  post  No.  13  stamped  "651  ADJ  1905" 650.883 

-6  G 


82  YEAE-BOOK    FOE    1908.  [BULL.  NO.  14 

HALF  DAY  EAST  TO  KOAD   CROSSING,    CHICAGO,    MILWAUKEE  AND    ST.    PAUL  RAILEOAD 
IN  SECTION  17,   WEST  DEEEFIELD  TOWNSHIP,   THENCE  NORTH  AND 

EAST    TO   LAKE   I'OREST.  Feet. 

T.  43  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  17,  southwest  quarter  of,  water  subway  under 
Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  railroad,  at  road  crossing,  east 
face,  at  northeast  corner  of  stone  work;  bronze  tablet  stamped 
"667  ADJ  1905"    (see  foot  note) 667.017 

T.  43  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  7,  Everett  station,  in  front  of;  top  of  rail 680.7 

T,  44  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  31,  southeast  corner,  0,2  mile  west  of,  and 
road  to  east,  at  southeast  corner  and  on  south  side  of  road,  50  feet    '' 
east  of  fence  corner,  1  foot  north  of  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "675 
ADJ    1905"     675.139 

Durpath,  T.  44  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  32,  at  crossing  of  Chicago  &  North- 
western  railroad;    top  of   rail 674.1 

Note — The  elevation  of  this  bench  mark  is  checked  also  by  old  line  from 
Shermerville.  ♦ 

Waukegan  Quadrangle, 

section  33,  liberty  township,  north  via  libertyville  to  rosecrans,  thence 
east  and  south  to  zion  city  and  south  to  lake  forest. 

T.  44  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  33,  in  northeast  quarter  of;  top  of  rail  at 
crossing  of  Elgin,   Joliet   &  Eastern   railroad 673.5 

Libertyville  station,  T.  44  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  21,  crossing  of  Chicago 

&  Milwaukee  Electric  railroad;    top  of  rail 699.0 

Libertyville,  T.  44  N.,.  R.  11-  E.,  sec.  16,  in  town  hall,  east  front, 
at  southeast  corner  of  building,  in  stone  foundation  1.3  feet  above 
ground;    aluminum  tablet  stamped  "698  ADJ  1905" -.    698.173 

Libertyville,  T.  44  N,,  R.  11  E.,  sec.   16,  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St. 

Paul  railroad  station,  in  front  of;    top  of  rail.. 692.4 

T.  44  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec,  4,  west  quarter  corner,  0.2  mile  east  of,  T 
road  west,  on  east  side  of  road,  opposite  T,  on  line  with  east  and 

'  west  fence  line,  1.2  feet  west  of  fence  and  45  feet  south  of  tele- 
graph pole;   iron  post  stamped  "660  ADJ  1905" 659.433 

T.  45  N.,  R.  11  E,,  sec.  32,  in  northwest  quarter  .of,  T.  road  south, 
southeast  corner  of,  on  east  side  of  road,  2.1  feet  west  of  old  fence 
line  and  21  feet  south  of  new  east  and  west  fence  line;  iron  post 
stamped  "766  ADJ  1905" 765.949 

T.  45  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  20,  east  quarter  corner  of,  crossroads,  at  north- 
vfest  corner  of,  in  school  yard,  on  north  side  of  road  inside  of 
fence  line,  1  foot  north  of  fence  and  4.2  feet  west  of  fence  corner, 
at  southeast  corner  of  school  yard;  iron  post  stamped  "760  ADJ 
1905" 759.773 

T.  45  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  5,  east  quarter  corner,  of,  crossroads  at  north- 
east corner,  on  north  side  of  road,  40  feet  east  of  fence  corner,  1 
foot  south  of  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "720  ADJ  190t)",  ,  , 719.437 

T.  46  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  29,  north  quarter  corner  of,  crossroads,  south- 
east corner  of,  east  side  of  road,  20  feet  south  of  fence-  corner,  1.2 
feet  west  of  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "713  ADJ  1905" 762.518 

T.  46  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  16,  center  of,  crossroads  at  Rosecrans,  at 
northwest  corner  of,  on  north  side  of  road,  1  foot  south  of  fence, 
11  feet  west  of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped  "722  ADJ  1905".  .  .     722.230 

T.  46  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  15,  near  center  of,  crossing  of  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee and  St.  Paul  Railroad;  top  of  rail ■ 697.8 

T,  46  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  14,  east  quarter  corner  of,  crossroads,  at  south- 
east corner,  on  east  side  of  road  and  8  feet  south  of  fence  corner; 
iron  post  stamped  "701  ADJ  1905" -. 700.974 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS.  88 

Feet. 

T.  46  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  13,  west  quarter  corner,  0.3  mile  east  of,  cross- 
ing of  Chicago  and  North  Western  Railroad;  top  of  rail 695.8 

T.  46  N.,  R.  12  B.,  sec.  18,  0.3  mile  west  of,  crossroads,  at  northwest 
corner  of,  on  north  side  of  road  (on  bank),  2.3  feet  south  of  old 
board  fence,  and  14.5  feet  west  of  east  line  of  fence;  iron  post 
stamped  "714  ADJ  1905"    713.751 

T.  46  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  21,  Zion  City,  crossing  of  Chicago  and  North 
Western  Railroad;   top  of  rail 630.3 

T.  46  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  21,  southeast  corner  of,  crossroads  at  Lake 
Mound  Cemetery,  Zion  City,  southeast  corner  of  crossroads,  east 
side  of  road,  1  foot  west  of  cemetery  fence;  iron  post  stamped 
"633   ADJ   1905"....'  .^ 632.519 

T.  45  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  4,  southeast  corner,  0.2  mile  west  of,  T  road 
to  west,  at  southwest  corner  of  T,  south  side  of  road,  1.2  feet  north 
of  fence,  9  feet  west  of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped  "647  ADJ 
1905"     * 646.570 

T.  45  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  16,  east  quarter  corner,  0.3  mile  west  of  T 
road  to  west,  northwest  corner  of  T,  top  of  fire  plug,  Sheridan 
Road  and  Glen  Flora  Avenue 642.970 

Waukegan,  northeast  corner  of  stone  window  sill,  in  east  front  of 

Lake  County  Courthouse  (City  bench  marks,  no  marks) 664.115 

Waukegan,  T.  45  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  21,  Lake  County  Courthouse,  east 
entrance,  in  stone  base  of  two  columns,  on  north  side  of  entrance; 
aluminum  tablet  stamped  "669  ADJ  1905" .    668.387 

T.  45  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  4,  northwest  quarter  of,  18th  street  station 
Chicago,  Milwaukee  Electric  Railroad,  Elgin,  Joliet  and  Eastern 
Railroad  bridge  over  Chicago  and  North  Western,  C.  &  M.  Electric 
Railroad  and  wagon  road,  west  abutment  wall,  in  top  of  projection 
of  bottom  course  of  masonry,  4.2  feet  north  of  south  end  of  wall 
and  1.5  feet  above  pavement;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "659  ADJ 
1905" 658.935 

T.  44  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  20,  Lake  Bluff,  Chicago  and  North  Western 
Railroad,  bridge  over  wagon  road  and  Chicago  and  Milwaukee 
Electric  road,  south  of  station,  in  top  of  stone  foundation  v/all 
supporting  iron  column,  between  Electric  ( Liberty ville  branch), 
and  wagon  roaa,  in  top  of  wall,  3  feet  northwest  of  southeast  end 
of;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "671  ADJ  1905" 670.778 

T.  44  N.,  R.  12  E.,  sec.  33,  Lake  Forest,  at  southeast  corner  of  city 
hall  grounds;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Post.  No.  12-713- 
ADJ-1905"     712.913 


Wheaton  Quadrangle — DuPage  County. — The  elevations  in  the  follow- 
ing list  upon  bench  marks  established  at  Bartlett  and  Eoselle  by  the 
U.  S.  Army  Engineers,  and  upon  the  1907  adjustment  datum. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1905  by  Mr.  E.  C.  Howard. 

The  work  was  done  in  cooperation  with  the  State  and  the  standard 
bench  marks  are  stamped  with  the  State  name. 

Wheaton  Quadkangle. 

bartlett  south  along  highways  to  west  chicago,  thence  east  by  chicago, 
and  northwesteen  railway  to  glen  ellyn,  thence  north  along  highway 
and  chicago  and  great  western  railway  to  eoselle.  feet. 

Bartlett,  U.  S.  A.  Engineers  B.  M.  No.  89,  150  meters  northwest  of 
station;  100  meters  north  of  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Ry. 
track,  in  stone  foundation  of  Congregational  Church,  center  of 
copper  bolt  leaded  horizontally  on  east  face  of  southeast  corner...    804.055 


84  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Feet. 

T.  40  N.,  R.  9  E.,  near  northeast  cor.  sec.  9,  stone  bridge  over  small 
stream;  in  southeast  corner  of  east  wall;  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"787    ILLINOIS    1905" 787.419 

Ingalton  T.  40  N.,  R.  9  E.,  cor.  sees.  27,  28,  33  and  34,  0.25  mile  west 
of,  Ingalton  schoolhouse,  south  wall,  southwest  corner;  aluminum 
tablet  stamped  "795  ILLINOIS  1905" 794.837 

West  Chicago,  City  Hall,  east  wall,   2  feet  from   southeast  corner; 

aluminum  tablet  stamped  "784  ILLINOIS  1905" 784.078^ 

Winfield,  150  feet  east  of  station,  75  feet  south  of  C.  &  N.  W.  Ry., 
stone  culvert,  east  side  of  road;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "727 
ILLINOIS    1905" 726.667 

Wheaton,  courthouse,  north  side  of  west  entrance;   aluminum  tablet 

stamped  "753   ILLINOIS  1905" 752.87a 

Glen  Ellyn,  high  school,  north  wall,  6  feet  west  of  entrance;  alumi- 
num tablet  stamped  "766  Ii^i^INOIS  1905" 766.058 

Bloomingdale,  Kolbusch  &  Hauseminn  store  building,  west  v/all,  35 
feet  south  of  north  wall;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "771  ILLINOIS 
1905" 771.127 

Roselle,  Du  Page  Co.,  111.,  on  southeast  corner  of  Cnicago  St.  and 
road  crossing  it,  in  north  face  of  foundation  wall  of  brick  business 
building  of  Mathew  Seeker,  sta'nding  about  80  meters  north  of 
track,  center  of  copper  bolt  leaded  horizontally,  3  feet  from  north- 
east corner  and  2  feet  above  ground  (Army  Engineers  P.  B.  M.  90)    772.156 

GLEN    ELLYN    SOUTH    ALONG    HIGHWAYS    TO    LISLE,    THENCE    WEST    AND    NORTH    BY 
NAPERVILLE  AND   WAEEENHUEST   TO   WEST   CHICAGO. 

T.  39  N.,  R.  0.0  E.,  sec.  35,  near  southwest  corner  northwest  quarter 
of,  west  side,  south  abutment,  small  bridge;  aluminum  tablet 
stamped  "697  ILLINOIS  1905"   697.502 

Lisle,   0.2   mile  west  of,   C.   B.   &  Q.   Ry.   bridge   over   east  branch 
Du    Page    River,    east    abutment,    north    side;     aluminum    tablet 
stamped  "674  ILLINOIS  1905"    674.469- 

Naperville,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  rail 715.5 

Naperville,  Nicholas  Library  Building,  southeast  corner  Van  Buren 
Ave.,  and  Washington  street,  west  wall,  northwest  corner;  alumi- 
num tablet  stamped  "693  ILLINOIS  1905" 693.310 

T.  38  N.,  R.  9  E.,  sec.  16,  near  southeast  corner  of  northeast  quarter; 
rock  culvert,  east  abutment,  north  side; -aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"697    ILLINOIS  ^1905" 697.311 

Warrenhurst,  275  feet  east  of  railway  track,  50  feet  north  of  road, 
south  wall,  rock  foundation  Daw  Bros,  house,  10  feet  west  of 
southeast  corner;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "732  ILLINOIS  1905".    732.328: 

AT    ITASKA. 

Itaska,  80  meters  north  of  track  of  C.  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  R.,  in  a  north- 
easterly direction  from  station,  in  east  foundation  wall  frame  store 
building  of  Dr.  E.  Smith;  being  center  of  copper  bolt  leaded  hori- 
zontally, 2  feet  from  southeast  corner  (Army  Engineers  P.  B. 
M.    91) 699.10T 


Hennepin,  LaSalle  anS  Toluca  Quadrangles — Bureau,  LaSalle  and 
Putnam  Counties. — The  elevations  in  the  following  list  are  based  upon 
the  U.  S.  Army  Engineers^  precise  level  line  along  the  Illinois  river, 
and  upon  the  1907  adjustment  datum. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1903  by  Henry  Blicher. 

The  work  was  done  in  cooperation  with  the  State  and  the  standard' 
bench  marks  are  stamped  with  the  State  name. 


JIERRON.J  TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS.  '  85 

Hennepin  Quadeangle. 

two  miles  west  of  granville,  via  hennepin,  to  chicago,  rock  island  and 
pacific  railroad  near  bureau. 

Feet. 

T.  32  N.,  R.  1  W.,  0.12  mile  west  of  quarter  corner  between  sections 
7  and  8,  at  southeast  corner  of  T  road,  on  line  of  east  and  west 
fence,  13.7  feet  east  of  north  and  south  fence  line;  iron  post 
stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  5  690" 690.677 

T.  32  N.,  R.  2  W.,  0.25  mile  west  of  quarter  corner  between  sections 
11  and  12,  southwest  corner  of  crossroads,  west  of  road,  14.6  feet 
south  of  fence  corner,  1.1  feet  east  of  fence;  iron  post  stamped 
"556"     555.946 

Hennepin  courthouse,  southeast  corner  of  grounds,  2.5  feet  north  of 

hitching  rack;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  13  505"...    505.407 

Hennepin,  on  west  bank  of  Illinois  River,  90  feet  north  of  road,  near 
edge  01  water,  in  root  oi  large  cottonwood  tree;  railroad  spike. . . .    443.42 

Permanent  Bench  Mark  69,  Illinois  River  Survey 462.792 

BUREAU  SOUTHWEST,  TO  SOUTHWEST  CORNER  SEC.  29,  T.  15  N.,  E.  9  E.,  THENCE 
NORTH,  TO  PRINCETON,  THENCE  NORTHEAST  ALONG  DOVER  EOAD  ABOUT  4  MILES* 
THENCE  EAST,  TO  SECOND  CROSSING  CHICAGO,  BURLINGTON  AND   QUINCY  RAILROAD. 

Temporary  Bench  Mark,  Illinois  River  Survey        }   check  line  be-        472.386 

Permanent  Bench  Mark  69,  Illinois  River  Survey  f  tween  benches.       462.792 

T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  southwest  quarter  of  section  25,  in  northvs^est  angle 

of  road,  in  fence  line,  in  root  of  lone  oak  tree;  nail 648.93 

T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  26  and  35,  T  road 
at  schoolhouse  district  No.  174,  northwest  corner  of  school  yard, 
opposite  T  road,  14  feet  east  of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped 
"656" 655.744 

T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  27  and  34,  south- 
west corner  of  T  road,  at  fence  corner,  in  root  on  north  side  of 
hard  maple  tree;    nail 654.86 

T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  northeast  corner  of  section  32,  350  feet  east  of  T 
road,  in  top  1.8  feet  from  east  end  of  north  wall  of  concrete  cul- 
vert;   chiseled   square 633.34 

T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  northeast  corner  of  section  31,  southeast  corner  of 
crossroads,  south  of  road,  on  line  of  east  and  west  fence;  iron  post 
stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  12  687"   687.351 

T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  in  southeast  quarter  of  section  7,  northeast  corner 

of  T  road,  4.9  feet  east  of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped  "512". .    511.536 

T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  near  northwest  corner  of  section  8,  west  of  road,  in 
yard  of  W.  H.  Bryant,  100  feet  south  of  northeast  fence  corner, 
in  spread  root  2.5  feet  east  of  trunk  of  oak  tree;  nail 639.17 

T.  16  N.,  R.  9  E.,  center  of  section  32,  at  southeast  corner  of  T  road, 
on  east  side  of  road,  10  feet  south  of  fence  corner;  iron  post 
stamped    "686" 685.645 

T.  16  N.,  R.  9  E.,  in  southeast  quarter  of  section  29,  near  southwest 
corner  of  school  yard  on  east  side  of  T  road,  in  root  of  maple 
tree;    nail ' 696.91 

Princeton,  Bureau  County  Courthouse,  in  southeast  corner  of 
grounds,  35.7  feet  north  of  curb  line  around  south  edge  of  grounds 
(South  street),  3.6  feet  west  of  west  edge  of  concrete  walk  along 
east  side  of  grounds  (Second  street);  iron  post  stamped  "719"....    718.767 

T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  0.1  mile  west  of  quarter  corner  between  sections 
3  and  10,  northeast  corner  of  crossroads,  in  Meyers  (?)  school 
yard;    iron  post  stamped   "735" 735.452 

T.  16  N.,  R.  9  E.,  northwest  corner  of  section  2,  0.25  mile  east  of,  at 
northeast  corner  of  crossroads,  in  field,  in  root  at  southwest  side 
of  lone  soft  maple  tree;    nail 730.77 


86  .  YEAK-BQOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

T.  16  and  17  N.,  R.  9  and  10  E.,  township  corner,  southeast  corner 
of  crossroads,  east  of  road,  25  feet  south  of  fence  corner,  1  foot 
west  of  fence;   iron  post  stamped  "715" 714.827 

T.  16  and  17  N.,  R.  10  E.,  corner  of  sections  5,  6,  31  and  32,  south- 
west corner  of  T  road,  in  field,  in  north  side  in  root  of  large  soft 
maple  tree  nearest  to  fence  corner;  nail 698.84 

T,  16  N.,  R.  10  E.,  northern  boundary  of  section  3,  quarter  corner, 
southeast  of  junction  of  two  T  roads,  25  feet  east  of  fence  corner, 
1  foot  north  of  fence;   iron  post  stamped  "728" 727.546 

T.  16  and  17  N.,  R.  10  and  11  E.,  township  corner,  north  side  of  T 
road,  26  feet  west  of  fence  corner  opposite  T,  1.2  feet  south  of 
fence;    iron    post   stamped   "687" 686.699 

T.  16  N.,  R.  11  E.,  northeast  corner  of  section  6,  southwest  corner  of 
crossroads,  in  school  yard,  near  fence  corner,  in  root  on  northwest 
side  of  large  soft  maple  tree;   nail 678.75 

PRINCETON     NORTHWEST     AND     NORTH,     THENCE     EAST,     VIA     LIMERICK,     TO     PRINCE 

SCHOOL. 

T.  16  N.,  R.  9  E.,  near  quarter  corner  between  sections  4  and  5,  50 
feet  north  of  Y  road,  in  field  on  east  side  of  road,  in  top  of  con- 
crete wall;    chiseled  square;    marked   "671.8" 671.78 

T.  17  N.,  R.  9  E.,  quarter  corner  between  section  29  and  32',  south- 
west corner  of  Y  road,  south  of  road,  39  feet  west  of  fence  corner, 
1.3  feet  north  of  fence;    iron  post  stamped  "669" 669.224 

T.  17  N.,  R.  9  E.,  west  of  quarter  corner  betv\^een  sections  18  and  19, 
northwest  corner  of  Y  road,  north  of  road,  12.5  feet  west  of  fence 
corner,  1  foot  south  of  fence;   iron  post  stamped  "693"   .  .^ 692.53^ 

T.  17  N.,  R.  9  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  6  and  7,  southwest 
corner  of  crossroads,  in  root  on  northwest  side  of  soft  maple  tree 
18  inches  in  diameter,  nail;  marked  "G.  S.  B.  M.  717.8" 717.80 

T.  17  N„  R.  9  E.,  north  quarter  of  section  6,  southeast  corner 
of  T  road,  1.9  feet  northwest  of  corner  fence  post;  iron  post 
stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  10,  740" 739.661 

Limerick,  0.25  mile  east  of  northwest  corner  of  section  4,  T.  17  N., 
R.  9  E.,  at  crossroads,  20  feet  east  of  fence  corner,  south. of  road, 
in  yard,  in  root  on  northwest  side  of  30-inch  soft  maple  tree;  nail; 
marked    "733.3" 733.41 

T.  17  N.,  R.  9  E.,  northwest  corner  of  section  2,  at  northwest  corner 
of  crossroads,  north  of  road,  26  feet  west  of  iarge  sort  maple  tree 
at  fence  corner,  0.7  foot  south  of  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "736". . .    735.987 

T.  17  and  18  N.,  R.  9  and  10  E.,  township  corner,  at  T  road,  west  of 
road,  in  field,  in  root  on  east  side  of  oak  tree  26  inches  in 
diameter,  nail;    marked  "G.   S.  B.  M.  738.2" 738.33 

T.  17  N.,  R.  10  E.,  northwest  corner  of  section  5,  at  southeast  corner 
of  crossroads,  1.3  feet  northwest  of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped 
"Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  9,  749" 748.858 

T.  17  N.,  R.  10  E.,  just  east  of  northwest  corner  of  section  1,  at 
southwest  corner  of  crossroads,  south  of  road,  11.6  feet  west  of 
fence  corner,  2.3  feet  north  of  fence;  iron  post  stamped  by  mis- 
take   "726" 767.218 

T.  17  N.,  R.  11  E.,  near  northwest  corner  of  section  6,  5  feet  from 

west  end  of  north  wall  of  concrete  culvert;  chiseled  square 764.02 

INTERSECTION    OF    TOWNSHIP    LINE    WITH    PRINCETON-DOVER    ROAD    NORTH,    TO    CHI- 
CAGO,   BURLINGTON    AND    QUINCY    RAILROAD. 

T.  17  N.,  R.  9  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  26  and  27,  north- 
west corner  of  crossroads,  in  house  yard,  in  root  on  southeast 
side  of  16-inch  hard  maple  tree  nearest  fence  corner,  nail;  marked 
"698.5" 698.39 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS.  87 

Feet. 

T.  17  N.,  R.  9  E.,  northeast  o£  west  quarter  of  section  23,  center  of 
triangle  at  Y  road,  in  root  on  .southwest  side  of  18-inch  ash  tree, 
nail;    marked   "708.9" 708.83 

T.  17  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  of  sections  2,  3,  10  and  11,  northeast  corner 
of  crossroads,  west  side  of  school  yard,  in  root  on  west  side  of 
24-inch  elm  tree  nearest  to  southwest  corner  of  yard,  nail; 
marked    "721.9" 721.75 

LaSalle  Quadeangle. 

from  noethwest  coener  sec.  5,  t.  16  n.,  e.  11  e.,  east  along  highway  foe  12* 

miles,  thence  soueh,  via  utica,  to  lowell,  thence 

west,  via  ticona,  to  granvili.e. 

{For  Ticona  see  Toluca  Quadrangle.) 

T.  16  N.,  R.  11  E.,  corner  of  sections  4,  5,  32  and  33,  at  crossroads, 
at  northeast  corner  of  iron  bridge  over  Negro  creek,  on  top  of 
concrete   abutment,   chiseled   square;    marked   "653.7", 653.64 

T.  16  N.,  R.  11  E.,  corner  of  sections  3,  4,  33  and  34,  at  junction  of 
two  T  roads,  north  of  road,  opposite  T,  54  feet  west  of  fence  cor- 
•  ner  at  northwest  corner  of  junction  of  two  T  roads,  1.3  feet  south 
of    fence;    iron    post    stamped    "675"    674.808 

T.  16  N.,  R.  11  E.,  northeast  corner  of  section  1,  northwest  corner 
of  T  road,  12.5  feet  w^est  of  fence  corner,  1.1  feet  south  of  fence; 
iron    post    stamped    "663"     663.265 

T.  34  N.,  R.  1  E.,  0.6  mile  west  of  corner  of  sections  17  ,18,  19  and 
20,  at  northeast  corner  of  small  iron  bridge  over  Spring  creek, 
on  top  of  stone  abutment  2.5  feet  southwest  of  northeast  corner 
and  0.4  foot  from  west  edge;    chiseled  square   640.68 

T.  34  N.,  R.  1  E.,  corner  of  sections  15,  16,  21  and  22,  at  northwest 
corner  of  crossroads,  in  southeast  corner  of  Center  schoolhouse 
District  No.  175  yard,  17  feet  west  of  fence  corner,  1.2  feet  north 
of  fence;   iron  post  stamped  "659" 658.869 

T.  34  N.,  R.  1  E.,  east  of  corner  of  sections  14,  15,  22  and  23,  north- 
east corner  of  iron  bridge  over  Vermilion  river,  on  top  of  east 
end  of  wing  wall,  chiseled  square;    marked  "G.  S.  B.  M."    599.90 

T.  34  N.,  R.  1  E.,  0.16  mile  east  of  corner  of  sections  13,  14,  23  and 
24,  south  end  of  east  concrete  abutment  to  bridge  over  Toma- 
hawk creek,  on  top  of  bridge  seat,  0.7  foot  south  of  south  etdge 
of  truss,  0.7  foot  east  of  west  edge  of  abutment,  chiseled  square; 
marked   "613" 612.78 

T.  34  N.,  R.  2  E.,  corner  of  sections  17,  18,  19  and  20,  100  feet  east 
of  crossroads,  in  yard  on  south  side  of  road,  in  root  on  northeast 
side  of  24-inch  poplar  tree;    nail    683.58 

T.  34  N.,  R.  2  E.,  corner  of  sections  16,  17,  20  and  21,  southeast  cor- 
ner of  crossroads,  south  of  road,  3.5  feet  east  of  fence  corner,  0.9 
foot  north  of  fence;   iron  post  stamped  "640"   640.095 

T.  34  N.,  R.  2  E.,  0.25  mile  south  of  corner*  of  sections  20,  21,  28 
and  29,  on  top  of  concrete  abutment  at  southwest  corner  of 
bridge  over  Peumsaugum  creek;    chiseled   square    ;..    595.91 

T.  33  N.,  R.  2  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  4  and  5,  at  north- 
west corner  of  crossroads,  on  line  of  fence  running  east  and  west, 
3.7  feet  east  of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta. 
No.    8,    619"     619.081 

T.  33  N.,  R.  2  E.,  west  of  east  quarter  corner  of  section  8,  west 
of  Y  road,  on  top  of  masonry  abutment  near  northeast  corner  of 
small  bridge,   chiseled   square;    marked   "496.8" 496.63 


88  YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908.  .  [BULL.  no.  14 

Feet. 

Utiea,  about  1  mile  south  of,  on  top  of  northeast  end  stone  of  lowest 
stepped  course  below  bridge  seat  of  east  wing  wall  of  north  stone 
abutment  of  Utica  bridge  over  the  Illinois  river,  chiseled  square; 
marked    "U.[]S." 454.645 

T.  33  N.,  R.  2  E.,  southeast  quarter  of  section  18,  1.3  miles  west  of 
Utica  bridge  over  Illinois  river,  near  junction  of  river  road  and 
road  to  Utica,  2.33  feet  west  of  east  fence  of  north  and  south  road, 
66.7  feet  north  of  center  of  wagon  track  of  river  road,  61.5  feet 
north  of  junction  jof  above  mentioned  fence  with  north  fence  of 
river  road,   16.5   feet  north   of  small  box   elder  tree;    stone,   pipe     . 

,  j  Elevation  of  bolt  in  stone 451.421 

^^^   ^^^    I  Elevation   of   cap    455.376 

Utica,  1  mile  south  of,  in  top  of  concrete  cap  of  first  pier  south  of 
north  end  of  wagon  bridge  over  Illinois  river;  aluminum  tablet 
stamped    ''468"    *. 467.707 

T.  33  N.,  R.  2  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  32  and  313,  in  south- 
west corner  of  Clayton  School  District  No.  169  yard,  opposite  cen- 
ter of  T  road,  7.8  feet  east  of  old  fence  corner,  1.1  feet  north 
of  old  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "651"  650.559 

T.  32  N.,  R.  2  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  4  and  5,  lane  to 
east  and  road  angle  to  southwest,  in  center  of  triangle,  in  root 
on  northv/est  side  of  18-inch  hickory  tree,  nail;   marked  "647.3"..    647.33 

T.  32  N.,  R.  2  E.,  southeast  quarter  of  section  8,  in  top  of  south- 
east corner  of  concrete  wing  wall  of  iron  bridge  over  Vermilion 
river,  0.8  foot  southeast  of  north  edge  and  0.1  foot  west  of  east 
edge;    chiseled   square    533.84 

Lowell,  0.25  mile  south  of,  0.25  mile  south  of  corner  of  sections  8, 
9,  16  and  17,  T.  32  N.,  R.  2  E.,  at  northwest  corner  of  crossroads, 
1.5  feet  east  of  fence  line,  1.8  feet  south  of  fence  line,  1.8  feet 
southeast  of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta. 
No.    7,    632" 631.623 

T.  32  N.,  R.  2  E.,  near  center  of  section  17,  100  feet  northeast  of 
T  road,  in  top  of  stone  abutment  at  southeast  corner  of  iron  bridge, 
chiseled  square;   marked  "636.5"    636.65 

T.  32  N.,  R.  1  E.,  0.13  mile  west  of  corner  of  sections  11,  12,  13  and 
14,  100  feet  west  of  center  of  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  south  of    ' 
road,  10  feet  east  of  small  wild  cherry  tree,  0.8  foot  north  of  fence; 
iron   post   stamped   "665"    665.334 

T.  32  N.,  R.  1  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  10  and  15,  at  north- 
east corner  of  T  road,  in  yard,  in  root  on  west  side  of  19-inch  box 
elder  tree  near  fence  corner,  nail;  marked  on  fence  "669.0"  669.22 

T.  32  N.,  R.  1  E.,  northwest  corner  of  section  16,  southeast  corner 
of  crossroads,  east  of  road,  1.8  feet  south  of  fence  corner  1.4  feet 
west  of  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  6,  668"...    668.487 

T.  32  N.,  R.  1  E.,  corner  of  sections  7,  8,  17  and  18,  150  feet  west 
of  crossroads,  south  of  road,  in  root  on  north  side  of  large  branch- 
ing elm  tree,  nail;   marked  "G.  S.  B.  M." 679.14 

T.  32  N.,  R.  1  W.,  at  quarter  corner  east  side  of  section  12,  at  T 
road,  south  of  road,  20  feet  west  of  fence  corner,  1  foot  north  of 
fence;    iron  post  stamped   "679"    679.431 

Standard,  at  southeast  corner  of  crossroads  at,  quarter  corner  be- 
tween sections  11  and  12,  T.  32  N.,  R.  1  W.,  in  front  of  E.  W. 
Berta's  saloon,  0.1  foot  east  of  curb  edge  and  on  line  with  north 
line  of  saloon  building,  on  concrete  pavement,  chiseled  square; 
marked    "684.1"     , 684.12 

T.  32  N.,  R.  1  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  9  and  10,  at  cross- 
roads at  southeast  corner  of  GranvilleChicago-Milwaukee  and  St. 
Paul  Railroad  crossing,  just  north  of  grain  elevator  and  foundry 
and  machine  shops,  north  of  road,  22  feet  west  of  fence  corner,  1 
foot  south  of  fence;   iron  post  stamped  "688" 688.060 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS.  89 

Feet. 

T.  32  N.,  R.  1  W.,  east  of  center  of  section  9,  south  of  road,  in  field, 
east  of  main  north  and  south  street  in  Granville,  in  root  on  west 
side  of  24-inch  maple  tree,  nail;   marked  "689.8"   689.80 

T.  32  N.,  R.  1  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  8  and  9,  0.25  mile 
west  of,  southwest  corner  of  T  road,  in  house  yard  near  fence 
corner,  in  root  on  northwest  side  of  13-inch  ash  tree,  nail;  marked 
on    fence    "717.0"     - 717.12 

PEICE  SCHOOL,  EAST  TO  TRIUMPH,   THENCE  SOUTH  TO  ABOVE  LINE. 

T.  17  N.,  R.  11  E.,  northwest  corner  of  section  4,  southeast  corner 
of  crossroads  at  Price  school,  road  by'  school  house;  iron  post 
stamped    ("776"   Prim.   Trav.    Sta.   No.    3)     775.354 

T.  17  N.,  R.  11  E.,  northwest  corner  of  section  1,  southwest  corner 
of  T  road,  south  of  road,  22,4  feet  west  of  fence  corner,  1.4  feet 
north  of  fence;    iron  post  stamped  "722"    721.402 

T.  35  N.,  R.  1  B.,  northeast  corner  of  section  20,  northwest  corner 
of  crossroads,  7  feet  west  of  hedge  corner,  2  feet  south  of  hedge, 
2.6  feet  west  of  telephone  pole;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim,  Trav. 
Sta.   No.    2,    703" 707.709 

T.  35  N.,  R.  1  E.,  0.25  mile  west  of  center  of  section  23,  southwest 
corner  of  crossroads,  1  foot  south  of  north  end  of  concrete  step  at 
entrance  on  east  side  of  Christian  church,  1  foot  east  of  build- 
ing;   aluminum    tablet   stamped   "684"    684.340 

T.  35  N.,  R.  1  E.,  center  of  section  24,  180  feet  east  of  T  road,  in  top 
of  concrete  wing  wall  near  west  edge  of  abutment  at  southwest 
corner  of  small  iron  bridge,  chiseled  square;   marked  "650.2"   ....    650.15 

Triumph,  in  concrete  walk  at  northwest  corner  of  First  National 
Bank,  0.5  foot  west  of  building  and  0.8  foot  south  of  north  edge 
of  building;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  1, 
670"     : 670.601 

T.  35  N.,  R.  2  E.,  northwest  corner  of  section  28,  southeast  corner  of 
crossroads,  in  root  on  south  side  of  31-inch  cottonwood  tree,  nail; 
marked    "657.0"     656.99 

T.  34  N.,  R.  2  E.,  northeast  corner  of  section  5,  southwest  corner 
of  junction  of  two  T  roads,  south  of  road,  9.5  feet  west  of  fence 
corner,  1.1  feet  north  of  fence;   iron  post  stamped  "673"  672.676 

T.  34  N.,  R.  2  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  4  and  5  southwest 
corner  of  crossroads,  in  root  on  north  side  of  47-inch  cottonwood 
tree,  nail;   marked  "706.5"   706.50 

T.  34  N.,  R.  2  E.,  northeast  corner  of  section  20,  southwest  corner 

of  crossroads,  on  top  of  concrete  culvert;    chiseled  square    640.10 

FOUR  CORNERS  AT  NEGRO  CREEK,   NORTH,  VIA  ARLINGTON,  TO  PRICE  SCHOOL. 

T.  16  N.  and  17  N.,  R.  11  E.,  corner  of  sections  4,  5,  32  and  33,  on 

abutment  of  bridge  over  Negro  creek;   chiseled  square   653.64 

T.  17  N.,  R.  11  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  20  ahd  21,  at 
north  side  of  crossroads,  at  southeast  corner  of  small  iron  bridge, 
on  I  beam  embedded  in  edge  of  small  concrete  abutment,  chiseled 
cross;    marked    "685.7" 685.53 

T.  17  N.,  R.  11  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  16  and  17,  south- 
west corner  of  crossroads,  south  of  road,  22  feet  west  of  fence 
corner,  1.2  feet  north  of  fence;   iron  post  stamped  "724"   723.522 

PERU    SOUTLI,    TO    CEDAR   POINT. 

Peru,  at  foot  of  Marion  street,  in  top  of  bridge  seat  course  of  pier 
at  north  end  of  draw  span  of  highway  bridge  over  Illinois  river, 
1:3  feet  from  north  face  and  1.25  feet  from  west  end  of  pier;  top 
of  copper  bolt;  marked  "U.  S.  (.)  P.  B.  M."  (U.  S.  Army  En- 
gineers'  bench   mark)    458.954 


90  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Feet. 

T.  33  N.,  R.  1  E.,  near  southeast  corner  of  section  20,  on  top  near 
northeast  corner  of  first  course  of  masonry  below  bridge  seat  of 
abutment  at  southeast  corner  of  iron  bridge  over  slough;  chis- 
eled   square     458.33 

T.  33  N.,  R.  1  E.,  center  of  section  32,  northwest  corner  of  T  road, 
west  of  road,  1.2  feet  east  of  fence,  32  feet  north  of  east  and  west 

fence  line  on  north  side  of  road;   iron  post  stamped  "645" 645.433 

T.  32  N.,  R.  1  E.,  near  east  quarter  corner  of  section  5,  on  top  of 
masonry  abutment  near  northwest  corner  of  small  iron  "bridge; 
chiseled    square 625.29, 

ToLucA  Quadrangle. 

LOWELL,  TO  TieONA,   THENCE  NOETHWEST. 

Ticona  station,  in  southeast  quarter  of  section  24,  T.  32  N.,  R.  I.E., 
at  road  crossing  on  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad, 
southeast  side  of  road,  95  feet  northeast  of  center  of  track,  11 
feet  northeast  of  old  fence  corner,  1  foot  northwest  of  old  fence, 
22.5  feet  northeast  of  telephone  pole;   iron  post  stamped  "645"   ..    645.040 

T.  32  N.,  R.  1  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  13  and  24,  east 
of  T  road,  inside  fence,  at  north  edge  of  woods,  the  nearest  tree 
to  gate  and  farthest  north,  in  root  on  west  side  of  25-inch  oak 
tree,  nail;   marked  on  fence  "660.5" 660.64 


Peoria  Quadrangle — Peoria  and  Tazewell  Counties. — The  elevations 
in  the  following  list  are  based  upon  an  aluminum  tablet  in  the  west 
side  of  Bradley  Pol3^t8chnic  Institute  buildings  Peoria.^  Illnois,  stamped 
"607  Peoria/^  the  elevation  of  which  is  determined  to  be  607.749  feet 
above  mean  sea  level. 

The  initial  points  from  which  the  corrected  elevations  have  been  ob- 
tained are  the  standard  bench  marks  at  Pekin  and  Mackinaw  river 
bridge^  whch  have  been  recovered  by  the  recent  precise  level  lines  of  the 
Arni}^  Engineers,  along  the  Illinois  river.  The  correction  applying  at 
Pekin  to  the  engineers'  figures  based  upon  the  "Memphis''  datum^  is 
6.892  feet^  to  accord  w4th  the  1907  adjustment. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1902  by  Mr.  Carleton  McEae,  levelman. 

This  work  was  done  prior  to  cooperation. 

Standard  bench  marks  set  in  the  course  of  this  work  are  stamped 
mostly  one  foot  lower  than  the  corrected  values. 

Peoeia  Quadeangle. 

peoeia  west  along  faemington  egad  7  miles,  thence  south  4  miles,  thence 
east  to  hollis,  thence  noetheast  to  peoeia. 

Peoria,   water   gage   at   foot   of   Bridge   street;    gage   mark   reading 

130  feet  below  Lake  Michigan   451.42 

Peoria,  Bradley  Polytechnic  Institute,  in  west  side  of;  aluminum  tab- 
let stamped  "607  PEORIA" 607.599 

Peoria,  7  miles  west  of;  at  crossroads,  north  limestone  M.  E.  church, 
in  middle  of  west  foundation;  bronze  tablet  stamped  "708  PEO- 
RIA"     708.733 

Hollis  township,  on  line  between  sections  4  and  5,  200  yards  west  of 
north  and  south  road,  300  yards  north  of  T  road  to  east,  in  north- 
west corner  of  foundation  of  C.  P.  Goetze  house;  aluminum  tablet 
stamped    "622    PEORIA"    622.712 


HERRON.]  ■        TOPOGRAPHIC   SUEVEYS.  '   •  9X 

PEORIA   TO   POINT   25    MILES    EAST   OF   UPPER   FREE   BRIDGE,    THENCE    SOUTH   TO   FARM- 
INGDALE,     THENCE    WEST    TO    PEORIA. 

Feet. 
Peoria,  6.25  miles  northeast  of,  2.5  miles  east  of  Free  Bridge,  house 
of    J.    Grosenbach,    water    tank    at    foundation    of,    east    side    of; 
bronze  tablet  stamped  "693  PEORIA"   693.804 

FARMINGDALE    SOUTH    TO    GROVELAND,    THENCE    WEST   TO    PEKIN. 

Groveland,  southwest  corner  of  Baptist  Church;  aluminum  (?)  tablet 
stamped   "778  PEORIA"    778.768 

HOLLIS  SCHOOL  NO.  4  SOUTH  TO  MAPLETON,  THENCE  EAST  TO  PEKIN,  THENCE  NORTH 
TO   HOIXIS    STATION,    THENCE   RETURN   TO  PEKIN. 

Groveland,  southwest  corner  of  Baptist  Church;  aluminum  (?)  tablet 
of  steel  wagon  bridge  over  Big  LaMache  creek   455.39 

Pekin,  Catch  Basin,  in  northeast  corner  of  County  Clerk's  Office,  in 
courthouse  grounds;  aluminum  (?)  tablet  stamped  "478  PEO- 
RIA"  (Elevation  by  Army  Engineers  485.973  MIEMPHIS  DATUM)     479.081 

PEKIN   SOUTHWEST  ALONG  RIVER  ROAD  TO  MACKINAW  RIVER  BRIDGE,   THENCE  SOUTH 
4    MILES,    THENCE   EAST   TO    NEAR   HAWLEY,    THENCE   NORTH    TO    PEKIN. 

Mackinaw  River  Bridge  (iron),  on  south  wing  of  west  abutment;  aluminum 
tablet  (?)  stamped  "453  PEORIA"  (Elevation  by  Army  Engineers, 
461.205,   Memphis    datum)     454.313 

Hawley  station,  0.65  mile  east  of,  on  southeast  wing  of  abutment  of 
wagon  bridge  over  north  and  south  road;  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"513    PEORIA"     513.802 

HAWLEY  NORTHEASTERLY   TO  GROVELAND. 

Hawley,  1  mile  south  and '0.5  mile  east  of;  iron  bridge  over  small 
branch,  south  wing  of  east  abutment;  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"511  PEORIA" 511.579 

Groveland,  6  m.iles  south  of,  1.5  miles  west  of  Tremont,  wagon  bridge 
on  east  and  west  road,  east  abutment,  north  wing;  aluminum 
tablet   stamped   "611   PEORIA"    612.185 


Mahomet  and  Urhana  Quadrangles — Champaign  and  Piatt  Coun- 
ties.— The  elevations  in  the  following  list  depend  on  a  bench  mark  es- 
tablished by  a  precise  line  of  levels  at  Champaign  fifty-three  feet  south- 
east of  southeast  corner  of  Engineering  buildings  University  of  Illinois, 
iron  post  stamped  ^Trim.  Trav.  *Sta.  No.  1/^  its  accepted  elevation  being 
'721.103  feet,  as  determined  by  the  1907  adjustment. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1905  by  Mr.  E.  C.  Howard,  levelman. 

The  WG-rk  was  done  in  cooperation  with  the  State  and  the  standard 
bench  marks  are  stamped  with  the  State  name. 

Urbana  Quadrangle, 
urbana  along  highway  east  to  champaign  and  south  and  east  to  philo. 

Champaign,  University  of  Illinois,  southeast  corner  of  Engineering 

Hall;   iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  1  F" 721.103 

T.  18  N.,  R.  9  E.,  northwest  corner  sec.  6;  southeast  angle  of  cross- 
roads;  iron  post  stamped  "717  ILLINOIS  1905" 717.926 


92  '   '  YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

* 

Feet. 
T.  18  N.,  R.  9  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  17,  north  side,  east  abutment 

bridge;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "680  ILLINOIS  1905" 680.345 

Philo,  Philo  Exchange  Bank,  east  side  water  table  12  feet  south  of 

wall;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "737  ILLINOIS  1905" 736.833 

PHILO  ALONG  HIGHWAY  EAST  AND  NORTH  TO  ST.  JOSEPH,  THENCE  WEST  TO  UEBANA. 

Sidney,  high  school,  south  side,  southwest  corner;  aluminum  tablet 
stamped    "673    ILLINOIS    1905" 672.576 

T.  19- N.,  R.  10  B.,  cor.  sees.  27,  28,  33  and  34,  0.25  mile  east  of;  south 
abutment,  west  side  iron  bridge  over  Salt  River;  aluminum  tablet 
stamped    "655    ILLINOIS    1905" 655.104 

T.  19  N.,  R.  10  E.,  northeast  corner   sec.   15,   0.6   mile  west  of  St. 
Joseph,  west  abutment  north  side  bridge  over  Salt  River;   alumi- 
.  num  tablet  stamped  "663   ILLINOIS  1905" 662.702 

Mayview  station,  0.1  mile  east  of,  T.  19  N.,  R.  10  E.,  sec.  8,  southwest 
corner  of;    southwest  corner  intersection   road,   concrete   right  of 
way  post  marked  "P.  &  E.  property  line,"  west  side  post;   alumi-  ~ 
num  tablet  stamped  "681   ILLINOIS  1905" 680.715 

TIayview,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  north  rail 686. 

ST.  JOSEPH  NOETH  ALONG  HIGHWAY  TO  SECTION  2,  T.  20  N.,  E.  10  E.,  THENCE3 
WEST  ON  TOWNSHIP  LINE  TO  SEC.  6,  T.  20  N.,  E.  9  E.,  THENCE  SOUTH  TO 
CHAMPAIGN. 

T.  20  N.,  R.  10  E.,  near  center  of  line  between  sees.  22  and  23,  B.  F. 
Youman's  house,  west  of  road,  in  south  wall,  brick  foundation; 
aluminum  tablet  stamped  "676  ILLINOIS  1905" 676.013 

T.  20  N.,  R.  10  E.,  sees.  2,  3,  10  and  11,  0.25  mile  south  of  corner, 
east  of  road,  Henry  Dintsman's  house,  south  side,  brick  founda- 
tion;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "677  ILLINOIS  1905^' 677.446 

T.  21  N.,  R.  10  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  32,  west  side,  north  abut- 
ment bridge;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "688  ILLINOIS  1905" 687.569 

T.  20  N.,  R.  9  E.,  northwest  corner  sec.  6,  north  of  road,  south  side 
of  J.  W.  James'  house,  brick  foundation;  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"748    ILLINOIS    1905" ,.    748.187 

T.  20  N.,  R.  9  E.,  sec.  18,  0.5  mile  south  of  northwest  corner  of;  west 
side,  north  abutment  bridge;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "728  ILLI- 
NOIS   1905" 727.746 

'     Mahomet  Quadeangle. 
neae  champaign   west  over  illinois   centeal  eailway   to   neae   seymoue, 

thence    SOUTH    ALONG    HIGHWAYS    TO    SOUTHWEST    COENER   OF    SEC.    7,    T.    18    N., 
R.   7   E.,   THENCE  EAST  TO  SOUTHEAST   CORNER  OF   SEC.    12,   T.    18   N.,   E.    8. 

Staley,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  north  rail 740.6 

T.  19  N.,  R.  8  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  9,  northeast  corner  road;. 

iron  post  stamped  "734  ILLINOIS  1905" 734.425 

Bondville,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  north  rail 716.2 

Bondville,  300  feet  east  of  station,  50  feet  north  of  track;   iron  post 

stamped    "717    ILLINOIS    1905" 716.738 

Seymour,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  north  rail 699.0 

Seymour,  100  feet  west  of  station,  north  side  of  right  of  way;   iron 

post   stamped   "698    ILLINOIS    1905" 697.650 

T    19  N    R.  7  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  18,  north  of  road;  iron  post 

"stamped    "707    ILLINOIS    1905" 707.015 

T  19  N    R   7  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  31,  southwest  corner  of  road; 
,  'iron  post  stamped  "708   ILLINOIS  1905" 708.339 


HERRON.]  TOPOGRAPHIC   SUEVEYS.  98 

Feet. 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  7,  northwest  corner  road; 
iron  post  stamped  "702  ILLINOIS  1905" ^ 702.240 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  10,  northeast  angle  of  cross- 
roads, intersection;   iron  post  stamped  "692  ILLINOIS  1905" 691.892 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7  and  8  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  7,  southwest  corner  of 

road;   iron  post  stamped  "690  ILLINOIS  1905"    690.339 

T.  18  N.,  R.  8  E.,  southwest  corner  sec.  10,  northeast  corner  of  road, 
southwest  corner  schoolyard;  iron  post  stamped  "728  ILLINOIS 
1905"     728.474 

MAHOMET  EAST  ALONG  HIGHWAY,   TO    SOUTHWEST   COENER   SEC.    7,   T.    20    N.,    E.    9   E. 

Mahomet,  230  feet  west  of  station;  15  feet  north  of  track;   iron  post 

stamped  "     ?     "   712.170 

T.  20  N.,  R.  7  E.  and  8  B.,  sees.  13  and  18,  north  of  road;   iron  post 

stamped  "747  ILLINOIS  1905". 747.206 

T.  20  N.,  R.  8  E.,  sec.  10,  southwest  corner  of;   northeast  corner  of 

road;    iron  post  stamped  "772  ILLINOIS  1905" 772.516 


DanviMe  Quadrangle — Vermilion  County. — The  elevations  in  the  fol- 
lowing list  were  originally  based  on  the  elevation  of  the  Chicago  and 
Eastern  Illinois  Eailroad,  in  front  of  station  at  Danville  Junction^  613.5 
feet  above  mean  sea  level.  Dependent  on  this,  the  central  datum  tablet, 
placed  in  the  post  office  building,  is  starijped  "Dnvl.  603.'^  In  1906,  the 
bench  mark  at  Catlin  was  connected  by  spur  precise  line  with  the  pre- 
cise level  line  run  from  Olney  via  Fairmount  to  Champaign,  the  bench 
mark  at  the  latter  place  having  been  established  in  1905  by  the  precise 
level  line  run  from  Pekin.  As  a  result  of  the  1907  adjustment  a  cor- 
rection of  1.027  feet  has  been  applied  to  original  elevations  on  the  Dan- 
ville quadrangle  to  reduce  them,  to  mean  sea  level. 

Bench  marks  set \ in  1897  are  stamped  "Dnvl"  in  addition  to  figures 
of  elevation. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1897  by  Mr.  John  L.  McCalman,  levelman. 

The  work  was  done  prior  to  cooperation. 

Danvilije  Quadeangle. 

Danville  Junction,  in  front  of  station,  railroad  crossing;  top  of  rail.  .    612.4 
Danville,   in  front  of  Chicago  and  Eastern  Illinois  R.   R.   station; 

top   of   rail 597.1 

Danville,  in  front  of  station  of  Wabash  Railroad;  top  of  rail. . . 597.7 

Danville,  in  front  of  Chicago,  Cleveland,  Cincinnati  and  St.  Louis 

railroad  station ;    top  of  rail 604.2 

Danville,  post-office  building,  east  face  of  north  balustrade,  1.5  feet 

above  sidewalk;   bronze  tablet  stamped  "DNVL  603" 601.499 

Danville,   courthouse,   just  south  of  step  to   west  entrance,   second 

course  above  sidewalk;  bronze  tablet  stamped  "Dnvl  604" 602.769 

Westville,  T.  18  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sec.  5,  southwest  corner  of;   iron  post 

stamped    "DNVL    672" 671.063 

T.  19  N.,  R.  11  W.,  sec.  27,  in  north  half  of;  floor  of  bridge  over  Ver- 
milion River  on  Grape  Creek  road 532.4 

Catlin,  T.  19  N.,  R.  12  W.,  sec.  34,  near  center  of;  iron  post  stamped 

'DNVL    658" 657.396 

T.  20  N.,  R.  10  W.,  sec.  18,  quarter  corner  east  side  of,  on   State 

line;   iron  post  stamped  "DNVL  720" 718.917 

'i'.   20  N.,  R.   11  W.,   sec.   11,   northeast   corner  of;    rock  at   section 

corner     ". 698.2 


94  YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  U 

Feet. 
T.  20  N.,  R.  11  W.,  sec.  17,  quarter  corner  north  side  of;   iron  post 

stamped    "DNVL    655' 654.084 

T.  2o  N.,  R.  12  W.,  sec.  35,  southwest  corner  of;   iron  post  stamped 

"DNVL    649" : . .    648.033 


Havana,  Petersburg,  Saidora,  Springfield  and  Tallula  Quadrangles—- 
Mason,  Menard  and  Sangamon  Counties. — ^The  elevations  in  the  follow- 
ing list  depend  on  a  bench  mark  established  by  TJ.  S.  Army  Engineers 
at  Havana^  Illinois,  at  south  end  of  east  pier  of  highway  bridge  over 
Illinois  river,  three  feet  from  west  side,  top  of  copper  bolt;  its  value 
corrected  to  1907  adjustment  being  451.360  feet.  A  double  rodded  line 
was  run  over  the  Chicago,  Peoria  •  and  St.  Louis  Eailroad  to  Athens ;  the 
balance  of  the  leveling  was  run  in  circuits  with  a  single  rod. 

The  leveling  on  the  double .  rodded  line  and  most  of  the  leveling  on 
Springfield  quadrangle  was  done  in  1905  by  Mr.  E.  C.  Howard.  Most  of 
the  leveling  on  the  Tallula  quadrangle  and  part  on  Springfield  quadrangle 
was  done  in  1906  by  Henry  Blicher,  levelman. 

The  work  was  done  in  cooperation  with  the  State  and  the  standard 
bench  marks  are  stamped  with  the  State  name. 

Havana  Quadrangle. 

AT  HAVANA.  Feet. 

Havana,  Army  Engineers  bench  mark,  iron  highway  bridge  over 
niinois  River,  on  top  of  south  end  of  east  pier,  top  of  copper  bolt  3 
feet  from  west  side   of  pier 451.360 

Saidoea  Quadrangle, 
havana  south  along  the  chicago,  peoria  and  st.  louis  railroad  to  kil- 

BOURNE. 

(Douhle  Rodded  Line.) 
Long  Branch,   255  feet  south  of  engine  room,  of  grain  elevator,   in 
west  wall,   5.4  feet  north  of  south  wall,   4.6   feet  south   of  north 
wall,  5.5  feet  above  ground;    aluminum  tablet  stamped  "498  AD  J 

1905"     491.281 

Kilbourne,  in  front  of  station,  main  line;  top  of  east  rail 494. 

Kilbourne,  McFaddens  Elevator,  in  north  side  of  northwest  founda- 
tion pillar;    aluminum  tablet  stamped  "502  AD  J  1905".... 495.565 

PeterseTurg  Quadrangle. 

kilbourne    southeast   along    chicago,    peoria   and    st.    louis    railroad    to 

petersburg. 

(Douhle  Rodded  Line.) 

Oakford,  C.  Lutz's  store,  in  west  wall  brick  foundation,  2  feet  from 

southwest  corner;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "502  ADJ  1905".....    495.159 

Atterbury,  W.  C.  Koppleens  grain  elevator,  northwest  corner  of,  rock 

foundation;    aluminum  tablet  stamped  "609  ADJ  1905" 601.764 

Hilltop,  top  of  east  rail  of  main  line  in  front  of  station 603. 

Petersburg,  in  front  of  station;  top  of  east  rail.  ..,..., 505.5 

Petersburg,  Menard  County  courthouse,  north  wall,  2  feet  east  of 
entrance,  4  feet  above  ground;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "524 
ADJ    1905". 523.706 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIO   SURVEYS.  '  95 

Tallula  Quadrangle. 

PETEESBUEG     SOUTHEAST     ALONG     CHICAGO,     PEORIA     AND     ST.     LOUIS     RAILEOAD     TO 
'  ATHENS. 

(DouUe  Rodded  Line.)  Feet. 
Tice  schoolliouse,  west  side,  brick  foundation,  12  feet  east  of,  north 

side;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "610  ADJ  1905". 610.511 

Tice,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail 616. 

PETERSBURG  SOUTHWEST  ALONG  CHICAGO  AND  ALTON  RAILROAD  TO  POINT  0.8  MILE 
SOHTHWEST  OF  TALLULA,  THENCE  SOUTH  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  TO  ROAD  CROSSING 
1.5  MILES  WEST  OF  PLEASANT  PLAINS,  THENCE  EAST  ALONG  BALTIMORE  AND 
OHIO   SOUTHWESTERN   RAILROAD   TO    SPRINGFIELD. 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7  W.,  sec.  28,  center  of,  0.7  mile  southwest  of  north  and 
south  road  crossing,  southwest  corner  of  stone  culvert,  square  cut 
in  top  of   (Railroad  bench  mark) 605.416 

Taliula,  2.8  miles  northeast  of,  T.  18  N.,  R.  7  W.,  sec.  33,  near  north- 
west corner  of,  350  feet  southwest  of  road  crossing  from  east  to 
west,  in  northwest  wall  of  stone  culvert,  in  coping  stone,  10  feet 
northeast  of  southwest  corner;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "587 
ADJ    i905" 586.759 

Taliula,  0.9  mile  northeast  of,  320  feet  northeast  of  milepost  "Chi- 
cago 194,"  northwest  wall  of  stone  culvert,  in  first  course  of 
masonry  below  coping;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "596  ADJ  1905".    595.554 

Taliula,  0.8  mile  southwest  of,  T.  17  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sec.  12,  0.25  mile 
south  of  center,  350  feet  northeast  of  point  where  wagon  road 
turns  south  from  railroad,  in  top  of  southeast  wall  of  stone  cul- 
vert, 6.5  feet  southwest  of  northeast  corner;  aluminum  tablet 
stamped   "622   ADJ   1905" 621.890 

Pleasant  Plains  State  Bank,  water  table  in  north  front,  in  top  of, 
0.3  foot  east  of  west  end  of  watertable;  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"615   ADJ    ly05" •• 615.350 

T.  16  N.,  R.  7  W.,  sec.  14,  southeast  quarter  of,  1.9  mile  east  of 
Pleasant  Plains,  520  feet  east  of  north  and  south  road  crossing, 
at  bottom  of  fill,  stone  culvert,  in  top  of  south  v^^all  at  southwest 
corner  of;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "591  ADJ  1905" 591.067 

Richland,  T.  16  N.,  R,  7  W.,  sec.  11,  in  southeast  quarter  of,  in  south 
wall  of  brick  gasoline  storage  house  of  the  Richland  Farmers 
Elevator  Co.,  1.5  feet  east  of  southwest  corner  and  2.2  feet  above 
ground;    aluminum  tablet  stamped  "612  ADJ  1905" 611.752 

T.  17  N.,.R.  8  W.,  sec.  36,  north  quarter  corner  of,  northwest  corner 
of  crossroads,  on  west  side  of  road,  1  foot  east  of  fence  and  23  feet 
north  of  fence  corner  at  southwest  corner  of  Bethel  Church  Ceme- 
tery;   iron  post  stamped  "615  ADJ  1905" 615.358 

Farniingdale,  1.2  miles  west  of,  west  of  bridge  over  wagon  road, 
T.  16  N.,  R.  7  W.,  sec.  24,  road  north  and  south  is  just  "south  of 
northeast  corner  of  section,  iron  bridge  No.  226,  east  abutment, 
in  top  of  north  wall,  15  feet  west  of  east  end  of;  aluminum  tablet 
stamped    "573   ADJ    1905" 573.089 

Bradfordton,  1.1  miles  west  of,  north  and  south  road  crossing  of 
railroad,  at  northwest  corner  of  crossing,  1.7  feet  east  of  fence 
and  40  feet  north  of  track;  iron  post  stamped  "601  ADJ  1905" 601.470 

ROAD  CROSSING  OF  BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  SOUTHWESTERN  RAILROAD  1.5  MILES  WE^T 
OF  PLEASANT  PLAINS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  SOUTH  TO  BERLIN,  THENCE  EA'ST  AND 
NORTH    TO    FARMINGDALE. 

T.  16  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sec.  1,  south  quarter  corner  of,  T  road  to  west,  at 
southv\^est  corner  of  junction  on  south  side  of  road  1.3  feet  north 
of  fence,  and  18  feet  west  of  east  line  of  fence;  iron  post  stamped 
"618   ADJ    1905" 618.249 


96  YEAE  BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  It 

Feet. 

T,  16  N.,  R,  8  W.,  sec.  25,  northeast  corner  of,  quarter  mile  west  of, 
T  road  to  south,  on  north  side  of  road  1  foot  south  of  fence  and 
east  of  north  arid  south  fence  running  north  opposite  ceilter  of 
junction  of  roads;   iron  post  stamped  "630  ADJ  1905" 629.882 

T.  15  N„  R.  8  W.,  sec.  1,  northeast  corner,  0.25  mile  west  of,  on  west 

'  side  of  road  at  northwest  corner  of  jog  in  road,  1  foot  east  of 
fence,  60  feet  north  of  south  fence  line;  iron  post  stamped  "609 
ADJ    1905" 609.327 

T.  15  N.,  R.  7  W.,  sec.  8,  near  center  of,  Old  Berlin,  Old  Berlin  school- 
house,  west  wall,  in  brick  foundation,  1.1  foot  north  of  southwest 
corner  and  0.5  foot  below  frame  structure;  aluminum  tablet 
stamped   "640   ADJ   1905" 640.158 

T.  16  N.,  R.  7  W.,  sec.  33,  southeast  corner,  0.25  mile  west  of,  T  road 

.  to  east,  on  west  side  of  road,  410  feet  north  of  iron  bridge  just 
south  of  junction  of  roads,  20  feet  north  of  fence  along  north  side 
of  house  lawn  and  1.4  feet  east  of  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "587 
ADJ    1905" 586.981 

T.  15  N.,  R.  7  W.,  sec.  1,  northwest  corner,  0.25  mile  east  of,  junction 
of  north  and  south  road  and  private  road  to  west,  on  west  side  of 
road  2  feet  east  of  old  fence,  2.6  feet  south  of  telegraph  pole  and 
45  feet  north  of  stone  in  road  marking  town  line;  iron  post 
stamped   "609   ADJ   1905" 609.134 

T.  15  N.,  R.  6  W.-,  sec.  6,  northeast  corner,  0.25  mile  south  of,  at 
northeast  corner  of  crossroads,  on  north  side  of  road,  1.4  feet 
south  of  fence  and  11  feet  east  of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped 
"610    ADJ    1905" 610.45& 

T.  16  N.,  R.  6  W.,  sec.  19,  east  quarter  corner  of,  T  road  west,  at 
northwest  corner  of  junction  of  roads,  on  west  side  of/  road,  1.4 
feet  east  of  fence  and  26  feet  north  of  south  line  of  fence;  iron 
post  stamped   "598   ADJ   1905" 597.747 

FAEMINGDALE   ALONG   HIGHWAY   NORTH    10    MILES,    THENCE    NORTHEAST   TO   ATHENS. 

T.  16  N.,  R.  6  W.,  sec.  17,  in  northwest  quarter  of,  T  road  nortji,  on 
south  side  of  east  and  west  road  opposite  junction,  1.5  feet  north 
of  fence  and  2.5  feet  east  of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped  "589 
ADJ    1905" 589.27& 

Salisbury  schoolhouse,  T.  17  N.,  R.  6  W.,  sec.  29,  in  southwest  quarter 
of,  in  east  wall  of  schoolhouse,  29  feet  north  of  southeast  corner, 
in  space  between  stone  foundation  and  brick  upper  wall;  alumi- 
num tablet  stamped  "592  ADJ  1905" 591.575 

T.  17  N.,  R.  6  W.,  sec.  17,  near  center  of,  T  road  east,  at  northeast 
corner  of,  north  side  of  road,  0.5  foot  south  of  fence  and  30  feet 
east  of  junction  of  roads;  iron  post  stamped  "597  ADJ  1905" 597.094 

T.  17  N.,  R.  6  W.,  sec.  9,  near  northwest  corner  of,  T  road  south,  at 
southeast  corner  of  junction,  on  south  side  of  road  on  bank  30  feet 
east  of  center  of  junction;  iron  post  stamped  "573  ADJ  1905" 573.391 

Springfield  Quadrangle. 

athens  southeast  and  south  along  chicago,  peoria  and  st.  louis  railway 

to  springfield. 

Athens,    City    Hall,    west    wall,    on    watertable;     aluminum    tablet 

stamped  "606  ADJ  1905" 605.783 

Cantrall,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  north  rail 589. 

C'antrall,  Cantrall  Cooperative  Coal  Company's  store;  in  watertable, 
east  side  of  building,  3  feet  north  of  south  side;  aluminum  tablet 
stamped   "596   ADJ   1905" 596.181 

Dunlap  schoolhouse,  north  wall,  brick  foundation,  2  feet  from  east 

VN^all;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "584  ADJ  1905" 583.770 

Andrews,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  west  rail 583.9 


HERRON.]  TOPOGKAPHIC   SURVEYS.  97 

Feet. 

Springfield  post-office,  water  table,  east  side,  12  feet  from  south- 
east corner;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "599  AD  J  1905" 598.997 

Springfield,  City  Bench  mark,  southwest  entrance  courthouse 
grounds,  in  stone  post  marked  "City  B.  M.  58.44;"  top  of  copper 
bolt     . .  ^ 598.319 

SPEINGFIELD   EAST   AND    NORTH    ALONG    HIGHWAY   VIA    RIVERTON    TO    WILLIAM SVILLE 
THENCE   WEST   TO   CANTRALL. 

T.  16  N.,  R.  4  W.,  near  center  sec.  21,  in  west  wall  of  brick  founda- 
tion to  church;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "576  ADJ  1905" 576.450 

Riverton  Opera  House,  T.  16  N.,  R.  5  W.,  near  southeast  corner 
sec.  9,  south  side,  southeast  corner  stone  threshold  Opera  House; 
aluminum  tablet  stamped  "553  ADJ  1905"   52.796 

T.  17  N.,  R.  5  W.,  0.25  mile  east  of,  center  line  between  sees.  32  and 
33,  iron  highway  bridge  over  fork  of  Wolf  Creek,  east  abutment, 
southwest  corner;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "535  ADJ  1905" 528.424 

T.  17  N.,  R.  5  W.,  near  center  east  half  sec.  20,  Locust  Lane  school- 
house,  west  wail  brick  foundation;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "578 
ADJ    1905" 578.432 

T.  17  N.,  R.   5  W.,   near  center  sec.   4,  Williamsville,  east  wall  of 

Prater's  Bank;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "606  ADJ  1905" 605.649 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6  W.,  sec.  35,  on  south  line  of,  north  side  of  road,  Fred 
Van  Menner's  house,  in  west  wall  of  foundation;  aluminum  tablet 
stamped  "591  ADJ  1905"    591.347 


St.  Louis  Quadrangle — Madison  and  St.  Clair  Counties. — The  eleva- 
tions in  the  following  list  depend  on  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey 
bench  mark  h,  being  a  mark  on  a  large  bronze  plate  with  the  inscrip- 
tion "U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  Bench  Mark  1882/^  in  the  south 
face  of  the  eastern  land  pier  of  the  great  bridge  at  East  St.  Louis,  its 
accepted  elevation  being  413.966  feet  above  mean  sea  level  as  determined 
by  latest  adjustment. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1903  by  Mr.  L.  Scott  Smith,  levelman. 

The  bench  marks  are  stamped  ''St.  Louis"  in  addition  to  figures  of 
elevation. 

St.  Louis  Quadrangle. 

east  st.  louis  great  bridge  along  highway  to  edgemont,  thence  north  to 
molienbock,  thence  west  to  granite  city, 

Feet. 
East  St.  Louis,  a  mark  on  large  bronze  plate  on  east  land  pier  of 

"Great  Bridge,"  inscribed  "U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  B.  M. 

182— I,    413.966 

Caseyville,    0.25    mile    east    of,    north    end    west    abutment    railroad 

bridge;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "449  ST.  LOUIS"   449.160 

Molienbock,   Horseshoe   Lake,   northeast    end    of    bayou,    southeast 

abutment  iron  bridge   over;    aluminum   tablet  stamped   "415    ST. 

LOUIS" 414.795 

Granite  City,  northwest  face,  northeast  wing  public  schoolhouse,  top 

of  stone  foundation;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "431  ST.  LOUIS".  430.978 
Granite  City,  signal  tower  opposite  Union  Station,  southwest  corner 

of  foundation    (standard  city  B.  M.) 425.888 

—7  a 


98  YEAE-B.OOK   FOR   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

EDGEMONT    SOUTH   ALONG    HIGHWAY    TO    OGLES,    THENCE  WEST   TO    SCHNAFF    HOUSE. 

(Single  Spur  Line.)  Feet. 

Ogles,  100  yards  north  of  west  bound  track  of  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road, on  east  side  of  road,  south  foundation  of  large  brick  house; 
aluminum  tablet  stamped  "576  ST.  LOUIS"   576.129 

T.  1  N.,  R.  9  W.,  sec.  17,  0.25  mile  west  of  center  of,  1.2  miles  north- 
east of  Imbs,  in  northwest  corner  of  foundation  of  John  Schnaff's 
house;    aluminum  tablet  stamped  "517  ST.  LOUIS" 517.085 


Belleville  and  Breese  Quadrangles — Bond,  Madison  and  8t.  Glair 
Counties. — The  elevations  in  the  following  list  depend  on  an  alnminnm 
tablet  set  in  1903  in  west  abutment  of  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad 
bridge.  0.25  mile  east  of  Caseyville,  stamped  "449/^  the  elevation  of 
which  is  accepted  as  449.160  feet. 

All  bench  marks  are  stamped  "ADJ^^  in  addition  to  the  figiTres  of  ele- 
vation. 

The  leveling  on  the  Belleville  quadrangle  was  done  by  Mr.  C.  S.  Blair, 
levelman,  and  of  the  Breese  quadrangle  by  Mr.  C.  F.  Wood,  levelman, 
both  in  1905. 

Belleville  Quadk angle. 

near  caseyville  via  baltimore  and  ohio  eaileoad  to  ridge  prairie  thence 
along  highways  south  to  bellevili,e,  east  to  4  miles  east  of  grass- 
land, north  to  summerfield  and  west  along  baltimore  and 

OHIO   RAILROAD   TO   RIDGE  PRAIRIE.  Feet. 

Ridge  Prairie,  at  southwest  corner  of  road  crossing;   0.25  mile  east 

of  Furmans,  20  feet  south  of  track,  iron  post  stamped  "564  ADJ".    563.164 

Belleville,  northeast  corner  of  courthouse  yard,  iron  post  stamped 

"Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  15,  ADJ  531"   530.682 

Grassland,  100  feet  east  of,  200  feet  south  of  station;  iron  post 
stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  16,  435  ADJ"    434.306 

Grassland,  4  miles  east  of;  northeast  corner  of  road  crossing,  south- 
west corner  of  field  of  J.  B.  Freeze,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim. 
Trav.   Sta.  No.   17,   469  ADJ"    468.778 

Summerfield,  schoolhouse,   southeast    corner    of;     aluminum    tablet 

stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  18,  478  ADJ"    478.074 

Lebanon,   stone   step,   just  west   of   main   entrance   to   St.   Joseph's 

church,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "467  ADJ"    466.296 

O'Fallon,   southwest  corner  of  brick  platform,   at  B.   &  0.   station; 

iron  post  stamped  "551  ADJ"    550.520 

NEAR    CASEYVILLE    VIA    VANDALIA    RAILROAD    TO    ST.    JACOBS,    THENCE    SOUTH    ALONG 
HIGHWAYS    TO   SUMMERVILLE, 

Collinsville,  at  northwest  corner  of  road  crossing;  just  west  of  sta- 
tion; opposite  saloon  of  Schmacker  Bros.,  iron  post  stamped 
"474   ADJ" 472.974 

Formosa,  northeast  corner  of  stone  platform,  iron  post  stamped  "571 

ADJ"     570.155 

Troy,  100  feet  north   of  northwest    corner    of    station;     iron    post 

stamped   "549   ADJ"    548.626 

St.  Jacobs,  0.25  mile  west  of;  south  side  of  stone  bridge,  aluminum 
tablet  stamped  "506  ADJ"  504.883 

Summerfield,  3.5  miles  north  of;  at  southwest  corner  of  junction,  30 

feet  west  of  cottonwood,  iron  post  stamped  "507  ADJ"   506.257 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS.  99 

Beeese   Quadrangle. 

four  miles  east  of  grassland  east  along  highways  "  to  germantown  and 
north  to  beeese,  thence  west  along  baltimore  and  ohio 

EAILEOAD    TO    SUMMEEFIELD.  Feet. 

New  Baden,  in  bank  building,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "463  ADJ"    462.069 

Albers,   in  Louis   Foytman's   house,   second   one   north   of   railroad, 

west  side  of  street,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "445  ADJ"   444.477 

Germantown,  Boniface's  school,  in  northeast  corner,  aluminum  tab- 
let stamped   "433  ADJ" 432.236 

Breese,  in  northwest  corner  of  St.  Dominic  school  building,  tablet 

stamped  "458  ADJ"    458.120 

Aviston,  east  side  of  entrance,  south  side  of  brick  catholic  church, 

tablet   stamped   "475   ADJ"    474.385 

Trenton,  in  southeast  corner  of  city  hall,  tablet  stamped  "498  ADJ".    497.606 

ST.    JACOBS    VIA    VANDALIA    LINE    TO    HIGHLAND,    THENCE    EAST    AND    SOUTH    ALONGj 
fllGHWAYS  VIA  SEBASTOPOL  TO  BREESE. 

Highland,    in   First   National   Bank   of   Highland,    aluminum   tablet 

stamped  "545  ADJ"    544.680 

Sebastopol,   in   south   side  of   old   brick   building,   aluminum   tablet 

stamped   "545  ADJ"    545.325 

St.  Rose,  in  north  side  of  catholic  church,  in  door  sill,  aluminum 

tablet   stamped   "504   ADJ"    503.977 

Breese,  3.5  miles  north  of;   in  east  side  of  house  of  August  Lager, 

aluminum  tablet  stamped  "473  ADJ"   472.934 


Baldivin,  Carlyle,  Centralia,  Chester,  New  Athens,  Okawville  and 
Sparta  Quadrangle — Clinton,  Monroe,  St.  Clair  and  Washington  Coun- 
ties.— The  elevations  in  the  following  list  are  based  upon  the  1903  ad- 
justment. No  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  bench  marks  were  recovered 
on  Carlyle  quadrangle. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1907  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Gelbach,  levelman.  The 
leveling  on  the  Chester  quadrangle  and  part  of  Baldwin  quadrangle 
was  done  by  Mr.  P.  E.  Fletcher,  Eesident  Engineer,  under  the  direction 
of  Dr.  H.  Foster  Bain,  Director  of  the  State  Geological  Survey,  the  other 
work  was  done  in  cooperation  and  the  standard  bench  marks  are  all 
stamped  with  the  State  name. 

Okawville  Quadrangle. 

bartelso  south  to  covington,  thence  southwest  along  highways  to  okaw- 
ville, thence  west  along  louisville  and  nashville 

RAILROAD    TO    MASCOUTAH.  Foet. 

Okawville,   3  miles  east  of,   0.5   mile  west  of  Frogtown,   southwest 

corner  of  crossroads;   iron  post  stamped  "448  1907"   448.427 

Okawville,  southwest  corner  of  schoolyard;  iron  post  stamped  "445"    444.681 

Venedy,  50  feet  south  of  station  by  picket  fence;   iron  post  stamped 

"410    1907"     , 410.508 

New  Miemphis,  railroad  crossing  west  of  station,  south  of  track  and 

west  of  wagon  road;   iron  post  stamped  "409"   409.492 

New  Memphis,  3  miles  west  of  station,  250  feet  north  of  railroad  at 
crossroads,  southwest  corner  of  crossroads;  iron  post  stamped 
"424"    425.395 


100  YEAE-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no. 

VENEDY  STATION  SOUTHWEST  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  TO  POINT  2  MILES  EAST  OF 

MARIS  S  A. 

F^eet. 

Venedy,  nortli  end  of  town,  on  road  leading  to  Venedy  station,  south- 
west corner  of  T  road  west;  iron  post  stamped  "428  1907" 426.945 

T.  2  S..  R.  5  W.,  sees.  6  and  7,  0.25  mile  north  of  quarter  corner  be- 
tween, southwest  corner  of  crossroads;  iron  post  stamped  "424 
1907"     423.06a 

St.  Libory,  1  mile  east  of,  junction  of  four  roads,  south  side  of  road 

leading  east;    iron  post  stamped  "430   1907"    428.889 

St.  Libory.  1  mile  south  and  0.5  mile  east  of,  southwest  corner  of 
crossroads;   iron  post  stamped  "432  1907"   431.671 

Darmstadt  1  mile  south  by  0.5  mile  east  of,  southwest  corner  of  T 

road  south;   iron  post  stamped  "432  1907"    431.240 

Oak  Grove  Saloon,  150  feet  south  of,  west  side  of  road;    iron  post 

stamped    "448    1907"     •. 447.715 

ST.    LIBORY    WEST    TO    FAYETTEVIIXE. 

Fayetteville,  2.5  miles  east  of,  southeast  corner  of  schoolhouse,  in 
brick  foundation:  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No. 
19,  1907  ILLINOIS  410"    409.995 

New  Athens  Quadrangle, 
mascoutah  west  along  louisville  and  nashville  railroad  to  belleville. 

Mascoutah,  railway  crossing,  0.25  mile  east  of  station,  west  side  of 
street  4  feet  north  of  railroad  right  of  way;  iron  post  stamped 
"424    1907" 424.619 

Rentchlers,  0.25  miles  east  of  station,  40  feet  north  of  track,  east  of 

wagon  road;    iron  post  stamped  "458  1907"    458.052^ 

Rentchlers,  2  miles  west  of,  railway  crossing  by  brick  schoolhouse, 
north  part  of  schoolyard,  30  feet  from,  corner  of  yard,  2  feet  from 
right  of  way  fence;   iron  post  stamped  "464  1907"   464.427 

MASCOUTAH    SOUTH   ALONG    HIGHWAY   TO   FAYETTEVILLE. 

Mascoutah,   3   miles  south  of,    southeast    corner    of    schoolyard    of 

"Crossroads  School;"  iron  post  stamped  "442   1907"    442.129 

Fayetteville,  1  mile  north  from,  north  and  west  sides  of  road  at  road 

fork;    iron  post  stamped  "417   1907"    417.271 

FAYETTEVILLE    WEST   VIA   FIVE   FORKS    TO    NEAR    SMITHTON,    THENCE    NORTHERLY    TO 

BELLEVILLE. 

Fayetteville,  1.25  miles  west  of,  south  and  east  sides  of  road  at  road 

fork  south;    iron  post  stamped  "412  1907"    412.339 

T.  2  S.,  R.  7  W.,  corner  sees.  10,  11,  14,  15,  southwest  corner  of  T 

road  west;   iron  post  stamped  "405  1907"    404.887 

New  Athens,  3.5  miles  northwest  of,  "Five  Forks,"  southeast  corner 

of  schoolyard;   iron  post  stamped  "446  1907" 446.165 

T.  2  S.,  R.  8  W.,  corner  sees.  11,  12,  13  and  14,  northwest  corner  of 

crossroads;    iron  post  stamped  "440  1907"    440.000 

Smithton,  2  miles  south  of,  northeast  corner  of  T  road  east;    iron 

post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  22,  1907  ILLINOIS  467  1907"  466.383 
Smithton,   1.5  miles   east  of,   east  side  of   road   at  T   road   west  at 

junction  of  4  roads;    iron  post  stamped  "431  1907"    431.213 


HERRON.J  TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS.  101 

Feet. 

Freeburg,  1.5  miles  west  of,  T.  1  S.,  R.  7  W.,  middle  sec.  24,  north 

east  corner  of  T  road  north;    iron  post  stamped  "513  1907"    ....    512.515 

Freeburg,  1.5  miles  west  by  3  miles  north  of,  northwest  corner  of 
schoolyard  of  brick  school  on  Freebnrg-Belleville  plank  road;  iron 
post   stamped   "483    1907"    482.209 

riVE    FORKS    SOUTH    VIA    NEW    ATHENS    TO    FOUR    CORNERS,    THENCE    SOUTHEAST    TO 
MIDDLE    OF    SECTION    22,    T.    3    S.,    R.    7    W. 

New   Athens,   northwest   corner   of   schoolyard;    iron   post   stamped 

"430    1907" 429.865 

T.  3  S.,  R.  7  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sees.  4  and  5,  0.25  mile  east 
of,  north  side  of  road  at  T  road  south;  iron  post  stamped  "415 
1907" 414.678 

T.  3  S.,  R.  7  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sees.  16  and  17,  0.25  mile 
east  of,  southwest  corner  of  crossroads;  iron  post  stamped  "414 
1907"     414.040 

T.   3   S.,  R.   7  W.,   middle  sec.   22,   southeast   corner   of  crossroads; 

iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  20,  1907  ILLINOIS  1907".    406.160 

FROM    FOUR    CORNERS    4    MILES    SOUTH    OF    NEW    ATHENS    TO    POINT    2    MILES    NORTH 

OF    REDBUD. 

T.  3  S.,  R.  8  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sees.  23  and  26,  0.25  mile 
north  of,  northeast  corner  of  crossroads;  iron  post  stamped  "391 
1907" 390.762 

FROM    POINT    2    MILES    NORTH    OF    REDBUD    ALONG    HIGHWAYS    NORTH    TO    BELLEVILLE. 

T.  3  S.,  R.  8  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sees.  9  and  10,  0.25  mile  east 
of,  northwest  corner  of  T  road  north;  iron  post  stamped  "438 
1907"     438.162 

New  Athens,  4  miles  due  west  of,  near  center  of  Spanish  Survey 
No.  607,  southwest  corner  of  schoolyard  "Klein  school;"  iron  post 

stamped    "429    1907"     428.839 

Chester  Quadrangle. 

chester  north  along  illinois  southern  railroad  to  missouri  junction. 

32  Kaskaskia,  1.75  miles  below  town  of,  on  west  side  of  Kaskaskia 
and  Chester  road,  at  foot  of  bluffs,    just    inside    of    field    of    J. 
Watier,  being  a  Miss.  Riv.  Comm.  bench  mark;   top  of  iron  post    392.83 
(The  correction  applied,  here  to  reduce  from  Memphis  datum  was  6.85  ft.) 

Kerley's  Lake,  northwest  corner  of  station  platform,  near  south  end 
of  Edgar's  Mill  creek  trestle,  in  top  of  concrete  post;  aluminum 
tablet  stamped  '     ?     "   385.113 

Missouri  Junction,  at  turn  of  Missouri  Junction  and  Ellis  creek  road, 
900  feet  northeast  of  station;  in  top  of  concrete  post;  aluminum 
tablet  stamped  "     ?     " 407.467 

Baldwin  Quadrangle. 

missouri  junction  along  illinois  southern  railroad  to  point  2  miles  east 
of  evansville  thence  north  along  highways  to  point  middle  of  section 

-     22,  T.    3    S.,   R.   7   W. 

Nine  Mile  Creek  bridge  of  Illinois  Southern  R.  R.,  on  v>^est  end  of 
north    abutment;    plate 383.809 

Evansville,  50  feet  south  of  west  station  platform  at  east  side  of 
road,  in  top  of  concrete  post;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "  ?  " 
414.375 


102  YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Feet. 

T.  5  S.,  R.  7  W.,  sec.  8,  quarter  corner  south  side  of,  northeast  corner 
of  crossroads,  in  top  of  concrete  post;   aluminum  tablet  stamped 

?       " 450.069 

T.  4  S.,  R.  7  W.,  sec.  28,  southwest  quarter  of,  at  junction  of  Evans- 
ville-Baldwin,  and  Baldwin-Preston  roads,  in  top  of  concrete  post; 
aluminum  tablet  stamped  "     ?   " " 454.822 

T.  4  S.,  R.  7  W.,  sec.  3,  quarter  corner  east  side  of,  in  top  of  concrete 
post;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "     ?     " 429.264 

T.  3  S.,  R.  7  W.,  sec.  27,  at  center  of,  in  top  of  concrete  post;  alumi- 
num tablet  stamped  "     ?     " 409.150 

AT  POINT   2    MILES   NORTH   OF  RED  BUD. 

Red  Bud,  2  miles  north  of,  T.  3  S.,  R.  8  W.,  quarter  corner  between 
sees.  28  and  29,  northwest  corner  of  crossroads;  iron  post  stamped 
"Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  21,  1907  ILLINOIS  447,  1907" 446.473 

MAEISSA  WEST  TO  MIDDLE  OF  SECTION   22,   T.   3   S.,  R.    7   W. 

T.  3  S.,  R.  6  and  7  W.,  corner  sees.  19,  24,  25  and  30,  0.25  mile  west 
of,  3.5  miles  west  of  Marissa,  southeast  corner  of  crossroads;  iron 
post  stamped   "411,    1907" 410.940 

Marissa,   southwest  corner   of   schoolyard;    iron  post  stamped  "449, 

1907"     448.378 

Sparta  Quadrangle. 

MARISSA  east   2    MILES    TO    SOUTHWEST   CORNER   SEC.    24,    T.    3    S.,   R.    6    W. 

T.  3  S.,  R.  6  W.,  corner  sees.  23,  24,  25  and  26,  2  miles  east  of  Marissa, 
northeast  corner  of  crossroads;    iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav. 
■  Sta.  No.  18,  1907  ILLINOIS  433,  1907" 432.942 

Caelyle   Quadrangle. 

breese  east  along  baltimore  and  ohio  southwestern  railroad  to  huey, 
thei>[ce  south  along  highways  to  hoffman,  thence  w^est  along  southern 
railway  to  baetelso,  thence  north  along  highway  to  beckemeyee. 

Beckemeyer,  railway  crossing  at  west  end  of  town,  5Q  feet  north  of 

track,  by  roadside;   iron  post  stamped  "451" 451.287 

Carlyle,  southeast  corner  of  courtyard;   iron  post  stamped  "461" 460.787 

Huey,  railway  crossing  at  east  end  of  station,  south  of  track,  on 
east  side  of  wagon  road,  4  feet  south  of  corner  fence  post;  iron 
post    stamped    "454" 453.861 

Hoffman,  1.75  miles  north  of,  north  side  of  road  at  fork,  8  feet  east 
of  corner  fence  post;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  4, 
1907;     454" 453.582 

Hoffman,  200  feet  east  of  railway  station,  50  feet  north  of  tracks, 

iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  3,  1907;  456" 456.185 

Posey,  0.5  mile  east  of  station,  40  feet  north  of  track  and  east  of 

v>^agon  road;   iron  post  stamped  "451" 450.544 

Zachary  Siding,  0.25  mile  east  of,  60  feet  north  of  tracks,  20  feet 

west  of  wagon  road;   iron  post  stamped  "418" 417.504 

Bartelso,  60  feet  south  of  tracks  and  150  feet  east  of  station,  corner 
of  lot  by  H.  F.  Johnson's  saloon,  2  ft.  inside  of  sidewalk;  iron 
post    stamped   "450" 449.572 

Beckemeyer,  2.75  miles  south  of,  at  crossroads,  north  and  east  sides 
of  roads  respectively,  3  feet  east  of  corner  fencepost;  iron  post 
stamped    "459" 459.300 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS.  103 

HUEY    ALONG    HIGHWAYS    TO   POINT    7.5    MILES    NORTHEAST    OF    HUEY. 

Feet. 
Hiiey,  2  miles  north  by  1  mile  east  of,  ''White  School  House,"  south- 
east corner  of  schoolyard;   iron  post  stamped  "463   462.043 

BECKEMEYER  NORTHWEST  VIA  FROGTOWN  TO  ST.  ROSE. 

Frogtown,  road  fork,  north  and  west  sides  of  roads  respectively; 
iron    post   stamped    "455" 454.872 

KEYESPORT   WEST   AND    SOUTHWEST    ALONG    HIGHWAYS    TO    FROGTOWN. 

Keyesport,  east  railway  crossing  just  south  of  station,  south  side  of 

high  bank;    iron  post  stamped  "453" 453.147 

Keyesport,  1  mile  west  from,  south  and  west  sides  of  roads  respect- 
ively;  iron  post  stamped  "473" 473.081 

Keyesport,  5  miles  west  of,  intersection  of  Clinton-Bond  County  line, 
and  Carlyle-Greenville  road,  north  and  west  sides  of  roads  respect- 
ively; iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  7,  1907,  512" 512.456 

Keyesport,  8  miles  west  of,  crossroads,  Bond-Clinton  County  line, 
south  and  east  sides  of  roads  respectively;  iron  post  stamped 
"Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  8,  1907  473" 473.008 

Jamestown,  2.5  miles  east  of,  Bond-Clinton  County  line,  road  fork, 
north  side  of  county  road;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta. 
No.   9,    1907    480" 480.023 

Frogtown,  3.5  miles  north  and  1  mile  east  of,  road  fork,  0.5  mile 
west  of  catholic  church,  south  side  of  road;  iron  post  stamped 
"467"     467.610 

Frogtown,  2  miles  north  of,  road  forks,  west  side  of  road;  iron  post 
stamped  "463"   463.238 

Centralia  Quadrangle. 

POINT  7.5  miles  northeast  of  HUEY  NORTHERLY  TO  KEYESPORT  THEN  TO  BOULDER. 

Boulder,  2.25  miles  south  by  0.5  mile  west  of,  northwest  corner  of 

schoolyard;    iron  post  stamped   "470" 470.398 

Boulder,  1.5  miles  northwest  of,  east  side  of  railroad  at  crossing, 

north  side  of  wagon  road;    iron  post  stamped  "442" 442.459 


HardinviUe,  Merom,  Olney  and  RusseUville  Quadrangles — Crawford, 
Jasyer,  Lawrence  and  Richland  Counties. — The  elevations  in  the  follow- 
ing list  are  based  upon  bench  mark  Bs  of  the  Coast  and  G-eodetic  Survey 
at  Olney,  Illinois,  a  square  cut  at  the  base  of  one  of  the  cokimns  of  the 
north  face  of  the  court  house.  The  elevation  now  accepted  is  486.117 
feet  above  mean  sea  level  as  determined  by  the  1907  adjustment. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1907  by  Mr.  Henry  Biicher,  levelman. 

The  work  was  done  in  cooperation  with  the  Stat©  and  the  bench 
marks  are  stamped  with  the  State  name. 

Olney  Quadrangle. 

OLNEY    east    4    miles    ALONG   BALTIMORE    AND    OHIO    SOUTHWESTERN    RAILROAD. 

(Mean  of  Direct  and  Reverse  Leveling.) 

B,  Olney,  Richland  County  Courthouse,  cut  at  the  base  of  one  of  the 
columns  of  north  face  of;   lettered  "B., 

BflM 
USC&GS 
1882" 486.117 


104  YEAE-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull,  no.  14 

No.  Ill,  Olney,  near  the  southeast  corner  of  grounds  of  public  school, 
on  the  monument  marking  the  U.  S.  Engineers  Base  Line;  the  top 
of  the  monument  bears  the  inscription  "U.  S.,"  and  the  bench 
mark  is  the  center  of  the  space  inclosed  by  the  lower  curve  of 
the  S.  Feet. 

Note:     This  monument  is  loose  on  its  foundation;  it  rocks.     (1907 

adjustment  Coast  and  Geodetic   Survey  elevation  480.376)    480.395 

Olney,  in  front  of  station;   top  of  rail   473.48 

Olney,  2.70  miles  east  of,  1200  feet  east  of  road  crossing,  in  coping 
stone  at  southeast  corner  of  south  wall  of  stone  culvert,  1.1  feet 
west  of  east  end  and  0.8  foot  north  of  south  end;  aluminum  tab- 
let  stamped   "495   ADJ"    496.114 

Hardinville  Quadrangle. 

hickory  point  school  along  highw^ays  north,  to  t.  6  n.,  r.  14  w.,  northeast 
corner  section  10,  thence  east,  to  t.  6  n.,  r.  12  w.,  northeast  corner  sec- 
tion'7,  thence  north,  to  indianapolis  southern  railroad  and  east  along 
latter  2  miles,  to  robinson. 

T.  4  N.,  R.  14  W.,  0.25  mile  south  of  northwest  corner  of  section  27, 
southeast  corner  of  T  road,  on  east  side  of  road,  1.3  feet  west  of 
fence,  15  feet  south  of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped  "510 
ADJ"     510.502 

T.  4  N.,  R.  14  W.,  southwest  corner  of  section  3,  northeast  corner 
of  crossroads,  east  side  of  road,  1.1  feet  west  of  fence,  11  feet  north 
of  fence  corner;   iron  post  stamped  "508  ADJ"   509.121 

T.  5  N.,  R.  14  W.,  northeast  corner  of  section  34,  at  southwest  cor- 
ner of  crossroads,  on  west  side  of  road,  1.1  feet  east  of  fence,  7 
feet  south  of  fence  corner;   iron  post  stamped  "496  ADJ"   496.574 

T.  5  N.,  R.  14  W.,  southwest  corner  of  section  15,  northeast  corner 
of  crossroads,  on  north  side  of  road  near  old  rail  fence,  about  14 
feet  east  of  north  and  south  fence  line,  on  east  side  of  north  and 
south  road  (New  Light  Christian  church  (?)  is  at  southeast 
corner  of  crossroads);   iron  post  stamped  "457  ADJ"    457.555 

T.  5  N.,  R.  14  W.,  southeast  corner  of  section  3,  northwest  corner 
of  crossroads,  west  side  of  road,  6  feet  east  of  fence  and  4  feet 
north  of  fence  corner;    iron  post  stamped  "462  ADJ"   463.263 

T.  6  N.,  R.  14  W.,  northeast  corner  of  section  27,  southwest  corner 
of  crossroads,  west  side  of  road,  1.2  feet  east  of  fence,  5.6  feet 
south  of  fence  corner;   iron  post  stamped  "483  ADJ"   483.969 

T.  6  N.,  R.  14  W.,  0.25  mile  east  of  southwest  corner  of  section  2, 
T  road  (the  branch  to  west  is  very  dim),  outside  of  road  at  T, 
1.3  feet  south  of  fence,  15  feet  east  of  north  and  south  fence  at 
fence  corner  (north  of  center  of  T) ;  iron  post  stamped  "478 
ADJ"     1 .  c 478.367 

T.  6  N.,  R.  13  W.,  northeast  corner  of  section  7,  at  southwest  corner 
of  T  road,  on  west  side  of  road,  1.2  feet  east  of  fence,  7.5  feet  south 
of  fence  corner;   iron  post  stamped  "483  ADJ"   483.298 

T.  6  N.,  R.  13  W.,  southwest  corner  of  section  2,  (crossroads)  0.75 
mile  south  of  Stoy,  on  small  bank  by  pipe  line,  1  foot  east  of  fence, 
76  feet  north  of  east  and  west  fence  line  on  north  side  of  east  and 
west  road;   iron  post  stamped  "475  ADJ"   476.261 

T.  6  N.,  R.  12  W.,  northeast  corner  of  section  7,  T  road,  on  south 
side  of  road  opposite  the  Wilson  Schoolhouse,  0.7  foot  north  of 
fence,  12  feet  east  of  fence  corner,  on  edge  of  lane  to  south;  iron 
post  stamped  "581  ADJ" 531.481 


HERRON.]  TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS.  105 

FROM   POINT  0.75    MILE   SOUTH   OF    STOY    SOUTH   ALONG   HIGHWAYS    TO   T.    4    N.,   R.    13 
W.,    NEAR    SOUTHEAST    CORNER    OF    SECTION    29. 

Feet. 

T.  6  N.,  R.  13  W.,  northwest  corner  of  section  23,  T  road,  on  bank 
on  south  side  of  road  at  T,  1.5  feet  north  of  fence,  34.5  feet  east 
of  north  and  south  section  line  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "484 
ADJ"     485.269 

H'ardinville,  section  34,  T.  6  N.,  R.  13  W.,  on  east  side  of  main  north 
and  south  road  just  north  of  Christian  church,  500  feet  south  of 
crossroads,  4.2  feet  north  of  fence  line  between  McCarty  (south 
side)  and  Newman  (north  side),  6.8  feet  west  of  an  old  fence  line 
north  in  correct  position;    iron  post  stamped  "510  AD  J"    510.903 

T.  5  N.,  R.  13  W.,  0.25  mile  north  of  southwest  corner  of  section  4, 
southeast  corner  of  T  road,  at  T,  on  south  side  of  road,  0.9  feet 
north  of  fence,  39  feet  east  of  north  and  south  fence  line,  on  east 
side  of  north  and  south  road;   iron  post  stamped  "463  AD  J"    ....    463.826 

Chauncey,  southwest  corner  of  section  28,  T.  5  N.,  R.  13  W.,  at  north- 
east corner  of  crossroads,  on  east  side  of  road,  1.2  feet  west  of 
fence,  6.6  feet  north  of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped  "488 
ADJ"     488.708 

T.  4  N.,  R.  13  "W.,  0.25  mile  north  of  southeast  corner  or  section  8, 
northwest  corner  of  T  road,  north  side  of  road  between  2  walnut 
trees,  1.2  feet  south  of  fence,  28  feet  west  of  north  and  south 
fence  line  on  west  side  of  north  and  south  road;  iron  post  stamped 
"492   ADJ" 492.990 

FROM  T.   6   N.,   R.   12   W.,    NORTHEAST   CORNER  OF    SECTION    29,    ALONG   HIGHWAYS 
SOUTH,    TO    FAIRVIEW    CHURCH. 

T.  6  N.,  R.  12  W.,  quarter  corner  east  side  of  section  29,  T  road  at 
southwest  corner,  on  south  side  of  road,  1.1  feet  north  of  fence 
7  feet  west  of  2-foot  oak  tree  at  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped 
"512    ADJ"    512.750 

T.  5  N.,  R.  12  W.,  northwest  corner  of  section  9,  at  southeast  corner 
of  crossroads,  on  east  side  of  road,  0.8  foot  west  of  fence,  6  feet 
south  of  fence  corner;   iron  post  stamped  "523  ADJ"    523.318 

T.  5  N.,  R.  12  W.,  0.25  mile  east  of  northwest  corner  of  section  28, 
southeast  corner  of  crossroads,  0.8  foot  west  of  fence,  6  feet  south 
of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped  "442  ADJ"  442.767 

Westfort,  section  32,  T.  5  N.,  R.  12  W.,  iron  truss  bridge  over  Em- 
barrass river  at  southwest  corner,  in  highest  part  of  masonry 
support,  1.1  feet  from  east  edge,  0.3  feet  from  south  edge;  alum- 
inum tablet  stamped  "437  ADJ"    437.339 

T.  4  N.,  R.  12  W.,  northeast  corner  of  section  18,  southwest  corner 
of  crossroads,  south  side  of  road,  1.3  feet  north  of  fence,  22  feet 
west  of  north  and  south  fence  line  on  west  side  of  north  and  south 
road;   iron  post  stamped  "436  ADJ" 436.534 

T.  4  N.,  R.  12  W.,  northwest  corner  of  section  29,  at  crossroads,  on 
south  side  of  road  at  T,  2.1  feet  north  of  fence  line,  23  feet  east 
of  north  and  south  fence  line  at  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped 
"455   ADJ"    455.678 

Merom  Quadrangle. 

at  robinson. 

Robinson,  at  east  edge  of  station;   top  of  rail   536.7 

Robinson,  on  south  side  of  courthouse,  on  west  side  of  concrete  walk, 
in  top  of  concrete  post  at  edge  of  wall;   aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"Prim.   Trav.   Sta.   No.   13,   534  ADJ"    534.529 


106  YEAR-BOOK   FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

RUSSELLVILLE    QUADRANGLE. 

ROBINSON    SOUTH    ALONG    HIGHWAY,    TO    T.    6n.,    R.    12    W.,    NORTHEAST    CORNER    OF 

SECTION    29. 

Feet. 
T.  6  N.,  R.  12  W.,  center  of  northeast  quarter  of  section  16,  cross- 
roads, at  south  east  corner,  on  east  side  of  road,  0.8  feet  west  of 
fence,  3.9  feet  south  of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped  "533  AD  J"    533.542 


Bridgeport,  Carmi  and  Mt.  Carmel  Quadrangles — Edwards,  Lawrence, 
Richland,  Wabash  and  White  Counties. — The  elevations  in  the  following 
list  are  based  upon  the  1907  adjustment.  The  work  on  Mt.  Carmel 
quadrangle  was  extended  originally  from  adjoining  work  in  Indiana, 
via  Grayville,  but  the  elevations  are  now  corrected  tO'  agree  with  level- 
ing of  1908  upon  Bridgeport  quadrangle  based  upon  the  1907  Coast  and 
G-eodetic  Survey  adjustment,  elevation  of  a  bench  mark  at  Olney,  which 
is  0.785  foot  greater  than  by  1903  adjustment,  and  an  adjustment  has 
been  made  through  Carmi  quadrangle  to  accord  with  elevations  brought 
by  precise  leveling  of  1906  from  Duquoin,  Illinois,  corrected  to  agree 
with  the  1907  adjustment  at  that  point,  which  is  0.336  foot  greater 
than  by  the  1903  adjustment. 

The  leveling  was  done  as  follows :  On  Mt.  Carmel  quadrangle  mostly 
in  1902  by  H.  G.  Lowe,  on  Bridgeport  and  Carmi  quadrangles  mostly 
and  on  Mt.  Carmel  quadrangle  partially,  in  1908  by  W.  A.  Gelbach; 
on  Bridgeport  also,  in  1907,  by  H.  Biicher,  and  on  Carmi  also,  in  1905, 
by  C.  S.  Blair. 

The  work  done  in  1905  and  later  years  was  in  cooperation  with  the 
State  and  the  standard  bench  marks  established  since  1905  inclusive, 
are  stamped  with  the  State  name. 

Mt.  Carmel  Quadrangle. 

grayville  northeast  along  big  four  railroad,  via  cowling,  keensburg  and 
schrodts  station,  to  mt.  carmel. 

Feet. 

Grayville,  at  milepost  E  32,  at  northwest  corner  of  bridge  289;  head 
of    bolt : 386.36 

Grayville,  100  feet  south  of  station,  6  feet  east  of  track;  iron  post 
stamped    "392    VIN" 392.113 

Cowling,  T.  2  S.,  R.  14  W.,  8  inches  north  from  northeast  corner  of 
Big  Four  station,  6  inches  above  ground;  iron  post  stamped  "397 
VIN"    396.812 

Keensburg,  T.  2  S.,  R.  14  W.,  northwest  corner  of  M.  E.  Church 
(frame),  in  face  of  foundation  wall  on  north  side;  aluminum  tab- 
let stamped   "430  VIN" 429.672 

Sugar  Creek  (Schrodts  station),  T.  1  S.,  R.  13  W.,  at  northeast  cor- 
ner of  Peter  Schrodts  store,  1  foot  north;  iron  post  stamped 
"458    VIN" 458.066 

Mt.  Carmel  Courthouse,  at  southwest  side,  in  southeast  vang  on  west 

sill  in  wall;   bronze  tablet  stamped  "465  VIN" 464.841 

MT.   CARMEL    (juuction   of   Big   Four   and    Southern   Railways),   west   along 

SOUTHERN    railway,    VIA    MAUD",    TO   BELMONT. 

Maud,  T.  1  S.,  R.  13  W.,  northeast  corner  of  Christian  Church,  east 

side  in  face  of  foundation  wall;  bronze  tablet  stamped  "442  VIN".    441.384 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIO   SURVEYS.  107 

KEENSBUEG    NORTHWEST,    TO    BELMONT,    THENCE   WEST    ALONG    SOUTHERN    RAILWAY 

TO  BROWNS. 

Feet. 

Bellmont,  T.  1  S.,  R.  14  W.,  Town  Hall,  at  southwest  corner  of  south 
side  in  face  of  wall,  3  feet  above  ground;  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"431    VIN" 430.846 

Browns,  T.  1  S.,  R.  14  W.,  in  southeast  corner  of  red  brick  M.  E. 
Church,  in  face  of  south  wall,  3  feet  above  ground;  aluminum 
tablet  stamped   "402   VIN" 401.728 

GRAYVILLE    NORTH     ALONG    ILLINOIS     CENTRAL    RAILROAD     AND     PUBLIC     ROADS,     VIA 

BROWNS,   TO  BONE   GAP. 

Bone  Gap,  T.  1  S.,  R.  14  W.,  northwest  corner  of  Miss  M.  D.  Rice's 
millinery  store,  north  side  in  brick  foundation;  bronze  tablet 
stamped    "459    VIN" 458.746 

BONE    GAP    ALONG    PUBIC    ROADS,    VIA    GARD's    POINT    AND    FBIENDSVILLE,    TO    PATTON, 
THENCE  SOUTH  ALONG  BIG  FOUR  RAILROAD,  TO  MT.   CARMEL. 

Gard's  Point,  T.  1  S.,  R.  13  W.,  at  east  side  of  northeast  corner  of 
Lick  Prairie  Church;   iron  post  stamped  "434  VIN" 433.428 

Patton,  T.  1  S.,  R.  12  W.,  1  foot  southwest  of  southeast  corner  of 
frame  building  of  J.  W.  Elliott,  8  inches  above  ground;  iron  post 
stamped   "416   VIN" : . . . .    416.146 

A   CIRCUIT   RUN   IN    1907   BY   W.   A.   GELBACH   CONNECTED   MT.    CARMEL  BENCH    MARK 
WITH    PATTON    AND    ESTABLISHED    THE   FOLLOWING: 

Mt.  Carmel,  on  pier  of  Southern  Railway  bridge;  zero  of  gage 372.05 

Grand  Rapids,  land  side  of  government  locks  at;  top  of  coping  of 
pier  (Wabash  River  Survey  bench  mark;  Engineer's  elevation 
given  being  395.913,  based  upon  1903  adjustment  elevation  at  Vin- 
cennes,  but  the  1907  adjustment  would  raise  it  0.663  foot  which 

is  0.113  foot  greater  than  the  adjusted  elevation  here  given) 396.463 

T.  1  N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  of  sections  20,  21,  28  and  29,  in  front  of 
T  road  west;   iron  post  stamped  "416-1908" 416.593 

Carmi  Quadrangle. 

grayville  southwest  along   cairo  division  of  the  big  four  railroad,   to 

norris  city. 

Grayville,  100  feet  south  of  station,  6  feet  east  of  track;  iron  post 
stamped    "VIN    392" 392.113 

Carmi,  2  blocks  east  of  station,  at  southv^'■est  corner  opposite  electric 

plant,  in  root  of  large  tree;  spike 398.28 

Carmi,  west  side  of  main  entrance  in  stone  step  to  First  Presby- 
terian Church;    aluminum  tablet  stamped  "399" 399.057 

Brownsville,    at    southwest    corner    of    stone    platform;     iron    post 

stamped    "417" 416.768 

Stokes,  in  southeast  corner  of  yard  of  J.  Pyle's  store;  iron  post 
stamped    "415" 414.578 

BROWNSVILLE  EAST,   TO  MAUNIE. 

Brownsville,  1.5  miles  south  of,  at  southeast  corner  of  crossroads; 
iron    post    stamped    "442—1908" 442.458 

T.  6  S.,  R.  9  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  9  and  10,  at  T  road 
west,  in  center  of  triangular  grass  plot  in  road  fork;  iron  post 
stamped    "360—1908" 360.278 


108  YEAR-BOOK   FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Feet. 

T.  5  S.,  R.  9  E.,  southwest  corner  of  section  36,  in  front  of  T  road 

north;    iron  post  stamped  "424 — 1908" 424.004 

Epworth,    2   miles   south   of,    at  northeast   corner   of   crossroads,   15 

feet  east  of  corner  fence  post;  iron  post  stamped  "398 — 1908" 398.514 

Maunie,  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railway  bridge  over  Wabash  River, 
on  coping  south  end  of  east  pier,  1  foot  from  edge;  chiseled  circle 
(Wabash  River  Survey  bench  mark  No.  32,  Engineer's  elevations 
is  370.471,  based  on  1903  adjustment  value  at  Vincennes.  The 
elevation  by  that  line  corrected  to  1907  adjustment  is  0.663  foot 
greater) 373.600 

Maunie,  in  middle  of  northwest  face  of  foundation  wall  to  Metho- 
dist Church,  2  feet  above  ground;  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"375— ILLINOIS— 1903" 375.417 

MAUNIE   NORTH,   TO   NEAR  GRAYVILLE. 

T.  5  S.,  R.  10  E.,  northeast  corner  of  section  24,  in  front  of  T  road 
east;    iron  post  stamped  "369—1908" 369.468 

T.  5  S.,  R.  14  W.,  near  corner  of  sections  5,  6,  7  and  8,  in  southwest 
corner  of  schoolyard,  in  front  of  T  road  west;  iron  post  stamped 
"378—1908"    ; 378.655 

Phillipstov>^n,  1  mile  north  of,  at  northeast  corner  of  crossroads 
on  bank;    iron  post  stamped  "498 — 1908" 498.359- 

Calvin,  Union-Methodist  and  Baptist  Church,  in  middle  of  north 
foundation  wall  about  1.5  feet  above  ground;  aluminum  tablet 
stamped    "448— ILLINOIS— 1908" 448.738 

Grayville,  below,  Illinois  Central  Railway  bridge  over  Wabash  River, 
south  end  of  east  bank  pier;  U.  S.  E.  []  B.  M.  (Wabash  River 
Survey  Engineer's  elevation  388,590,  based  on  1903  adjustment 
from  Vincennes,  but  corrected  to  1907  adjustment  datum  its  eleva- 
tion would  be  0.663  foot  greater) 389.420 

T.  3  S.,  R.  14  W.,  at  corner  of  sections  29,  30,  31  and  32;  on  top  of 
corner    stone ' 402.79 

T.  3  S.,  R.  14  AV.,  at  corner  of  sections  19,  20,  29  and  30,  front  of 
and  20  feet  east  of  center  line  of  T  road  south;  iron  post  stamped 
"398—1908"    398.186 

NEAR  GRAYVILLE  V^^EST,    TO   LITTLE   WABASH   RIVER,    THENCE    SOUTH,    TO    CARMI. 

T.  3  S.,  R.  10  E.,  corner  of  sections  22,  23,  26  and  27,  in  front  of  T 
road  south;   iron  post  stamped  "392—1908" 392.544 

High  Shoals,  0.75  mile  w^est  of  bridge  over  Little  Wabash  River,  in 
front  of  T  road  south;  iron  post  stamped  "383—1908" 383.823 

T.  3  and  4  S.,  R.  10  E.,  0.25  mile  east  of  quarter  corner  between  sec- 
tions 32  and  5,  at  southeast  corner  of  T  road  south,  4  feet  south 
of  corner  fence  post;   iron  post  stamped  "383 — 1908" 383.012 

T.  4  S.,  R.  10  E.,  middle  of  section  21,  at  northeast  corner  of  T  road 
north ;    iron   post   stamped   "390—1908" '  390.313 

T.  4  S.,  R.  10  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  28  and  29,  in  south- 
east corner  of  school  yard,  at  northwest  corner  of  crossroads,  in 
tree    root;    nail 387.04 

Simpson  Switch  on  Big  Four  Railroad,  3.25  miles  northeast  of  Carmi, 
80  feet  north  of  track,  on  west  side  of  wagon  road,  by  wire  fence: 
iron  post  stamped  "388—1908" 388.749 

Carmi,  0.25  mile  northeast  of,  400  feet  east  of  junction  of  Louisville 
and  Nashville  and  Big  Four  tracks,  east  of  railway  bridge  over 
Little  Wabash  river,  6  feet  high  north  of  Big  Four  track,  near  rail- 
road crossing,  in  southeast  corner  of  bridge  on  railing;  top  of  bolt 
head    382.27 


HERRON.]  TOPOGKAPHIC   SURVEYS.  109 

FROM    LITTLE    WABASH    RIVER    WEST,    TO    BURNT    PRAIRIE,     THENCE    SOUTH,     TO 

BROWNSVILLE. 

Feet. 

T.  3  S.,  R.  9  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  23  and  24,  in  front 
of  T  road  south,  at  corner  of  house  jard;  iron  post  stamped 
"386—1908"    385.991 

T.  3  S.,  R.  9  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  20  and  21,  in  front 

of  T  road  south;    iron  post  stamped  "425 — 1908" 425.415 

T.  4  S.,  R.  9  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  8  and  9,  at  north- 
east corner  of  crossroads;   iron  post  stamped  "388 — 1908" 387.893 

T.  4  S.,  R.  9  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  29  and  32,  at  south- 
west corner  of  school  yard,  at  northeast  corner  of  T  road  east; 
iron  post  stamped  "388—1908" c 388.809 

Trumbull,  0.1  mile  westof,  at  southeast  corner  of  crossroads,  at  foot 

of  bank;    iron  post  stamped  "419—1908" 419.637 

Bridgeport  Quadrangle. 

from  point  4  miles  east  of  olney  east  along  baltimore  and  ohio  south- 
western railroad,  to  claremont,  thence  along  highways  north,  to* 
hickory  point  school. 

(Mean  of  Direct  and  Reverse  Leveling.) 
Claremont  station,  0.36  mile  west  of,  south  end   of  small  artificial 
lake,  in  top  of  east  wing  of  masonry  dam,  0.9  foot  from  west  edge 
and   1.8   feet   from   north    edge,    in    northwest   corner;    aluminuni 

tablet  stamped  "498  ADJ"    498.826 

Claremont,  at  station  crossing;    top  of  south  rail 509.8 

FROM  CROSSROADS  0.93  MILE  NORTH  OF  CLAREMONT  EAST  ALONG  HIGHWAY  TO  T 
ROAD  0.25  MILE  EAST  OF  NORTHEAST  CORNER  SECTION  5,  T.  3  N.,  R.  13  W.,  THENCE 
NORTH    1    MILE. 

T.  4  N.,  R.  14  W.,  southwest  corner  of  section  36,  at  northeast  corner 
of  crossroads,  on  east  side  of  road,  0.7  foot  west  of  fence,  22  feet 
north  of  fence  corner;   iron  post  stamped  "509  ADJ"   510.263 

T.  3  N.,  R.  13  W.,  0.25  mile  east  of  northwest  corner  of  section  4, 
at  T  road,  0.7  foot  north  of  fence,  24.5  feet  east  of  telegraph  pole, 
about  11  feet  east  of  center  line  of  north  and  south  road;  iron  post 
stamped   "483   ADJ" 484.085 

T.  4  N.,  R.  13  W.,  0.25  mile  east  of  northwest  corner  of  section  33, 
at  T  road,  on  west  side  of  road,  2.2  feet  east  of  fence,  in  concrete 
post  flush  with  ground;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "Prim.  Trav. 
Sta.  No.  10,  489  ADJ"    490.408 

FROM  T.  3  N.,  R.  13  W.,  SEC.  5,  0.25  MILE  EAST  OF  NORTHEAST  CORNER,  EAST  TO 
T.  4  N.,  R.  12  W.,  NORTHEAST  CORNER  SECTION  32,  THENCE  NORTH,  TO  FAIR-' 
VIEW    CHURCH. 

T.  4  N.,  R.  13  W.,  southwest  corner  of  section  36,  opposite  U.  B.  Union 
Chapel,  at  northeast  corner  of  crossroads,  on  east  side  of  road,  1.1 
•feet    west    of    fence,    62    feet    north    of    fence;     iron    post    stamped    "570 
ADJ" 571.168 

T.  3  N.,  R.  12  W.,  northwest  corner  of  section  4,  at  crossroads,  State 
road  east  to  west,  on  south  side  of  road,  on  bank  a  little  east  of 

-  center  of  road  to  north,  0.9  foot  north  of  fence,  18.5  feet  east  of 
telegraph  pole;   iron  post  stamped  "457  ADJ"   457.461 


110  YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [BULL.  NO.  14 

FEOM    POINT    2    MILES    NORTH    OF    BRIDGEPORT    SOUTH,    TO    GRANT    SCHOOL,    THENCE 
WEST    5.6    MILES,    THENCE   NORTH,    TO    SUMNER. 

Feet. 

Bridgeport,  100  feet  north  of  railroad,  on  front  face  at  southeast 
corner  of  yellow  brick  building  owned  by  F.  W.  Cox,  about  3  feet 
about  sidewalk;    aluminum  tablet  stamped  "449  1908"    448.591 

T.  3  N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  of  sections  20,  21,  28  and  29,  at  north- 
west corner  of  crossroads;   iron  post  stamped  "489  1908"   489.774 

Grant  School,  corner  of  sections  4,  5,  8  and  9,  T.  2  N.,  R.  12  W., 
at  northwest  corner  of  crossroads,  in  southeast  corner  of  school 
yard;   iron  post  stamped  "446  1908" 446.892 

T.  2  N.,  R.  13  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  4  and  9,  at  south- 
west corner  of  crossroads,  3  feet  west  of  corner  of  John  White's 
yard;   iron  post  stamped  "476  1908"   ^ 477.274 

Sumner,  on  Main  street,  250  feet  south  of  railroad,  at  northeast  cor- 
ner of  street  crossing  in  brick  building  owned  by  Mart  Wagner, 
in  south  face  on  foot  from  southwest  corner  and  3  feet  above 
ground;    aluminum  tablet  stamped  "461  ILLINOIS  1908"    462.148 

Sumner,  railroad  crossing  on  Main  street;  top  of  rail 460.5 

FROM    POINT    5.6    MILES    WEST   OF    GRANT    SCHOOL    WEST,    TO    BROWNSVILLE,    THENCE 

NORTH,   TO   CLAREMONT. 

T.  2  N.,  Rs.  13  and  14  W.,  corner  of  sections  1,  6,  7  and  12,  Law- 
rence-Richland county  line,  at  northwest  corner  of  crossroads,  in 
root  of  tree;    spike    537.90 

Preston  School,  corner  of  sections  3,  4,  9  and  10,  T.  2  N.,  R.  14  W., 
in  front  of  T  road  east,  600  feet  south  of  T  road  west,  in  south- 
east corner  of  school  yard;  iron  post  stamped  "456  1908"   456.244 

Black  Oak  School,  corner  of  sections  27,  28,  33  and  34,  T.  3  N.,  R.  14 
W.,  at  northwest  corner  of  crossroads,  in  southeast  corner  of 
school  yard,  in  tree  root;    spike   497.20 

T.  3  N.,  R.  13  W.,  at  corner  of  sections  21,  22,  27  and  28,  at  south- 
west corner  of  crossroads,  by  picket  fence;  iron  post  stamped 
"506  1908" 505.920 

Claremont,  in  front  of  station;    top  of  rail   509.7 

GRANT  SCHOOL  SOUTH,  TO  NEAR  PATTON. 

T.  2  N.,  R.  12  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  20  and  21,  at 
northeast  corner  of  crossroads,  in  southwest  corner  of  school 
yard;   iron  post  stamped  "445  1908"   445.641 

T.  1.  N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  of  sections  8,  9,  16  and  17,  at  northwest 
corner  of  crossroads,  by  picket  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "462 
1908"   462.325 

FROM    POINT    5.6    MILES    WEST  *0F    GRANT    SCHOOL    SOUTH    AND    EAST,    VIA    FRIENDS- 

VILLE,  TO  NEAR  PATTON. 

T.  2  N.,  R.  13  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  21  and  28,  in 
front  of  T  road  west  at  schoolhouse,  4  feet  south  of  corner  fence 
post;    iron  post   stamped  "460   1908" 460.636 

Lancaster,  400  feet  east  by  400  feet  south  of  middle  of  section  4, 
T.  1  N.,  R.  13  W.,  in  west  face  of  Lutheran  church  directly  under 
window  south  of  entrance,  about  2.5  feet  above  ground;  aluminum 
tablet  stamped  "494   ILLINOIS   1908"    '. .  .    494.584 

Stoeltz  Schoolhouse,  quarter  corner  between  sections  20  and  21,  T. 
1  N.,  R.  13  W.,  at  southwest  corner  of  crossroads,  in  northeast 
corner  of  school  yard;   iron  post  stamped  "459  1908"   459.431 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS.  Ill 

Feet. 
Friendsville,  quarter   corner  between   sections   23  and   24,   T.   1  N., 
R.  13  W.,  in  east  side  of  brick  house  of  Dr.   C.   S.   Couch,  near 
southeast  corner,  about  3  feet  above  ground;  bronze  tablet  stamped 
"482    VIN"    481.722 

FEOM    STOELTZ    SCHOOL  WEST,    TO   PINHOOK,    THEXCE    NORTH,    TO    BEOWNSVIIXE. 

T,  1  N.,  R.  13  and  14  W.,  0.25  mile  north  of  quarter  corner  between 
sections  19  and  24,  in  front  of  and  about  20  feet  south  of  center 
line  of  T  road  east;   iron  post  stamped  ''409  1908"   409.460 

Pinhook,  quarter  corner  between  sections  21  and  22,  T.  1  N.,  R.  14 
W.,  at  northeast  corner  of  T  road  north;  iron  post  stamped  "435 
1908"     435.611 

T.  1  and  2  N.,  R.  14  W.,  about  0.1  mile  east  of  quarter  corner  be- 
tween sections  4  and  33,  at  northwest  corner  of  crossroads,  opposite 
small  white  house;   iron  post  stamped  "458  1908"   458.416 

Red  Head  Schoolhouse,  quarter  corner  between  sections  16  and  21, 
T.  2  N.,  R.  14  W.,  at  southwest  corner  of  crossroads,  in  northeast 
corner  of  school  yard;   iron  post  stamped  "462  1908"  462.584 

Preston  School,  corner  of  sections  3,  4,  9  and  10,  T.  2  R.  14  W.,  in 
front  of  T  road  east,  600  feet  south  of  T  road  west,  in  south- 
east corner  of  school  yard;   iron  post  stamped  "456  1908"    456.244 


Eldorado;  Enfield  and  Nevj  Haven  Quadrangles — Gallatin,  Hamilton, 
Saline  and  White  Counties. — The  elevations  in  the  follow^ing  list  are 
based  upon  the  nnadjiisted  precise  level  line  of  1906,  DiiQnoin  to 
Shawneetown,  which  recovered  the  standard  hench  mark  of  this  list 
at  Eldorado.  The  elevations  accepted  at  Duqnoin,  Illinois,  are  by  precise 
leveling  of  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  corrected  in  accord  with. the 
adjustment  of  1907. 

All  bench  marks  are  stamped  "ADJ^^  in  addition  to  the  figures  of 
elevation. 

The  leveling  was  done  n  1905  by  Mr.  C.  B.  Blair,  levelman.    - 

Enfield  Quadrangle. 

stokes  over  cairo  division  of  cleveland,  cincinnati,  chicago  and  st.  louis 
railway  to  norris  city, 

Stokep,  southeast  corner  of  yard  of  J.  Pyles  store;  iron  post  stamped 
"4^:  ADJ"  414.623 

Eldorado   Quadrangle. 

norris  city  along  highways  west  and  south  to  broughton,  thence  along 
louisville  and  nashville  railroad  to  eldorado,  thence  along  highway 
east  to  ridgeway,  thence  north  to  omaha,  thence  over  baltimore  and 
and  ohio  railroad  to  norris  city. 

Norris  City,  stone  sill,  at  main  entrance  to  north  side  of  Cumberland 

Presbyterian  Church;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "444  ADJ" 443.856 

Norris  City,  3.5  miles  west  of,  at  northeast  corner  of  Jennings  school 

house;   iron  post  stamped  "410  ADJ" 410.032 

Broughton,  3  miles  north  of,  southeast  corner  of  forks  of  road;  iron 

post  stamped  "371  -ADJ" 371.193 

Broughton,  northeast  corner  of  cinder  platform  of  L.  &  N.  station; 

iron  post  stamped  "379  ADJ"    378.676 


112  YEAE-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Feet. 
Francis  Mill,  northeast  corner  of  cinder  platform;  iron  post  stamped 

"371   ADJ" 371.116 

Eldorado,  10  feet  south  of  southwest  corner  of  Grand  Hotel;    iron 

post  stamped  "388  ADJ" 387.904 

Eldorado,  3.5  miles  east  of,  at  jog  in  road,  3  feet  northeast  of  oak 

tree,  in  3^iddle  of  road;  iron  post  stamped  "373  ADJ" 373.185 

Zion  Church,  front  wall,  northeast  corner;  aluminum  tablet  stamped 

"390   ADJ" : 389.882 

Ridgeway,   stone   foundation   of   Catholic   Church,   southeast   corner, 

east  of  front  entrance;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "377  ADJ" 377.120 

Omaha,   90   feet  south   of  station,   12  feet  east  of  track;    iron  post 

stamped    "367    ADJ" 367.101 

Middlepoint,    at    northeast    corner    of    cinder    platform;     iron    post 

stamped    "433    ADJ" 432.906 

NEAR  OMAHA  EAST   ALONG   HIGHWAY    2.7    MILES. 

Omaha,  2.7  miles  east  of,  southwest  angle  of  forks  with  road  running 

south;    iron  post  stamped  "405  ADJ" 405.304 

New  Haven  Quadrangle, 
near  norris  city  east  along  highway  to  little  chain. 

Iron,  northeast  corner  of  junction,  5  feet  west  of  southwest  corner 

of  warehouse;  iron  post  stamped  "463  ADJ" 463.043 

Herald,  3  feet  east  of  northeast  corner  of  school  house;    iron  post 

stamped    "430    ADJ" 430.063 

Emma,   southeast   corner  of  junction   0.5   mile   south   of;    iron   post 

stamped   "36u   ADJ" 366.057 

Little  Chain,  1.0  mile  west  of,  southwest  corner  of  road  forks;   iron 

post    stamped    "367    ADJ" 366.816 

NEAR  EMMA   SOUTH  ALONG  HIGHWAY  TO  INMAN  AND  WEST  TO  NEAR  RIDGEWAY. 

New  Haven,   at  northv\^est   corner  of   Scudmore  and  Mathia   Bank; 

aluminum  tablet  stamped  "370  ADJ" 370.221 

Inman,  southeast  corner  of  forks  of  roads  0.5  mile  east  of;  iron  post 

stamped    "379    ADJ". 378.348 

NEW  HAVEN   WEST   ALONG   HIGHWAY   TO  BENCH    MARK    2.7    MILES    EAST   OF    OMAHA. 

Omaha,  6.5  miles  east  of,  northeast  corner  of  junction  with  road 
running  south,  12  feet  west  of  hickory,  2  feet  in  diameter;  iron 
post  stamped  "387  ADJ" 387.094 

NEW  HAVEN   EAST  ALONG  HIGHWAY  TO  WABASH. 

Ragland  Island,  1.5  miles  south  of,  just  above  Loop  Slough,  75  feet 
south  of  large  high  water  barn;  iron  pipe  marked  "U.  S.  Eng'r" 
(Engineers  bench  mark  No.  38,  elevation  343.802) 346.166 

Ragland  Island,   1.5   miles  south  of,   75  feet  south  of  barn,   3  feet 

east  of  Engineers  bench  mark;   iron  post  stamped  "346  ADJ"....    346.052 

S.   R.    PATRICKS    CHURCH    EAST  AND    SOUTH    TO   ROUND    POND    SCHOOLHOUSE,    THENCE 
NORTH    TO    WABASH    RIVER. 

Church,  0.75  mile  south  of,  northeast  corner  of  junction;    iron  post 

stamped    "366    ADJ" 366.002 

Round   Pond,    northeast   corner   of   schoolhouse;    iron   post   stamped 

"362    ADJ" 362.259 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC    SURVEYS.  113 

Gailatia  and  West  Frankfort  Quadrangles — FranMin,  Hamilton,  Saline 
and  Williamson  Counties. — The  elevations  in  the  following  list  are  based 
upon  the  precise  level  line  of  1906 -from  Dnqnoin^  and  upon  the  1907 
adjustment. 

The  leveling  was  done  mostly  in  1906  by  F.  C.  Higley.  Two  bench 
marks  on  West  Frankfort  quadrangle  were  established  in  1907  by 
Henry  Bticher. 

The  work  was  done  in  cooperation  with  the  State  and  all  permanent 
bench  marks  are  stamped  with  the  State  name. 

Galatia  Quadrangle. 

ealeigh  noeth,  to  near  walpole,  thence  westerly,  to  point  2  mlles  north 

of  thompsonville. 

Feet. 

Raleigh,  2.73  miles  north  of,  at  township  line  road  due  north  of 
Raleigh,  at  southeast  corner,  edge  of  section  3,  T.  8  S.,  R.  6  E.; 
iron    post    stamped    "400 — 1906" 401.576 

Raleigh,  6.4  miles  north  of,  north  edge  of  section  21,  T.  7  S., 
R.  6  E.,  county  line,  southwest  of  road  corners;  iron  post  stamped 
"381—1906"    381.803 

Raleigh,  8.7  miles  north  of,  0.5  mile  east  of  Walpole,  0.25  mile  south 
of  section  line  running  through  Walpole,  southeast  of  road  corner; 
iron  post  stamped  "409—1906" 409.881 

Walpole,  0.85  mile  north  of,  0.75  mile  due  north  of  Walpole,  at  inter- 
section with  township  line  road,  southwest  of  crossing;  iron  post 
stamped    "443—1906" 443.945 

Walpole,  4.1  miles  west  of,  at  southwest  corner  of  section  36,  T.  6  S., 
R.  5  E.,  just  northeast  of  road  corner;  iron  post  stamped 
"478—1906"    479.035 

Walpole,  6.8  miles  northwest  of,  575  feet  west  of  one-half  section 
line  of  section  3,  north  side  of  New  Haven  road,  6  feet  west  of 
6-inch  walnut  tree,  at  south  road  in  J.  Webber's  field;  iron  post 
stamped  "     ?     " 441.612 

Walpole,  10.85  miles  west  of,  county  line,  southeast  corner  of  inter- 
section of  county  line  road  and  New  Haven  road,  40  feet  east  of 
county  line;    iron   post  stamped   "593 — 1906"    593.904 

RALEIGH  SOUTH,  TO  TOWNSHIP  LINE,   THENCE  WEST,   TO   ATTILA. 

Raleigh,  1.6  miles  south  of,  corner  of  sections  21,  22,  27  and  28, 
T.  8  S.,  R.  6  E.,  at  southeast  corner  where  road  turns  south;  iron 
post  stamped  "373" 373.202 

Raleigh,  4.28  miles  south  of,  middle  east  and  west  of  section  4, 
T.  8  S.,  R.  6  E.,  0.33  mile  south  of  township  line,  southeast  of 
second  right  angle  in  road  south;   iron  post  stamped  "363" 362.959 

Raleigh,  7.41  miles  southwest  of,  southeast  of  crossroads  at  Mt. 
Moriah  Church,  corner  between  Brushy,  Raleigh  and  Harrisburg 
townships,  0.25  mile  east;  iron  post  stamped  "459 — 1906" 459.397 

Mt.  Moriah,  2.94  miles  west  of,  southwest  of  crossroads  at  center 
of  Brushy  tov\^nship,  at  Voting  House;  iron  post  stamped 
"402—1906"    402.199 

Saline  county  line,  0.5  mile  west  of,  on  east  and  west  road  which 
leads  into  Attila;    iron  post  stamped  "487—1906" 487.440 


—8  G 


114  YEAR-BOOK   FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

West  Prankfoet  Quadrangle. 

attila  west,  to  white  ash,  thence  north,  to  benton. 

Feet. 

Attila,    in    front    of    two-story    brick    church;     iron    post    stamped 

"558—1906"    557.950 

Attila,  2.8  miles  west  of,  near  corner  T.  8  and  9  S.,  R.  3  and  4  E.,  58 
feet  north  of  railroad  track  and  east  of  north  and  south  township 
line  road;    iron  post  stamped  "467 — 1906"    467.138 

Pittsburg,  block  21,  lot  1,  northwest  corner,  in  front  of  drug  store; 

iron  post  stamped  "464—1906" 464.415 

White  Ash,  about  2  miles  east  of,  northeast  of  corner  at  witness 
tree,  between  railroad  right  of  way  and  township  line  road; 
iron  post  stamped  "477—1906" . '. 477.547 

White  Ash,  southwest  of  intersection  of  Chicago  and  Eastern  Illinois 
Railroad  White  Ash  switch  and  the  Johnston  City  Marion  road,  60 
feet  south  of  center  of  track;  iron  post  stamped  "449 — 1906" 449.027 

Johnston  City,  1.6  miles  south  of;  at  first  crossroads  north  of  John- 
ston City  limits,  in  corner  northwest  of  intersection;  iron  post 
stamped    "459—1906" 459.749 

West  Frankfort,  2  miles  south  of,  on  first  half  section  line  north  of 
county  line  at  road  crossing,  55  feet  east  of  center  of  Chicago  and 
Eastern  Illinois  track,  southeast  of  road  corner;  iron  post  stamped 
"439—1906" 439.557 

West  Frankfort,  across  road,  directly  north  of  railroad  station,  25 
feet  north  of  north  side  of  walk,  between  railroad  right  of.  way 
and  store  wall;   iron  post  stamped  "408—1906" 407.969 

West  Frankfort,  0.81  mile  south  of,  1200  feet  south  of  Chicago  and 
Eastern  Illinois  coal  chutes,  at  west  road,  southwest  of  road  cor- 
ner;  iron  post  stamped  "396—1906" 396.036 

Benton,  4.76  miles  north  of,  at  township  line  road  crossing,  south- 
east of  corner;    iron  post  stamped  "411 — 1906" 411.042 

THOMPSONVILLE   NORTH    2    MILES. 

T.  4  and  6  S.,  R.  4  E.,  corner  of  sections  33,  34,  4  and  3,  3  miles  west 
of  county  line,  on  township  line,  30  feet  southwest  of  road,  2  feet 
north  of  township  line,  in  field  of  Akin  Plaster;  iron  post  stamped 
"459-1906"     460.476 

WEST    FRANKFORT    WEST,    TO    CHICAGO,    BURLINGTON    AND    QUINCY    RAILROAD, 

T.  7  S.,  R.  2  E.,  near  southwest  corner  of  section  22,  dim  cross- 
roads, on  south  side  of  road,  8  feet  north  of  fence,  40  feet  west  of 
fence  corner,  30  feet  east  of  3  foot  white  oak;  iron  post  stamped 
"396   ADJ" 396.036 

WHITE  ASH  SOUTHWEST  ALONG  MISSOURI  PACIFIC  RAILUOAD,  TO  SOUTHEAST  CORNER 
OF   SECTION    32,    T.    9    S,,    R.    2   E. 

T.  8  S.,  R  2  E.,  southwest  corner  of  section  35,  on  north  side  of  Coal 
Belt  Electric  railway  at  its  junction  with  the  Missouri  Pacific  Rail- 
road extension  to  the  Cartersville  District  Mine,  0.9  feet  south 
of  fence,  8.2  feet  west  of  trolley  pole  and  270  feet  west  of  line  of 
the  Coal  Belt  Electric  Railway  before  it  makes  the  curve  to  join 
the  Missouri  Pacific  Railroad;    iron  post  stamped  "471  ADJ" 471.757 


AUo'  Pass,  Ilerrin  and  Murphi/shoro'  Quadrangles — Franlivn,  Jack- 
son, Perry  and  Williamson  Counties. — ^T'he  elevations  in  the  following 
list  are  based  upon  a  precise  level  line  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey 
from  Duquoin  to  Shawneetown  crossing  Herrin  quadrangle,  and  upon 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC    SURVEYS.  115 

the  1907  adjustment  datum.  Beucli  marks  of  the  Coast  and  Geodetic 
Survey  south  of  Duquoin  on  Illinois  Central  Eailroad  were  not  re- 
covered. 

For  additional  elevations  on  HeiiiU  quadrangle  refer  to  precise  level 
list. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1?07  by  Henry  Biicher. 

The  work  was  done  in  coopeit^ion  with  the  State  and  the  permanent 
bench  marks  are  stamped  with  the  State  name. 

Herein  Quadrangle. 

duquoin  south  along  illinois  central  eailroad,  to  carbondale. 

Feet. 

Duquoin,  1.8  miles  south  of,  in  top  of  west  wall  concrete  culvert  No. 
290 — H,  on  "o"  of  1902  in  brass  plate  marked  "Myers  Construction 
Co.,  1902,   St.  Louis" 434.280 

Duquoin,   2.4  miles  south  of,  west  wall  concrete  culvert  No.   290 — 

81,  brass  plate  marked  as  above 420.514 

Duquoin,  2.5  miles  south  of,  concrete  culvert  No.  291 — 01,  in  top 
of  west  wall  at  southwest  corner  of,  1.3  feet  east  of  west  edge  and 
1.8  feet  north  of  south  edge;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "420  AD  J"    420.182 

Duquoin,   2.5   miles  south   of,   in  west  wall   of   same   culvert,   brass 

plate   marked  "Myers,  etc."    420.175 

Duquoin,  3.8  miles  south  of,  concrete  culvert  No.  292 — 23,  in  top  of 

west  wall,  brass  plate  marked  "Myers,   etc."    414.146 

Duquoin,   4.4   miles  south   of,   concrete   culvert  No.   292 — 88,   top   of 

west  wall,  brass  plate  marked  "Myers,  etc."   401.816 

Elkville,  1.9  miles  north  of,,  culvert  293 — 58,  top  of  west  wall,  brass 

plate   marked  "Myers,   etc." 397.636 

Elkville,  1.3  miles  north  of,  culvert  294 — 05,  in  top  of  west  wall,  brass 

plate  marked  same  as  "Myers,  etc."   398.696 

Elkville,  at  north  end  of  station  Dlatform;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim. 

Trav.   Sta.   34—1906   400  ADJ"    400.509 

Hallidayboro,  0.3  mile  north  of,  culvert  296 — 60,  top  of  west  wall, 

brass   plate   marked   same    as   "Myers,    etc."    404.853 

Hallidayboro,  just  south  of  station;   top  of  rail  at  crossing. 407.4 

Hallidayboro,  0.8  mile  south  of,  culvert  297 — 71,  top  of  east  wall, 
middle  "c"  of  Chicago,  in  brass  plate  marked  "Gilbert  Spencer, 
Jr.,  Chicago  1902"    396.014 

Hallidayboro,  1.1  miles  south  of,  east  wall  of  culvert  298 — 01,  marked 

same  as  "Gilbert  Spencer,"  etc 395.086 

Hallidayboro,  1.5  miles  south  of,  east  wall  of  culvert  298 — 42,  brass 

plate  marked   same   as   "Spencer,"   etc 390.364 

T.  7  S.,  R.  1  W.,  near  south  quarter  corner  of  section  32,  1.7  miles 
south  of  Hallidayboro,  road  crossing  at  southwest  corner  of,  on 
south  side  of  wagon  road,  1.5  feet  north  of  fence  and  32  feet  west 
of  west  southbound  rail;    iron  post  stam^ped  "394  ADJ"   393.926 

Ward  station,  north  end  of  road  crossing;  top  of  west  rail  409.1 

DeSoto  station,  0.6  mile  north  of,  culvert  No.  301 — 28,  top  of  east 
wall  marked  same,  as  "Spencer,"  etc 386.701 

DeSoto,  0.1  mile  north  of,  east  wall  of  culvert  301 — 78,  just  south 
of  overhead  crossing  Missouri  Pacific  Railroad,  brass  plate  marked 
same  as  "Spencer,"   etc 390.830 

DeSoto,  about  120  feet  south  of  station,  in  right  of  way  at  north- 
west corner  of  section  house  lot,  0.8  foot  west  of  fence  and   2.2 

^    feet  south  of  fence   corner,  19    feet  east  of   east   rail;    iron   post 

stamped   "401   ADJ"    -. 401.732 


116  YEAE-BOOK   FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Feet. 
DeSoto,  2.2  miles  south  of,  Illinois  Central  Railroad  bridge  No.  304 
— 00  over  Big  Muddy  river,  at  extreme  southwest  corner,  in  top 
of  west  wall,  2.3  feet  from  south  end  and  2.6  feet  from  west  end; 
aluminum  tablet  stamped  "392  ADJ" 392.004 

NEAR  CARBONDALE  NORTHWEST,  TO  NEAR  GLENAHL. 

T.  9  S.,  R.  1  W.,  corner  of  sections  5,  6,  7  and  8,  southwest  corner 
of  T  road,  west  side  of  road,  0.8  foot  east  of  fence,  24  feet  south 
of  fence  corner;  iron  past  stamped  "397  ADJ" 397.474 

FROM    CHICAGO,     BURLINGTON    AND    QUINCY    RAILROAD    WEST    OF    WEST    FRANKFORT 
WEST    ALONG    ROAD,    TO    ELKVILLE. 

T.  7  S.,  R.  2  E.,  northwest  corner  of  section  19,  at  northeast  corner 
of  crossroads,  on  north  side  of  road,  0.8  foot  south  of  fence,  20 
feet  east  of  north  and  south  fence  line,  on  east  side  of  north  and 
south  road;   iron  post  stamped  "398  ADJ"   398.210 

T.  7  S.,  R.  1  E.,  southwest  corner  of  section  24,  at  northeast  corner 
of  crossroads,  east  side  of  road,  0.7  foot  west  of  fence,  2.6  feet 
north  of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped  "393  ADJ"  393.030- 

T.  7  S.,  R.  1  E.,  northwest  corner  of  section  28,  southeast  corner  of 
crossroads,  on  south  side  of  road,  1  foot  north  of  fence,  6.8  feet  east 
of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped  "440  ADJ"   440.360' 

T.  7  S.,  R.  1  W.,  center  of  northeast  quarter  of  section  25,  south- 
east corner  of  T  road  east,  north  of  straight  rail  fence  and  east  of 
fence  corner;   iron  post  stamped  "395  ADJ"   395. 293^ 

T.  7  S.,  R.  1  W.,  west  quarter  corner  of  section  22,  0.25  mile  east 
of,  at  T  road  to  south,  north  side  of  road,  opposite  center  of  road 
to  south;   iron  post  stamped  "391  ADJ"   391. 64& 

FROM    SOUTHEAST    CORNER    SEC.    32,    T.    9    S.,    R.    2    E.,    WEST   ALONG    CHICAGO,    BUR- 
LINGTON  ELECTRIC   RAILWAY,    TO   NEAR   CARBONDALE. 

T.  9  S.,  R.  2  E.,  corner  of  sections  31,  32,  5  and  6,  opposite  center  of 
road  to  north,  south  side  of  road;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav. 
Sta.    No.    10—464    ADJ"    : 464.756- 

Fordville,  at  southwest  end  of  Carterville  Berrin  switch  and  "Y;" 

top  of  rail  of  Chicago  Burlington  Electric  Railway  460.7 

T.  9  S.,  R.  1  E.,  northeast  corner  of  section  3,  southwest  corner  of 
crossroads,  west  side  of  road,  0.7  foot  east  of  fence,  6.7  feet  south 
of  fence  corner;    iron  post  stamped  "431  ADJ"    431.05T 

T.  8  S.,  R.  1  E.,  southwest  corner  of  sections  32,  T  road  north, 
northeast  corner  of  T  on  north  side  of  road,  0.7  foot  south  of  fence, 
12.5  feet  east  of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped  "427  ADJ"  427.790- 

T.  9  S.,  R.  1  W.,  0.3  mile  southwest  of  northwest  corner  of  section 
1,  T  road  west,  east  side  of  road  opposite  T,  west  of  fence,  north 
of  fence  corner  (fence  corner  at  north  end  of  house  lot) ;  iron 
post  stamped   "488  ADJ"    488.601 

T.  9  S.,  R.  1  W.,  northwest  corner  of  section  10,  southeast  corner 
of  crossroads;  0.7  foot  west  of  fence,  11  feet  south  of  east  and 
west  fence;   iron  post  stamped  "391  ADJ" 391.216 

MURPHYSBORO    QUADRANGLE. 

FROM   POINT   2.7   MILES    SOUTH   OF  DUQUOIN   WEST   ALONG  ROAD,    TO    SEC.    5,    T.    7   W., 
R.    3    W.,    THENCE    SOUTH,    TO    MOBILE   AND    OHIO   RAILROAD. 

T.  6  S.,  R.  2  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  26  and  27,  T  road 
north,  on  south  side  of  road,  1  foot  north  of  fence  and  38.5  feet 
west  of  field  fence  to  south;  iron  post  stamped  "451  ADJ"   451.108 


HERRON.]  TOPOGRAPHIC  SURVEYS.  117 

Feet. 

T.  6  S.,  R.  2  W.,  center  of  southwest  quarter  of  section  29,  T  road 
to  west,  on  souttL  of  road,  2  feet  north  of  fence  and  2.2  feet  west 
of  fence  corner;    iron  post  stamped  "405   ADJ" 405.160 

T.  6  S.,  R.  3  W.,  corner  of  sections  35,  36,  25  and  26,  T  road  to  south, 
north  side  of  road,  opposite  T,  1.1  feet  south  of  fence,  8  feet  west 
of  telephone  pole,  21  feet  east  of  small  gate  in  fence;  iron  post 
stamped    "409    ADJ"    409.238 

T.  7  S.,  R.  3  W.,  northeast  corner  of  section  5,  0.25  mile  south  of, 
southwest  corner  of  T  road  west,  south  side  of  road,  0.7  foot  north 
of  fence  and  11  feet  west  of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped  "396 
ADJ"     396.593 

T.  7  S.,  R.  3  W.,  center  of  section  17,  second  class  road  east,  south- 
east corner  of  T,  east  side  of  road,  west  of  fence  and  south  of 
fence  corner;    iron  post  stamped  "522  ADJ"    522.656 

AVA   EAST   ALONG   MOBILE   AND    OHIO   EAILEOAD,    TO    OEAVILLE,    THENCE    ALONG   ROAD, 

TO    HALLIDAYBOEO. 

Ava,  southwest  corner  of  station  lot,  1  foot  west  of  sidewalk;    iron 

post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  37,  1906—604  ADJ"  604.835 

T.  7  S.,  R.  3  W.,  north  quarter  corner  of  section  29,  0.25  mile  south 
of,  2  miles  east  of  Ava,  road  crossing,  east  side  of  wagon  road, 
70  feet  north  of  track,  25  feet  north  of  north  right  of  way  fence, 
1  foot  west  of  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "521  ADJ"  521.714 

3ryden,  road  crossing  east  of  trestle  564  A,  east  side  of  wagon  road, 
35  feet  north  of  track  and  1  foot  west  of  fence;  iron  post  stamped 
"415    ADJ"     416.196 

Oraville  (Mobile  and  Ohio  R.  R.),  at  southeast  corner  of  road  cross- 
ing at  station,  east  side  of  road  and  M.  &  O.  R.  R.,  10  feet  west 
of  fence  and  4.4  feet  south  of  fence  corner;  iron  post  stamped 
"396  ADJ  1905"    395.944 

T.  6  S.,  R.  2  W.,  east  quarter  corner  of  section  6,  at  northwest  cor- 
ner of  crossroads,  west  side  of  road,  0.8  foot  east  of  fence  and 
3.3  feet  north  of  fence  corner;    iron  post  stamped  "396  ADJ"    . .    396.828 

Pinney     station,     Illinois     Central     Railroad      (St.     Louis-Padernal 

branch) ;    top  of  rail    397.8 

T.  7  S.,  R.  2  W.,  northeast  corner  of  section  33,  crossroads  0.5  mile 
north  of  Finney,  southwest  corner  of  crossroads,  west  side  of 
road,  1  foot  east  of  fence,  3.  7  feet  south  of  fence  corner;  iron 
post  stamped  "396  ADJ"    396.299 

T.  7  and  8  S.,  R.  2  W.,  corner  of  sections  1,  2,  35  and  36,  west 
side  of  road,  opposite  center  of  T  road  east,  by  old  rail  fence, 
4.8  feet  north  of  telegraph  pole;   iron  post  stamped  "404  ADJ"..    404.824 

NEAR  GLENAHL  WEST  ALONG   ILLINOIS    CENTRAL  RAILROAD   AND    ST.    LOTJIS   IRON 
MOUNTAIN    AND    SOUTHERN    RAILROAD,    TO    GRIMSBY. 

T.  9  S.,  R.  2  W.,  in  northwest  quarter  of  section  12,  at  southwest 
corner  of,  west  side  of  road,  at  road  crossing  1.1  feet  east  of  fence 
and  on  line  with  south  right  of  way  fence,  43  feet  south  of  rail- 
road;   iron   post   stamped    "397    ADJ"    397.004 

Concrete  culvert  "G — 86 — 09",  top  of  north  wall  on  middle  of  "c" 
of  Chicago  in  brass  plate  marked  "J.  L.  Fulton  Co., 

Chicago 
1898" 378.948 

Murphysboro,  County  Courthouse,  in  northwest  corner  of  lot;    iron 

post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  ?  419ADJ"   419.542 

Murphysboro,  road  crossing  at  station  of  St.  Louis  Iron  Mountain 

and  Southern  Railroad;   top  of  rail   409.5 


118  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908  [bull.  no.  14 

Feet. 
Murphysboro,  2.2   miles  southwest  of,  water  tank,   in  west  face   of 
most    northern    of    concrete    foundation    piers;    aluminum    tablet 
stamped  "367  ADJ" 367.60S 

GEIMSBY    NORTH    ALONG    ILLINOIS    CENTEAl'  EAILEOAD    AND    HIGHWAY,    TO    AVA. 

T.  8  S.,  R.  3  "W.,  northeast  quarter  of  section  33,  road  crossing  of 
Illinois  Central  Railroad  on  east  side  of  wagon  road,  50  feet  south 
of  center  of  track,  30  feet  north  of  southeast  corner  of  right  of 
way  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "374  ADJ" 374.553 

T.  8  S.,  R.  3  W.,  in  southeast  quarter  of  section  17,  road  makes  jog 
to  east  then  turns  north,  east  side  of  road  at  point  where  private 
road  turns  south,  1  foot  west  of  fence  and  4  feet  north  of  telegraph 
pole;    iron  post  stamped  "707  ADJ"    707.703 

T.  8  S.,  R.  3  W.,  southwest  corner  of  section  5,  T  road  north,  just 
south  of  Jones'  farm  house,  at  west  side  of  road,  40  feet  north 
of  center  of  T  and  standing  by  old  rail  fence;  iron  post  stamped 
"641   ADJ"    641.609 

Alto  Pass  Quadrangle. 

AT   GRIMSBY    ( Saudridge   Post    Office.) 

Grimsby  (Sandridge  Post  Office),  northwest  corner  of  T  road  north 
side  of  station,  1.5  feet  south  of  fence,  6.5  feet  west  of  fence  corner 
iron  post  stamped  "361  ADJ"   361.545 


State  Geological  Survey  Leveling — (See  also  portion  of  worh  on  Bald- 
loin  and.  Chester  Quadrangles.) 

St.  Charles  Quadrangle — Kane  County. — The  elevations  in  the  follow- 
ing list  are  based  upon  the  1903  adjustment.  The  leveling  is  tied  to 
bench  mark  at  Elgin  and  Ingalton  of  the  Army  Engineers  and  the 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey  respectively. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1907  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  H.  Foster 
Bain^  State  G-eologist,  by  W.  A.  Gelbach,  levelman. 

St.  Charles  Quadrangle. 

elgin  south  along  electrig  railway  to  st,  charles,  west  to  state  boy^ 
home  and  return,  thence  east  along  chicago  and  great  western  eail- 
way  to  ingalton. 

Feet. 
B.  Mi.  86  of  precise  level  line  of  Army  Engineers:   Elgin,  corner  of 
State    street   and   Highland    avenue,    southwest    corner,    northeast 
corner   of   large   brick   building    (Borden's    Condensed    M!ilk   Fac- 
tory) ;  Horizontal  bolt  in  watertable  6  inches  from  corner  in  north 

wall     717.485 

Kerber's  station,  top  of  rail  at  crossing  734.0 

South  Elgin,  front  of  hotel;   corner  of  curb   710.292 

South  Elgin,  southeast  corner  of  street  crossing  of  electric  railway 
and  street  crossing  Fox  river  bridge,  40  feet  east  of  track,  15  feet 
north  of  road;  in  concrete  post;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "707 
1907"     707.468 


HERRQN  ]  TOPOGKAPHIC   SURVEYS.  119 

Feet 

Coleman's  Station,  1.2  miles  south  of;  at  Smith  Young  and  Son's 
Riverview  farm,  50  feet  west  of  track,  north  side  of  road,  in  con- 
crete post;    aluminum  tablet  stamped  "788   1907"    788.411 

St.  Charles  Cemetery,  northeast  corner  of,  on  point  of  land  between 
Electric  railway  and  wagon  road,  at  junction;  in  concrete  post, 
aluminum  tablet  stamped  "787  1907"    786.976 

St.  Charles  Home  for  Boys,  in  east  part  of  farm,  by  fence  at  north- 
east corner  of  crossing;  concrete  post,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"742    1907" 742.024 

St.  Charles  Home  for  Boys,  in  watertable  of  schoolhouse,  east  wall, 
3  feet  from  northeast  corner;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "802 
1907" 801.819 

St.  Charles  Home  for  Boys,  opposite  office,  level  with  ground,  6  feet 
south  of  sidewalk;  in  concrete  post;  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"794    1907"    794.22S 

St.  Charles  Home  for  Boys,  northeast  corner  of  farm,  4  feet  west  of 
corner  fence  post,  in  concrete  post;  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"737    1907"    737.412 

St.  Charles,  corner  West  Main  and  Weeks  streets,  northwest  corner 

of  crossing,  in  concrete  post;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "749  1907"    749. 51& 

St.    Charles,   railway   crossing  just  east  of  Chicago   Great  Western 

station,  top  of  north  rail 730.6 

St.  Charles,  2  miles  east  of,  Chicago  Great  Western  railway  crossing 
on  county  boundary  line  east  side  of  Kane  county,  80  feet  north  of 
track,  on  east  side  of  road;  in  concrete  post;  aluminum  tablet 
stamped   "755   1907" 755.35$ 

The  concrete  posts  mentioned  in  this  list  are  48  inches  long,  6  by  6 
inches  square  at  top  and  8  by  8  inches  quare  at  bottom. 


Kashaskia  River  Survey — Mattoon,  Ramsey,  SlieVoyville,  St.  Elmo, 
Yandalia  mid  Windsor  QuadrangiJes — Coles,  Fayette  and'  Shelly  Coun- 
ties.— Adjusted  primary  elevations  along  Kaskaskia  river  north  of  Keyes- 
port^  based  upon  1907  adjustment.  The  original  difference  of  elevation 
between  Keyesport  and  Lerna  by  this  line  has  been  reduced  0.570  feet. 

The  leveling  was  done  in  1907  by  P.  E.  Fletcher^  Eesident  Engineer, 
State  Geological  Survey. 

Vandalia   Quadrangle. 

keyesport  along  highway  north  and  east,  via  vandalia  and  holliday,  to 

shelbyville,  thence  east  along  cleveland,   cincinnati,   chicago  and   st. 

louis  railroad  and  southeast  along  p.  d.  &  e.  e,  r.,  to  lerna. 

Feet. 
T.  4  N.,  R.  1  W.,  northwest  corner  of  northeast  quarter  of  northeast 

quarter  of  section  31;  iron  post  stamped  "440" 440.030 

T.  4  N.,  R;  1  W.,  southwest  corner  of  section  22;   iron  post  stamped 

"467"    467.494 

T.  4  N.,  R.  1  W.,  northeast  corner  of  section  15;   iron  post  stamped 

"476" 475.755 

T.  4  N.,  R.  1  E.,  southwest  corner  of  northwest  quarter  of  southv\'^est 

quarter  of  section  6;  iron  post  stamped  "492" 492.228 

T.  5  N.,  R.  1  E.,  southwest  corner  of  section  29,  0.25  mile  west  of 

James  Kling's  residence;  iron  post  stamped  "505" 504.876 

T.  5  N.,  R.  IE.,  300  feet  west  of  northeast  corner  of  section  21; 

iron  post  stamped  "516" .^16.305 


120  YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Feet. 

T.  6  N.,  R.  1  E.,  30  feet  north  of  southeast  corner  of  section  33;  iron 
post   stamped    "466" 465.921 

T.  6  N.,  R.  1  E.,  near  southeast  corner  of  section  16,  at  intersection 

of  National  and  Shobonier  road;  iron  post  stamped  "474" 474.031 

T.  5  N.,  R.  1  E.,  0.25  mile  east  of  intersection  of  National  road  and 
section  line  of  sections  12  and  13,  in  front  of  Bluff  City  (Clarks- 
ville)  schoolhouse,  on  top  of  east  wing  of  south  abutment  of 
U.    S.    Culvert " 509.70 

RAMSEY    QUADE ANGLE. 

T.  6  N.,  R.  1  E.,  northeast  corner  of  northwest  quarter  of  southwest 
quarter  of  section  12,  0.75  mile  north  of  Bluff  City  (Clarksville) 
schoolhouse;    iron  post  stamped  "507" 507.483 

T.  7  N.,  R.  1  E.,  southwest  corner  of  northwest  qua,rter  of  southeast 
quarter  of  section  25,  in  front  of  B.  F.  Forbes'  residence;  iron  post 
stamped    "535" 535.421 

T.  7  N.,  R.  2  E.,  southwest  corner  of  northeast  quarter  of  section  18, 
0.25  mile  north  of  Thomas  Grandfield's  residence;  iron  post 
stamped    "501" 500.877 

T.  7  N.,  R.  2  E.,  southwest  corner  of  section  4;  iron  post  stamped 
"506"    506.013 

ST.    ELMO    QUADEANGLE. 

T.  8  N.,  R.  2  E.,  southeast  corner  of  northwest  quarter  of  section 

34 ;    iron  post  stamped  "509" 508.885 

T.  8  N.,  R.  2  E.,  near  southeast  corner  of  northeast  quarter  of  north- 
east quarter  of  section  23,  northeast  corner  of  Hogge  Schoolyard; 
iron    post    stamped    "580" 580.188 

T.  8  N.,  R.  3  E.,  southeast  corner  of  southwest  quarter  of  southeast 

quarter  of  section  7;   iron  post  stamped  "594" 593.940 

T.  8  N.,  R.  3  E.,  northeast  corner  of  section  5;    iron  post  stamped 

"589" 588.922 

T.  9  N.,  R.  3  E.,  northwest  corner  of  northeast  quarter  of  northwest 

quarter  of  section  35;   iron  post  stamped  "610" 609.633 

T.  9  N.,  R.  3  E.,  southeast  corner  of  southwest  quarter  of  section 

10 ;    iron  post  stamped  "558" 557.562 

SHELBYVILLE    QUADEANGLE. 

Cowden,  0.5  mile  north  by  1.0  mile  east  of,  600  feet  west  of  south- 
east corner  of  section  34,  T.  10  N.,  R.  3  E.;  iron  post  stamped  "607"    606.410 

T.   10  N.,   R.   3   E.,   northeast   corner   of   section   22;    iron   post  not 

stamped , 600.732 

T.   10   N.,  R.   3   E.,   southwest   corner   of   section   1;    iron   post   not 

stamped , 589.203 

T.  10  N.,  R.  3  E.,  near  northwest  corner  of  southwest  quarter  of 
section  1,  0.5  mile  north  of  above  iron  post;  on  cap  of  southeast 
leg  of  Morris  bridge  over  Kaskaskia  River 540.94 

Surface  of  water;    October  7,  1907 518. 

T.   11  N.,   R.   3  E.,   northwest   corner  of  section   31;    iron   post  not 

stamped 606.221 

Shelbyville,  in  south  front  of  courthouse,  on  east  end  of  second  step; 
aluminum   tablet   not   stamped 650.23 

WINDSOR    QUADEANGLE. 

T.  11  N.,  R.  4  E.,  section  10,  1  mile  west  of  Middlesworth,  at  inter- 
section of  north  property  line  of  Big  Four  Railroad  and  east  sec- 
tion line ;    iron  post  not  stamped 690.751 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS.  121 

Feet. 

T.  11  N.,  R.  5  E.,  section  5,  3.5  miles  southwest  of  Windsor,  inter- 
section of  north  property  line  of  railroad  and  north  and  south 
quarter  section  line;    iron  post  stamped  "694" 693.705 

Windsor,  at  intersection  of  north  line  of  Big  Four  Railroad  and  Vir- 
ginia Avenue;    iron  post  stamped  "712" .* 711.383 

T.  12  N.,  R.  6  E.,  near  northwest  corner  of  section  33,  in  top  of  con- 
crete post;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "731"    . , 730.386 

MATTOON    QUADEANGLE, 

Gays,  southwest  corner  of  Block  14;  in  top  of  concrete  post;  alumi- 
num tablet  stamped  "756" 755.623 

T.  12  N.,  R.  7  E.,  section  20,  at  intersection  of  south  property  line  of 
Big  Four  Railroad  and  east  section  line,  in  top  of  concrete  post; 
aluminum   tablet   stamped    "715". 714.178 

Mattoon,  at  intersection  of  P.  D.  &  E.  R.  R.  and  21st  street,  in  top 

of  concrete  post;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "725" 725.03 

Lerna;    iron  post'  stamped   "755" 754.316 


Beardsiown,  Clinton,  Dawson,  Decatur,  Kenney,  Lincoln,  Mason  City, 
Niantic,  Peters'burg,  Saidora  a\nd^  Spnngfield  Quadrangles — Cass,  De- 
Witt,  Logan,  Macon,  Mason,  Menard  and  Sangamon  Counties. — The 
elevations  in  the  following  list  are  based  upon  the  precise  line  of  the 
Army  Engineers  from  Grafton  to  Chicago,  and  npon  the  1907  adjust- 
ment. 

The  work  was  done  by  P.  E.  Fletcher,  Eesident  Engineer,  under  the 
direction  of  Dr.  H.  Foster  Bain,  State  Geologist,  for  the  State  Geological 
Survey  of  Illinois. 

Beardstown    Quadrangle. 

beardsto"wn  east  along  highways,  to  point  about  12.7  miles  east  of. 

Feet. 

Beardstown,  east  corner  of  Main  and  Washington  streets,  in  top  of 
stone  step  at  main  entrance  to  Odd  Fellovv^s  Building,  0.5  foot 
from  front  edge  and  1.4  feet  north  of  south  edge;  copper  bolt 
No.    26   marked   "451.27" 444.351 

Beardstown,  2  miles  northeast  of,  at  southeast  corner  of  Louis  Ceme- 
tery Lot;   on  stone  post 454.80 

Beardstown,  5.1  miles  northeast  of,  on  land  of  Ed.  Davis,  on  south 
side  of  road,  in  root  on  north  side  of  30-inch  cottonwood  tree; 
boat  spike   (bench  mark  No.  130) 450.73 

T.  18  N.,  R.  11  W.,  at  northwest  quarter  of  northeast  quarter  of 
section  16,  at  east  entrance  to  brick  schoolhouse;  on  northeast 
corner  of  stone  step 477.42 

T.  18  N.,  R.  11  W.,  at  northeast  corner  of  section  9;  concrete  post.  . .    443.17 

T.  18  N.,  R.  11  W.,  section  12,  10.1  miles  northeast  of  Beardstown, 
north  of  highway,  in  southeast  corner  of  front  yard  of  A.  H. 
vKrohe's  farm  house,  57.8  feet  southeast  of  southeast  corner  of 
house;  stone,  pipe  and  cap  No.  29 477.957 


122  YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Saidoea  Quadrangle. 

FEOM  POIjSTT  12.7  MILES  EAST  OF  BEAEDSTOWN  EAST  ALONG  HIGHWAYS,  TO  POINT 
10.98  MILES  EAST  OF  CHANDLEEVILLE  AND  ABOUT  0.60  MILE  WEST  OF  CASS  AND 
MENARD   COUNTY  LINE.  Feet. 

T.  18  N.,  R.  10  W.,  near  southwest  corner  of  northeast  quarter  of 
section  9,  at  intersection  of  east  line  of  section  9  with  Beards- 
town  and  Chandlerville  .road,  2  feet  west  of  Angus  Taylor  Jr. 
mail  box,  in  6-inch  concrete  post;   aluminum  tablet 504.245 

T.  18  N.,  R.  10  W.,  section  10,  on  southeast  side  of  road  at  Robert 
Fielding's  farm  house,  in  northeast  corner  of  front  yard,  97  feet 
north  of  northeast  corner  of  house,  stone,  pipe  and  cap  No.  30; 
top  of  cap    (U.  S.  Engineers  bench  mark) 488.496 

Chandlerville,  on  north  side  of  River  street,  in  back  yard  of  Mrs. 
S.  L.  B.  Chandler's  residence,  26.75  feet  east  of  center  of  track, 
2.2  feet  east  of  east  right-of-way  fence,  149  feet  north  of  north 
fence  of  River  street,  95  feet  from  northwest  corner  of  the  square 
upright  part  of  Mrs.  Chandler's  residence,  79  feet  north  and  52.2 
feet  west  from  corner;  stone,  pipe  and  cap;  top  of  cap  (U.  S.  Engi- 
neers bench  mark  No.  31) 463.753 

T.  19  N.,  R.  9  W.,  near  northeast  corner  of  southeast  quarter  of 
southeast  quarter  of  section  33,  in  front  of  J.  A.  Harbinson's  resi- 
dence;  on  north  root  of  30-inch  black  oak  tree 502.12 

T,  19  N.,  R.  9  W.,  near  southwest  corner  of  southwest  quarter  of 
north v>^est  quarter  of  section  36,  in  top  of  concrete  post;  aluminum 
tablet 496.807 

T.  19  N.,  R.  8  W.,  northeast  corner  of  northwest  quarter  of  section 
29,  at  southwest  corner  of  intersection  of  crossroads,  in  top  of 
6-inch   concrete  post;    aluminum  tablet 483.616 

T.  19  N.,  R.  8  W.,  300  feet  west  of  and  300  feet  south  of  northeast 
corner  of  southeast  quarter  of  southwest  quarter  of  section  15; 
on  west  base  of  12-ineh  black  oak  tree 498.353 

Petersburg  Quadrangle. 

from   point   10.98   miles   east  of  chandleeville;  east,   to  oakford,    thence 
southeast  along  highways,  via  atterbury,  to  peteesbueg. 

Oakford,  in  H.  Luke  and  Son's  brick  store  building  on  north  side  of 

Center  street,   in  foundation;    aluminum  tablet 495.159 

T.  19  N.,  R.  8  W.,  southeast  corner  of  southwest  quarter  of  south- 
west quarter  of  section  7,  at  intersection  of  roads,  in  6-incli  con- 
crete   post;    aluminum    tablet    522.490 

T.  19  N.,  R  7  W.,  southeast  corner  of  southwest  quarter  of  south- 
east quarter  of  section  11,  on  south  side  of  north  road  fence  to 
Kirby's  barn  yard,  in  southeast  corner  of  yard,  in  top  of  6-inch 
concrete   post;    aluminum    tablet 550.818 

T.  19  N.,  R.  7  W.,  near  southeast  corner  of  section  26,  about  4.75 
miles  north  of  Petersburg,  at  fork  of  Bottom  and  Bluff  roads, 
on  south  side  of  public  road,  in  top  of  6-inch  concrete  post; 
aluminum    tablet     513.843 

T.  19- N.,  R.  7  W..  southwest  corner  of  section  36,  20  feet  north  of 
east  and  west  section  line,  90  feet  east  of  north  and  south  section 
line;    on  base  of  hard  maple  tree  24-inches  in  diameter    574.638 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7  W.,  30  feet  southwest  of  northeast  corner  of  section 
11,  in  northeast  corner  of  James  Mile's  barn  yard;  on  north  base 
of   8-inch   locust   tree    603.87 

Petersburg,  Menard  County  Courthouse,  in  north  wall,   2   feet  east 

of  entrance,  4  feet  above  walk;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "524"..    523.706 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS.  123 

FEOM    A    POINT    ABOUT    2    MILES    NORTHWEST    OF    GEEENVIEW,    TO    A    POINT    ON    THE 
BEARDSTOWN-PETEESBXJKG    LINE    ABOUT    6.7    MILES    NORTH    OF    PETERSBURG. 

Feet. 

T.  19  N.,  R.  6  W.,  northwest  corner  of  northeast  quarter  of  section 

15 ;    on  corner  stone   505.54 

T.  19  N.,  R.  6  W.,  700  feet  west  of  northeast  corner  of  section  20, 
iron  bridge  over  Little  G-rove  creek;  on  soutjiwest  corner  of  south 
abutment    (Temporary   bench   mark)     509.31 

Springfield   Quadrangle. 

from   springfield  northeast  along  railroad  and   highways,   via  riveeton, 
to  a  point  1.3  miles  east. 

Springfield,  in  water  table  on  east  side  of  Post  Office,  12  feet  from 
southeast  corner;   aluminum  tablet  stamped  "599  ADJ"   598.997 

Riverton,    2    miles    southwest    of,    near   southwest    corner   of    Camp 
Butler  National  Cemetery,  on  north  bannister  of  iron  bridge;    on 
button  of  name  plate;   marked  "B — 571 — W — 566  by  previous  sur-  . 
vey"     567.36' 

Riverton,  0.25  miles  west  of,  Wabash  railroad  bridge;    on  floor  of, 

(Also  equals  assumed  datum  "36.95"  of  river  gage)    540.31 

Riverton,   in   southeast   corner  of   stone  threshold   of   opera  house; 

aluminum  tablet  stamped  "553  ADJ  1905"   , 552.796 

Dawson  Quadrangle. 

from  a  point  1.3  miles  east  of  riverton  southeast  along  highways,  to  a 
point  about  2  miles  south  of  mechanicsburg,  thence  northeast  along 
the  highways,  to  a  point  about  1  mile  southeast  of  illiopolis. 

T.  16  N.,  R.  4  W.,  near  southeast  corner  of  northwest  quarter  of 
section  23,  at  intersection  of  public  road  on  north  and  south  quar- 
ter section  line  and  public  road  northwest  and  southeast,  in  top  of 
6-inch  concrete  post;    aluminum  tablet 578.475 

T.  16  N.,  R.  4  W.,  at  southeast  corner  of  section  25,  in  top  of  6- 

inch  concrete  post;    aluminum  tablet    580.536 

Mt.  Zion,  4.8  miles  east  of,  Jordan  M.  E.  church;  on  northeast  cor- 
ner of  concrete  step  at  entrance    579.06 

T.  16  N.,  R.  3  W.,  at  southwest  corner  of  section  33,  in  top  of  6- 

inch  concrete  post;    aluminum  tablet 593.206 

T.  15  N.,  R.  3  W.,  southeast  corner  of  northwest  quarter  of  sec- 
tion 2,  in  top  of  6-inch  concrete  post;   aluminum  tablet   593.116 

T.  15  N.,  R.  3  W.,  at  northeast  corner  of  southeast  quarter  of  north- 
east quarter  of  section  1;   on  12-inch  hickory  tree   596.93 

T.  15  N.,  R.  2  W.,  northwest  corner  of  southwest  quarter  of  north- 
west quarter  of  section  5,  in  top  of  concrete  post;  aluminum  tab- 
let     599.186 

T.  16  N.,  R.  2  W.,  in  southeast  corner  of  section  33,  at  southwest 
corner  of  crossroads,  in  corner  of  fence,  in  top  of  6-inch  concrete 
post;    aluminum  tablet    605.461 

T.  16  N.,  R.  2  W.,  at  southwest  corner  of  section  24,  at  northeast 
corner  of  intersection  of  roads,  in  top  of  6-inch  concrete,  post; 
aluminum  tablet    597.642 

T.  16  N.,  R.  1  W.,  near  northwest  corner  of  southwest  quarter  of 
section  19,  50  feet  southwest  of  main  entrance  to  Riverside  Cem- 
etery;  on  west  base  of  30-inch  black  oak  tree  601.68 


124  YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

NiANTic  Quadrangle. 

FROM    A   POINT    ABOUT    1    MILE    SOUTHEAST    OF    ILLIOPOLIS    EAST    ALONG    HIGHWAYS, 
TO   A  POINT   ABOUT    3    MILES    WEST    OF   DECATUR. 

Feet. 

T.  16  N.;  R.  1  W.,  at  northwest  corner  of  southwest  quarter  of  sec- 
tion 17,  at  southeast  corner  of  crossroads,  in  top  of  6-lnch  concrete 
post;    aluminum   tablet    572.216 

T.  16  N.,  R.  1  W.,  near  southwest  corner  of  southeast  quarter  of 
southwest  quarter  of  section  14,  150  feet  north  of  northwest  corner 
of  Walnut  Cemetery,  in  top  of  6-inch  post;   aluminum  tablet   606.805 

Decatur,  14.1  miles  west  of,  iron  bridge;  on  east  end  of  north  con- 
crete  abutment   of    584.52 

T.  16  N.,  R.  1  E.,  at  northwest  corner  of  section  30,  at  southeast  cor- 
ner of  roads,  in  top  of  6-inch  concrete  post;   aluminum  tablet   ..    584.471 

T.  16  N.,  R.  1  E.,  30  feet  west  and  20  feet  north  of  southeast  cor- 
ner of  northeast  quarter  of  northeast  quarter  of  section  15;  in 
top  of  concrete  post.  6-inches  square;    aluminum  tablet    678.645 

T.   16  N.,  R.   2  E.,   near  southeast  corner  of  northwest  quarter   of 

northwest  quarter  of  section  17,  in  concrete  post;  aluminum  tablet    666.390 

Decatur   Quadrangle. 

FROM  A  point  ABOUT  3  MILES  WEST  OF  DECATUR,  TO  DECATUR,  THENCE  NORTHERLY 
ALONG  ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD,  TO  A  POINT  ABOUT  1  MILE  NORTH  OF  EMERY 
DEPOT. 

Decatur,  at  northwest  corner  of  intersection  of  North  Main  street 
and  Wabash  Railroad  right-of-way,  permanent  bench  mark;  prob- 
ably an  aluminum  tablet  in  the  top  of  a  concrete  post 682.429 

T.  16  N.,  R.  2  E.,  20  feet  north  of  north  section  line  of  section  2, 
30  feet  west  of  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  in  top  of  concrete  post; 
aluminum    tablet 680.833 

Forsyth,  25  feet  east  and  1  foot  south  of  station,  in  top  of  6-inch 

concrete  post;    aluminum  tablet 678.736 

Forsyth,  1.9  miles  north  of,  tile  culvert  marked  "A — 759 — 83,"  east 

retaining  wall;   on  bronze  name  plate 680.75 

Emery  Station,  100  feet  north  of,  30  feet  east  of  main  track,  in  top 

of  6-inch   concrete  post;    aluminum  tablet 688.832 

Clinton  Quadrangle. 

FROM  A  point  ABOUT  1  MILE  NORTH  OF  EMERY  STATION  ALONG  ILLINOIS  CENTRAL 
RAILROAD,  TO  CLINTON,  THENCE  SOUTHWEST  ALONG  ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD, 
TO  A  POINT  ABOUT  2.7  MILES   SOUTHWEST   OF. 

T.  18  N.,  R.  2  E.,  20  feet  north  of  south  section  line  of  section  11, 
25  feet  west  of  railroad,  in  top  of  6-inch  concrete  post;  alumi- 
num  tablet 701.528 

Emery,  4.1  miles  north  of,  at  Maroa-Shellabarger's  elevator,  at 
northeast  corner  of  main  part  of  building;  on  second  course  of 
stone   foundation 722.66 

T.  19  N.,  R.  2  E.,  on  south  line  of  section  35,  20  feet  north  of  Macon- 
DeWitt  County  Line,  25  feet  west  of  track,  permanent  bench  mark 
probably  an  aluminum  tablet  in  top  of  concrete  post  706.138 

Clinton,  DeWitt  County  Courthouse,  in  east  end  of  first  stone  step 
at  south  entrance;    aluminum  tablet 745.923 


HERRON.] 


TOPOGEAPHIO   SUEVEYS.  125 


Kenney  Quadrangle. 


FEOM  A  POINT  2.7  MILES  SOUTHWEST  OF  CLINTON  SOUTHWEST  ALONG  ILLINOIS 
CENTRAL  RAILROAD,  TO  A  POINT  ABOUT  2.25  MILES  SOUTHWEST  OF  CHESTNUT, 
THENCE  WESTERLY  ALONG  HIGHWAYS,  TO  A  POINT  3  MILES  NORTHEAST  OF  MT. 
PULASKI. 

Feet. 

T.  19  N.,  R.  2  E.,  600  feet  south  of  southwest  corner  of  northeast 
quarter  of  northeast  quarter  of  section  6,  175  feet  east  of  milepost 
marked  ''St.L^141,"  at  west  end  of  gate  on  south  side  of  right-of- 
way,  in  top  of  6-inch  concrete  post;   aluminum  tablet 743.950 

T.  19  N.,  R.  1  E.,  on  west  line  of  section  12,  75  feet  east  of  mile- 
post  marked  "St.L— 139,"  in  top  of  retaining  wall  of  concrete 
bridge  "D— 153 — 98";    at  northwest  corner 686.67 

T.  19  N.,  R.  1  E.,  on-  south  line  of  section  10,  1  mile  northeast  of 
Kenney,  on  west  wall  of  concrete  arch  over  public  road;  on  letter 
"0"  in  date  on  construction  company's  name  plate 653.69 

Kenney,  175  feet  east  of  road  crossing,  50  feet  south  of  track,  in  top 
of  concrete  post;    aluminum  tablet 649.752 

Kenney,  0.8  mile  southwest  of,  west  signal  block  concrete  base;   on 

northwest    corner    of 644.34 

FROM  A  POINT  2.4  MILES  SOUTHWEST  OF  KENNEY,  TO  SALT  CREEK  GAGE. 

(Spur  Line.) 

Kenney,  about  2.25  miles  northwest  of  Kenney,  Salt  Creek  bridge; 

on   northeast   iron   post   of 621.13 

T.  19  N.,  R.  1  W.,  section  25,  north  side  of  railroad  and  on  west  side 

of  wagon  road,  in  top  of  concrete  post;  aluminum  tablet 632'.145 

T.  18  N.,  R.  1  W.,  1400  feet  south  of  northeast  corner  of  southeast 
quarter  of  section  5,  30  feet  south  of  track,  in  concrete  post; 
aluminum    tablet 631.739 

T.  18  N.,  ?t.  1  W.,  30  feet  north  and  20  feet  east  of  center  of  sec- 
tion 6,  on  farm  of  David  Shellhamer;  on  southwest  base  of  18-inch 
elm   tree 628.21 

Lincoln  Quadrangle. 

from  a  point  about  3  miles  northeast  of  mt.  pulaski  northwest  along 
highways,  to  lincoln,  thence  west  and  southwest  along  highways,  to 
a  point  about  2.3  miles  west  and  northwest  from  glenwood  schoolhouse. 

T.  18  N.,  R.  2  W.,  at  southeast  corner  of  southwest  quarter  of  section  35, 
about  3  miles  north  of  Mt.  Pulaski,  in  top  of  concrete  post;  alumi- 
num  tablet 613.326 

Chestnut,  8.1  miles  southwest  of,  600  feet  north  of  Pleasant  Grove 
Church,  at  southwest  corner  of  turn  in  road;  on  north  base  of 
36-inch  black  oak  tree 611.45 

T.  19  N.,  R.  2  "W.,  at  southwest  corner  of  southeast  quarter  of  south- 
east quarter  of  section  30,  in  top  of  concrete  post;  aluminum 
tablet    584.96 

T.  19  N.,  R.  2  W.,  21  feet  southeast  of  center  of  section  18,  in  top  of 

concrete  post;    aluminum  tablet 591.335 

Lincoln,    Courthouse    square,    2    feet   north   of    post   at   southv/est 

entrance,  in  top  of  concrete  post;  aluminum  tablet 590.856 

T.  20  N.,  R.  3  W.,  300  feet  east  of  west  line  of  section  36,  300  feet 

east  of  railroad;  on  east  end  of  north  concrete  abutment 593.14 

T.  20  N.,  R.  3  W.,  at  northeast  corner  of  southeast  quarter  of  north- 
east quarter  of  section  33,  at  southwest  corner  of  crossroads; 
in  top  of  concrete  post;  aluminum  tablet 615.411 


126  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  U 

Feet. 
T.   19  N.,  R.   4  W.,   30   feet  west  of  northeast  corner  of  northwest 
quarter  of  northeast  quarter  of  section  12,  about  30  feet  southwest 
of  intersection  of  private  T  road  south  with  east  and  west  road; 
in  top  of  concrete  post;    aluminum  tablet 595.600 

Mason  City  Quadrangle. 

feom  a  point  2,3  miles  west  and  noethwest  of  glenwood  schoolhouse 
northwest  along  highways,  to  a  point  on  the  chicago  and  alton  rail- 
road 4  miles  south  of  mason  city,  thence  to  a  point  1.5  miles  north  of 
greenview,  thence  west  along  highways,  to  a  point  about  2  miles  north- 
west of  greenview. 

T.  19  N.,  R.'  4  W.,  500  feet  north  of  southwest  corner,  of  southeast 
quarter  of  southwest  quarter  of  section  2,  5t  feet  west  of  Millgrove 
schoolhouse;   on  west  base  of  30-inch  walnut  tree 593.790 

T.  19  N.,  R.  4  W.,  about  30  feet  northwest  of  southeast  corner  of 

section  5,  in  top  of  concrete  post;  aluminum  tablet 554.89 

T.  20  N.,  R.  4  W.,  500  feet  west  of  northeast  corner  of  southwest 
quarter  of  section  31,  at  southv>^est  corner  of  intersection  of  T  road 

-  south  with  east  and  west  road,  in  top  of  concrete  post;  aluminum 
tablet 524.261 

T.  20  N.,  R.  5  W.,  at  northeast  corner  of  section  26,  in  southwest  cor- 
ner of  intersection  of  roads,  in  top  of  concrete  post;  aluminum 
tablet    513.511 

T.  20  N.,  R.  5  W.,  at  northeast  corner  of  section  29,  in  top  of  con- 
crete post;    aluminum   tablet 546.471 

T.  19  N.,  R.  6  W.,  10  feet  west  of  intersection  of  north  line  of  section 
13  and  Chicago  and  Alton  railroad,  in  top  of  concrete  post;  alumi- 
num  tablet 511.338 


PRIMARY  CONTROL. 


Methods. 


In  OT'der  tliat  the  separate  atlas  sheets  of  the  topographic  map  of 
Illinois  may  match  exactly  in  position  as  they  are  extended  from  one 
end  of  the  State  to  the  other,  it  is  essential  that  they  be  based  on 
exact  geodetic  positions  showing  latitude  and  longitude  of  important 
points  througout  the  area  under  survey,  and  azimuth  or  relation  to 
true  north  and  south  of  important  lines.  This  work  is  started  from 
careful  base  lines  measured  by  the  Coast  Survey  and  the  survey  of  the 
Great  Lakes,  which  was  executed  some  years  ago.  The  cooperative 
survey  starting  from  these  extends  by  primary  triangulation  in  some 
cases,  and  by  lines  of  very  careful  primary  traverse  measured  with 
compensated  steel  tape  and  large  transits  about  the  edge  of  each  quad- 
rangle under  survey.  The  effect  is  to  secure  geodetic  positions  along 
the  borders  of  these  quadrangles  on  which  to  base  all  the  adjustment 
of  public  land  lines,  and  all  roads  within  the  area  of  each,  and  assure  the 
matching  of  the  edges  of  adjacent  sheets.  The  positions  thus  procured 
are  permanently  marked  with  metal  posts  or  tablets,  and  will  be  of 
great  utility  hereafter  as  property  becomes  more  valuable,  in  fixing 
definitely  and  permanently  property  lines  and  political  boundaries.    The 


HERRON.]  TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS.  127 

instnictions  under  wliicli  this  class  of  work  is  executed  are  appended 
hereto^  as  is  a  list  of  positions  so  determined  both  prior  to  and  since  co- 
operation. The  necessary  primary  control  upon  which  to  base  topo- 
graphic mapping  has  been  obtained  by  running  careful  transit  lines  be- 
tween triangulation  stations  previously  established  by  other  Federal 
Bureaus,  namely  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  the  U.  S.  Lake  Survey 
and  the  engineer  corps  of  the  U.  S.  Army.  These  transit,  or  primary 
traverse  lines  are  run  by  a  party  consisting  of  five  men,  the  chief  of 
party  acting  as  observer,  one  recorder,  two  chainmen,  and  a  rodman. 
The  instrumental  equipment  consists  of  one  good  transit  reading  by 
vernier  to  20"  to  30" ;  one  300-foot  steel  tape,  one  100-foot  steel  tape, 
four  hand  recorders,  two  thermometers,  two  flag  poles,  and  a  good  watch. 

Each  deflection  angle  is  measured  at  least  twice  and  if' the  measures 
differ  more  than  60"  additional  measurements  are  obtained  which  do 
not  differ  by  that  amount. 

Distances  are  usually  obtained  with  the  300-foot  tape,  but  when  short 
sights  only  can  be  had,  the  100-foot  tape  is  used. 

The  true  direction  or  azimuth  of  the  line  is  obtained  by  observations 
on  Polaris  at  stations  not  more  than  ten  miles  apart.  It  is  customary 
to  observe  foT  azimuth  on  every  clear  night  du.ring  the  progress  of  the 
work.  The  tape  when  used  is  kept  under  a  certain  standard  tension 
by  means  of  a  spring  balance,  and  the  temperature  is  taken  at  frequent 
intervals  so  that  a  correction  can  be  applied  when  the  measurements 
are  made  .during  extremely  hot  or  cold  weather.  The  line  as  run  thus 
furnishes  the  necessary  data  from  which  as  many  geographic  posi- 
tions can  be  computed  as  desired.  Usually  such  positions  as  roads 
crossings,  railroad  stations,  etc.,  are  computed  at  intervals  of  one  mile, 
and  the  positions  of  the  permanent  station  marked  every  eight  miles. 

Results  of  Primary  Horizontal  Control — 1896  to  1908} 

Primary  Railroad  Tra^verse. — The  following  geographic  positions  wert- 
determined  in  1896  from  primary  railroad  traverse  by  Mr.  George  T. 
Hawkins,  starting  at  Seehorn  triangulation  station  of  the  Mississippi 
Eiver  Commission,  and  running  along  the  Wabash  Eailroad  to  Spring- 
field, connecting  with  United  States  Co'ast  and  Geodetic  Survey  astron- 
omic pier  in  Capitol  grounds;  then  from  junction  of  Wabash  with 
Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis  Railroad  at  Jacksonville,  along  the  latter 
road  to  Springfield  via  Havana,  and  from,  Havana  to  a  point  about 
ten  miles  northwest  of  Havana  along  the  C,  B.  &  Q.  E.  E. 

HULL  QUADRANGLE— PIKE  COUNTY. 


Position. 


Latitude.  Longitude. 


Seehorn  triangulation  station 

Junction  of  railroads  at  Hull 

Kinderhook  depot 

Barry  depot , 

Corner  sees.  19,  30,  25,  24,  T.  4  S.,  R.  5,  6  W. 


39  45  38.9 

39  42  20.8 

39  42  05.5 

39  42  01.4 

39  41  54.5 


91  15  55.1 

91  12  26.2 

91  09  16.3 

91  02  27.4 

91  01  46.9 


^  The  work  of  1896  to  1904  was  prior  to  cooperation,  and  that  of  1905  and  1906-07-08  was  in  cooperation 
with  the  State. 


128 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1908. 
BAYLIS  QUADRANGLE— PIKE  COUNTY. 


[BULL.   NO.  14 


Position. 


Latitude.  Longitude. 


Arden  depot 

Corner  sees.  7,  18, 13, 12,  T.  4  S.,  R.  4,  5  W 

Baylis  depot 

New  Salem  depot 

Jcorner  sees.  19,  24,  T.  S.,  R.,  3,  4  W 

Pittsfield  Junetion 


39  43  17.5 

39  43  39.9 

39  43  41.8 

39  42  02.8 

39  42  01.6 

39  42  01.7 


90  56  36.9 

90  54  56.2 

90  54  30.4 

90  50  42.7 

90  47  59.1 

90  47  45.0 


NAPLES  QUADRANGLE— PIKE  AND  SCOTT  COUNTIES. 


Position. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Griggsville  depot 

i  eorner  sees.  23,  24,  T.  4  S.,  R.  3  W 

Valley  City  depot 

Middle  drawbridge  at  Valley  City 

Naples  depot 

Corner  sees.  7,  18, 13,  12,  T.  15  N.,  R.  13, 14  W 
Bluffs  depot 


90    43    55.4 
90    42    13.0 


07.9 
44.1 


90  36  26.2 
90  35  45.8 
90    32    10.6 


CHAPIN  QUADRANGLE— MORGAN  AND  SCOTT  COUNTIES. 


Position, 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Neeleys  depot 

Morganton 

Chapin  railroad  junction 

Center  sec.  16,  T.  15  N,,  R.  11  W 

Markham  depot 

I  eorner  sees.  13, 18,  T.  15,  N.,  R.  10, 11  W 


39  45  20.5 

39  45  53.8 

39  45  54.4 

39  44  44.0 

39  44  44.0 

39  44  42.4 


90  28  34.8 

90  25  52.2 

90  24  03.4 

90  19  39.2 

90  19  38.8 

90  15  41.5 


JACKSONVILLE  QUADRANGLE— MORGAN  COUNTY. 


Position. 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

39  44  11.9 
39  44  06.5 
39  43  19.0 
39  43  25.9 
39  43  26.4 

O     1                II 

90  13  11.0 
90  11  46.1 
90  08  40.3 
90  04  45.7 
90  02  21.0 

Jacksonville,  junction  Wabash  and  Chicago,  Peoria  and  St.  Louis  rail- 
roads  

Section  eorner  2  miles  east  of  Jacksonville  and  600  feet  north  of  railroad 

Arnold  depot 

Orleans  depot 

Alexander  depot 


NEW  BERLIN  QUADRANGLE— MORGAN  AND  SANGAMON  COUNTIES. 


Position. 


Latitude.  Longitude. 


Browns  Crossing  depot , 

Island  Grove  depot 

Corner  sees.  19,  30,  25,  24,  T.  15  N.,  R.  7,  8  W 

Berlin  depot 

Bates  depot 

Curran  depot 

\  corner  sees.  16,  21,  T.  15  N.,  R.  6  W 

Junetion  of  Wabash  and  Chicago,  Peoria  and  St.  Louis  railroads 


39 

43 

27.0 

89 

59 

04.4 

39 

43 

27.2 

.  89 

57 

39.3 

39 

43 

33.2 

89 

55 

38.9 

38 

43 

27.6 

89 

54 

42.6 

39 

43 

28.1 

89 

50 

54.9 

39 

44 

30.2 

89 

46 

17.5 

39 

44 

31.8 

89 

46 

17.1 

39 

44 

38.1 

89 

45 

43.9 

HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIO   SUEVEYS. 

SPRINGFIELD  QUADRANGLE— SANGAMON  COUNTY. 


129 


Position. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

0        ;           // 

39    45    13.8 
39    45    53.1 
39    46    19.0 

39    47    56  8 

o           /               // 

89    43     11.4 

i  corner  sees  78T15N    R5W.                            

89    41     10.8 

89    39    09.0 

Springfield  pier  (United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey) 

89    39    19.4 

VIRGINIA  QUADRANGLE— CASS  AND  MORGAN  COUNTIES. 


Position. 


Corner  sees.  3,  4,  T.  15, 16  N.,  R.  10  W 

Leiterberry  depot 

Corner  sees.  2,  3,  T.  16,  17,  N.,  R.  10  W.... 

Little  Indian  depot 

Corner  sees.  14,  15,  22,  23,  T.  17  N.,  R  10  W 

Railway  junction,  Virginia 

1  corner  sees.  2,  35,  T.  17,  18  N.,  R.  10  W.. 
Anderson  depot 


Latitude. 


39  47  09.2 

39  51  08.1 

39  52  23.6 

39  53  14.3 

39  55  00.3 

39  56  58.5 

39  57  37.8 

39  58  54.7 


Longitude. 


90  12  38.2 

90  11  58.8 

90  12  06.8 

90  12  06.6 

90  12  05.9 

90  12  05.1 

90  11  31.2 

90  09  35.7 


SAIDORA  QUADRANGLE— CASS  AND  MORGAN  COUNTIES. 


Position. 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

o 

, 

„ 

o 

, 

„ 

40 

02 

59.7 

90 

09 

08.6 

40 

03 

51.1 

90 

08 

43.7 

40 

06 

16.5 

90 

08 

44.3 

40 

06 

17.8 

90 

08 

44.3 

40 

08 

00.6 

90 

08 

44.7 

40 

11 

28.4 

90 

08 

19.0 

40 

•13 

50.7 

90 

06 

20.8 

40 

16 

28.9 

90 

0?$ 

24.0 

40 

10 

37.6 

90 

01 

27,4 

40 

09 

08,3 

90 

00 

43.7 

Chandlerville  depot 

Corner  sees.  29,  30,  31,  32,  T.  18,  19,  N.,  R.  9  W 

Corner  sees.  7,  8,  17,  18,  at  Saidora 

Saidora  depot 

Corner  sees.  5,  6,  31,  32,  T.  19  20  N.,  R.  9  W.... 

Bath  depot 

icorner  secs.27,  34,  T.  21  N.,  R.  9  W 

Corner  sees.  7,  18,  13,  12,  T.  21  N.,  R.  8,  9  W... 

i  corner  sees.  17,  20,  T.20N.,  R.  8  W 

Kilbourne  depot 


ATTERBURG  QUADRANGLE— MASON  AND  MENARD  COUNTIES. 


Position. 


Longitude. 


Oakford  depot 

Atterbury  depot 

Corner  sees.  29,  30,  31,  32,  T.  19  N.,  R.  7  W 
Corner  at  Hilltop,  340  feet  north  of  railroad 
Petersburg  depot 


89 


55.1 
29.9 
21.7 
29,7 
46.4 


TALLULA  QUADRANGLE— MENARD  COUNTY. 


Position. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Corner  sees.  19,30,  25,  24,  T.  18  N.,  R.  6,  7  W 

39    59    21.8 
39    59    07,7 
39    58    57.9 

89    49    38  8 

Tice  depot 

89    47    42  8 

^corner  sees.  26,  27,  T.  18  N.,  R.  6  W 

89    45    07  7 

9  G 


180 


YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908.  ^  [bull.  no.  14 

SPRINGFIELD  QUADRANGLE— SANGAMON  COUNTY. 


Position. 


I 
Latitude.      I     Longitude. 


Athens  depot  

Cantral]  depot 

Corner  (?)  sees.  15,  16,  21,  22,  T.  17  N.,  R.  5  W 

J  corner  sees.  27,  28, 1  mile  north  of  Cora 

Cora  depot 

Junction  of  Chicago  and  Alton  with  Chicago,  Peoria  and  St.  Louis  rail 

roads 

Junction  of  Chicago  and  Alton  with  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroads 


39  57  53.1 

39  56  14.8 

39  55  56.6 

39  54  38.6 

39  53  45.7 

39  49  51.5 

39  48  16.8 


89  43  27.9 

89  40  32.4 

89  39  54.6 

89  38  42.6 

89  38  07.0 

89  38  03.8 

89  39  05.6 


HAVANA  QUADRANGLE— MASON  COUNTY. 


Position. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Havana  depot 

West  Havana  depot 

Centersec.il,  T.4N.,  R.3  E 

Corner  sees.  1,  2, 11, 12,  T.4N.,  R.3  E 

SW  corner  NE  i  of  NE.  i  sec.  3,  T.  4  N.,  R.  3  E 


40  17  37.2 

40  17  55.3 

40  19  39.3 

40  20  58.8 

40  21  37.5 


90  03  56.0 

90  04  15.7 

90  06  54.6 

90  07  28.5 

90  08  53.5 


The  following  geographic  positions  were  determined  in  1897  by  Mr. 
George  T.  Hawkins  by  primary  traverse  between  Lake  Survey  triangu- 
lation  station  Fairmount  and  the  Indiana-Illinois  State  line.  Traverse 
follows  the  Wabash  Railroad. 

DANVILLE  QUADRANGLE— VERMILION  COUNTY. 


Position. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Fairmount  triangulation  station 

Fairmount  depot 

Junction,  Wabash  and  Chicago  Eastern  Illinois  railroads 

Catlin  depot 

Permanent  bench  mark  at  Catlin 

One-fourth  corner  sections  24  and  25,  T .  19  N .,  R.  12  W 

Crossing  at  Tilton 

Junction,  Wabash  and  Chicago  Eastern  Illinois  railroads 

Danville,  Wabash  depot 

Junction,  Wabash  and  "Big  4"  railroads 

Corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35,  T.  20  N.,  R.  11  W 

Crossing  of  Wabash  Railroads  and  Indiana-Illinois  State  line 


87  50 

87  49 

87  48 

87  42 

87  42 

87  40 

87  38 

87  38 

87  37 

87  37 

87  35 

87  31 


48.8 
54.2 
22.4 
13.9 
02.8 
03.4 
53.4 
37.8 
31.2 
05.0 
01.1 
51.0 


The  following  geographic  positions  were  determined  by  primary  tra- 
verse by  Mr.  George  T.  Hawkins,  topographer,  in  Angnst,  1901. 

The  line  starts  from  an  adjusted  position  established  in  1899  near 
Evansville,  and  follows  the  Evansville  and  Terre  Haute  Railroad  to 
"Vincennes,  where  it  was  tied  to  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  astro- 


HERRON.] 


TOPOGEAPHIC    SUEVEYS. 


131 


nomic  pier.  From  a  point  on  this  line  at  Princeton,  Ind.,  a  line  was  run 
along  the  Air  Line  Eailroad  to  Mt.  Carmel,  111.,  thence  by  Louisville 
&  Nashville  Eailroad  to  Evansville,  Ind.,  and  tied  to  original  point. 

MOUNT  CARMEL  QUADRANGLE— EDWARDS  AND  WABASH  COUNTIES. 


Station. 


Longitude. 


Mount  Carmel  station,  Air  Line  Railroad 

Air  Line  and"  Big  4"  Railway  Junction,  point  300  feet  southwest  of,  on 

"Big  4"  Railway 

T.  1  S.,  R.  12  W.,  center  section  30 

Sehrodt's,  road  crossing  at 

Keen  station 

T.  2  S.,  R.  13  W.,  one-fourth  corner  between  sections  18  and  19 

Cowling  station 

Grayville  station,  "Big  4"  Railway 

Orayville,  crossing  at  ferry 


87  45  25.7 


87  46 

87  47 

87  49 

87  52 

87  54 


27.8 
13.9 
21.3 
02.6 
00.0 
87  56  13.1 
87  59  29.4 
87    59    27.7 


CARMI  QUADRANGLE— EDWARDS  AND  WABASH  COUNTIES. 


Station. 


Longitude. 


€alvin,  one-fourth  mile  northeast  of,  corner  on  township  line 

Calvin  station 

T.  4  S.,  R.  10  and  11  W.,  corner  sections  7, 12, 13  and  18 

Crossville  station 

Road  crossing,  north  and  south 

Carmi,  junction  of  "Big  4"  and  Louisville  and  Nashville  railroads 


88  00  38.8 

88  01  01.7 

88  02  23.5 

88  03  49.4 

88  05  43.7 

88  09  20.4 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  LOUISVILLE  AND  NASHVILLE  RAILROAD    FROM 
CARML  ILL..  TO  MAUMEE,  IND. 


Position. 


Longitude. 


ILLINOIS. 

Epworth  ,road  crossing  at 

T.  5  S.,  R.  10  W.,  corner  sections  21,  22, 27  and  28 
Maunee,  road  crossing  at 


88  06  20.2 
88  05  46.9 
88    02    45.9 


Peoria  Quadrangle — Peoria  and  Tazewell  Counties. — The  following 
geo'graphic  positions  were  determined  by  primary  traverse  run  in  1902 
by  Mr.  J.  E.  Ellis.  Starting  from  adjusted  position  of  the  Chicago, 
Peoria  &  St.  Louis  Eailway  station  at  Havana,  the  line  follows  that 
railway  to  a  point  about  3.5  miles  northeast  of  Parkland,  thence  north 
to  Morton,  thence  north  on  Vandalia  Eailway  to  Farmdale,  thence  north 
and  west  through  Peoria,  thence  west  and  south  by  wagon  roads  to  Eeed 
City,  thence  east  by  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western  Eailway  to  Pekin,  thence 
southwest  to  point  where  line  first  left  railway  over  Chicago,  Peoria  & 
St.  Louis  Eailway. 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  CHICAGO, 

PEORIA  &  ST.   LOUIS   RAILWAY. 

Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Havana  station 

o             /                  // 

40     17    37.2 
40    29    51.3 

90    03    56  0 

Road  crossing  north  and  south  (private) 

89    43    07  1 

182 


YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908. 
GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


[BULL,   NO.  14 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  24  N.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  sections  29,  30,  31  and  32 

T.  24  N.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  sections  28,  29,  31  and  32 

T.  24  N.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35 

T.  24  N.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36 

T.  23  and  24  N.,  R  4  and  5  W.,  corner  of 

T.  24  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  section  28,  29,  32  and  33 

T.  24  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  27,  28,  33  and  34 

T.  24  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35 

T.  24  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36 

T.  24  N.,  R.  3  and  4  W.,  corner  sections  25,  30,  31  and  36 
T.  24  N.,  R.  4  W.,  i  corner  between  sections  25  and  30  . . 

Road,  corner  in 

Road  east  and  west 

T.  24  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  7,  8,  17  and  18 

T.  24  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  5,  6,  7  and  8 

T,  24  and  25  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  5,  6,  31  and  32  . 
Maple  Grove  school  house,  road  corner  at 


40 

29 

37.0 

89 

42 

07  7 

40 

29 

38.7 

89 

48 

58  3 

40 

29 

39.9 

89 

38 

41  2 

40 

29 

40.4 

89 

37 

32.7 

40 

28 

49.2 

89 

36 

22.5 

40 

29 

41,8 

89 

34 

05.5 

40 

29 

42.2 

89 

32 

58  2 

40 

29 

42.9 

89 

31 

49  9 

40 

29 

43.4 

89 

30 

42  3 

40 

29 

43.9 

89 

29 

34  4 

40 

30 

10.6 

89 

29 

34  7 

40 

30 

11,5 

89 

28 

18  6 

40 

31 

30.0 

89 

28 

20  1 

40 

32 

22.1 

89 

28 

37.7 

40 

33 

14.4 

89 

28 

38.9 

40 

34 

06.6 

89 

28 

42.2 

40 

35 

25.3 

89 

28 

30.6 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  VANDALIA  RAILWAY 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Morton  crossing  of  Tremont  and  St.  Louis  Railway- 
Road  crossing  east  and  west 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

Road  crossing  north  and  south 


40  36  30.7 

40  37  25.5 

40  39  35.8 

40  40  16.1 


89 


27  48.1 

29  00,2 

30  06.3 

31  21.5 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Three  roads,  junction  of 

Creek  northwest,  bridge  over , 

Creek  west,  bridge  over , 

T.  26  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  1,  2,  11  and  12 

Pit  and  mound  45  feet  south  of  road  on  top  of  hill 

Illinois  river,  center  draw  to  wagon  bridge,  over 

Peoria,  North  Perry  street  and  Abingdon  avenue,  corner  of 

Peoria,  Knoxville  and  Frye  avenues,  corner  of 

Peoria.  Elizabeth  and  Nebraska  avenues,  corner  of , 

Peoria,  Main  and  Franklin  streets,  corner  of 

Road  west 

Pottstown,  railway  crossing  at 

T.  9  N.,  R.  7  E.,  J  corner  between  sections  27  and  34 , 

T.  9  N.,  R.  11  E.,  corner  sections  27,  28,  33  and  34 

T.  road  north 

T .  road  east 

T.  8  and  9  N.,  R.  7  E.,  J  corner  between  sections  6  and  31.. . 

Hale,  crossing  Iowa  Central  Railway  at 

T.8N.,  R.  6  and  7  E.,  corner  7,  12,  13  and  18 , 

Gravel  road  east  and  west 

T.  7  and  8N.,  R.  6  and  7  E.,  corner  7,  12,  13  and  18 , 

T.  road  east 

T.  road  east 


40 

40 

57.7 

89 

33 

13  4 

40 

41 

41.8 

89 

32 

26  7 

40 

42 

49.0 

89 

31 

46  6 

40 

43 

30.7 

89 

31 

24  5 

40 

43 

56.8 

89 

31 

18  8 

40 

43 

58.2 

89 

30 

30.8 

40 

43 

27.9 

89 

32 

52,9 

40 

42 

35.3 

89 

34 

17.6 

40 

42 

44.4 

89 

35 

38. 8 

40 

42 

37.9 

89 

36 

13,5 

40 

41 

59.4 

89 

36 

33.6 

40 

42 

17.0 

89 

38 

08.9 

40 

43 

05.3 

89 

39 

39.5 

40 

43 

32.1 

89 

41 

23  3 

40 

43 

32.2 

89 

41 

57.6 

40 

43 

32.3 

89 

43 

06  7 

40 

43 

06.1 

89 

44 

50  1 

40 

42 

39.9 

89 

44 

50  6 

40 

41 

29.3 

89 

44 

49  6 

40 

40 

55.1 

89 

45 

25  2 

40 

39 

38.3 

89 

46 

07.6 

40 

37 

27.0 

89 

45 

24.4 

40 

36 

20,8 

89 

45 

23.6 

40 

35 

16.0 

89 

45 

22,9 

HERRON.] 


TOPOGEAPHIO   SURVEYS. 


18H 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  TOLEDO,  PEORIA  AND  WESTERN  RAILWAY. 


Station. 


Longitude. 


Reed  City,  railway  crossing  at 

Road  crossing  north  and  south 

Road  crossing  north,  east,  south  and  west 

Road  crossing  east  and  west , 

Orchard  Mines,  road  crossing  at 

Pekin,  center  of  draw  in  wagon  bridge 


03.2 
50.2 
31.5 
30.0 
41.5 
18.2 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  CHICAGO,   PEORIA  &  ST.  LOUIS   RAILWAY. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis  Railway  and  Peoria  &  Pekin  Union  Rail 

way,  crossing  at 

Globe  Distillery,  east  and  west  road  crossing  at 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

T.  24  N.,  R.  5  W.,  i  corner  between  sections  17  and  20 


40  33  38.8 

40  33  03.5 

40  32  16.1 

40  31  22.8 


89  39  21.8 

89  39  55.9 

89  40  44.7 

89  41  35.0 


Primary  Quadrangle  Traverse — Gallatin  and  White  Counties- — New- 
Haven  Quadrangle. — The  following  geographic  positions  were  located 
by  primary  traverse  in  1903  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Ellis.  The  line  starts  from  an 
adjusted  traverse  position  at  MJannee  and  follows  highways,  sonth  to 
border  of  quadrangle;  thence  west  to  northwest  corner  of  quadrangle; 
thence  south  along  west  border  of  quadrangle  to  Eidgeway;  thence  east 
to  Uniontown,  Ky.,  connecting  at  the  latter  place  with  spur  line  from 
Henderson,  Ky. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

38 

02 

10.5 

88 

02 

45.9 

38 

01 

29.2 

88 

02 

29.8 

37 

00 

02.6 

88 

02 

30.3 

37 

58 

52.3 

88 

04 

10.3 

37 

58 

52.9 

88 

04 

42.7 

37 

58 

53.4 

88 

05 

49.7 

37 

58 

53.7 

88 

07 

11.7 

37 

58 

40.7 

88 

07 

08.5 

37 

58 

01.4 

88 

07 

13.3 

37 

58 

02.0 

88 

08 

03.0 

37 

58 

02.7 

88 

09 

08.6 

37 

58 

02.8 

88 

10 

14.8 

37 

58 

03.2 

88 

11 

21.5 

37 

58 

03.8 

88 

14 

08.2 

37 

57 

51.0 

88 

15 

09.8 

37 

57 

51.0 

88 

15 

48.3 

37 

57 

11.2 

88 

15 

48.2 

37 

55 

27.1 

88 

15 

43,9 

37 

54 

36.0 

88 

15 

43.9 

37 

53 

43.6 

88 

15 

43,1 

37 

52 

50.1 

88 

15 

44,3 

37 

52 

23.6 

88 

15 

53,2 

37 

51 

30.0 

88 

15 

02.5 

37 

50 

38.4 

88 

14 

45,7 

37 

49 

47.8 

88 

14 

48,0 

37 

48 

54.8 

88 

14 

46.6 

37 

48 

02.2 

88 

14 

46,9 

37 

47 

35.8 

88 

47.1 

37 

47 

34.5 

88 

13 

40.5 

Maunee,  road  crossing  at 

T.  6  S.,  R.  10  and  11  E.,  corner  sections  1,  6,  7  and  12 

T.  6  S.,  R.  10  and  11  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  13  and  18 

T.  7  S.,  R.  10  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  23  and  26. 

T.  6  S.,  R.  10  E.,  corner  sections  22,  23,  26  and  27 

T.  6  S.,  R.  10  E.,  corner  sections  21,  22,  27  and  28 

Emma,  crossroads  at  church  in  north  part  of 

Emma,  T  road  south  at ' 

Emma,  crossroads  0.75  mile  south  of 

T.  6  S.,  R.  10  E.,  corner  sections  29,  30,  31  and  32 

T.  6  S.,  R.  9  and  10  E.,   corner  sections  25,  30,  31  and  36 

R.  6  S.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36 

T.  6  S.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35 

T.  road  north 

Range  line  road  at  T  road  east 

Road  at  T  road  east 

T.  6  and  7  S.,  R.  Sand  9  E.,  corner  sections  31,  36,  1  and  6 

T.  7  S.,  R.  8  and  9  E.,  corner  sections  7,  12,  13  and  18 

T.  7  S.,  R.  8  and  9  E.,  corner  sections  13,  18,  19  and  24 

T.  7  S.,  R.  8  and  9  E.,  corner  sections  19,  24,  25  and  30 

T.  7  S.,  R.  8  and  9  E.,  corner  sections  25,  30,  31  and  36 

T.  road  west 

T .  road  west 

T.  road  east 

T .  road  east 

T.  road  east 

Ridgeway,  crossroads  0.5  mile  east  of 

T.  8  S.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  29,  30,  31  and  32 

T .  8  S.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  28,  29,  32  and  33 


134  YEAE-BOOK   FOK    1908.  [BULL.  no.  14 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS— Cowimwed. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  8  S.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  27,  28,  33  and  34 

T.  8  S.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35 

T.  8  S.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36 

T  road  south 

T.  8  S.,  R.  10  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  30  and  31 

Intersection  of  northwest  and  southeast  road  and  road  east  to  Sandy 

Ford •. 

Intersection  of  roads  at  mouth  of  lane  just  east  of  sawmill 

Schoolhouse,  T  road  east  about  2,000  feet  south  of 

Schoolhouse,  T  road  south  at  house  about  3,000  feet  north  of 


37  47  32.9 

37  47  33.4 

37  47  33.7 

37  47  33.6 

37  47  33.0 

37  47  24.1 

37  47  03.2 

37  48  07.5 

37  48  47.4 


32 
11 
10 

88    09 
88    08 


88 


33.5 
29.9 
24.2 
16.4 
45.3 


08  07.7 

08  14.8 

06  49.4 

05  19.2 


Gallatin,  Hamilton,  Saline  and  White  Counties — Eldorado  Quad- 
rangle.— The  line  starts  .from  adjusted  traverse  position  at  Ridgeway  and 
follows  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Eailroad  south  to  point  about 
one  mile  northwest  of  Cypress  Junction,  thence  along  Louisville  & 
Nashville  Eailroad  through  Equality,  Eldorado,  and  Broughton  to  point 
0.5  mile  south  of  Dale,  thence  along  north  border  of  quadrangle  by 
public  highways,  connecting  with  adjusted  traverse  position  about  five 
miles  east  of  Norris  City. 


GEOGRAPHIC   POSITIONS   ALONG   THE    BALTIMORE    AND    OHIO    SOUTHWESTERN 

RAILROAD. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Ridgeway,  street  crossing  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Southwestern  Railroad 

at  station 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

Bartley,  east  and  west  road  crossing 


37  47  59.0 
37  46  19.5 
37    45    17.3 


88 


15  36.9 
15  17.7 
15    09.5 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Troadnorth ■. 37    43    58.8 

T.  9  S.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  17,  18,  19  and  20 37    43    58.9 


14    59.0 

14    48.2 


HERRON.]  TOPOGEAPHIC   SUEVEYS.  135 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE   LOUISVILLE  AND  NASHVILLE    RAILROAD 


Station. 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

37 

43 

46.1 

88 

17 

II 
03,8 

37 

43 

49.9 

88 

18 

10,5 

37 

44 

00.6 

88 

20 

23.2 

37 

43 

58.4 

88 

20 

57.8 

37 

44 

53.3 

88 

22 

53.8 

37 

46 

11.6 

88 

24 

04.4 

37 

47 

25.5 

88 

25 

06  2 

37 

47 

59.0 

88 

25 

42.5 

37 

48 

53.8 

88 

26 

00,1 

37 

50 

09.3 

88 

26 

24.3 

37 

50 

09.2 

88 

26 

14.3 

37 

51 

14.9 

88 

26 

33.1 

37 

52 

19.7 

88 

26 

41.8 

37 

53 

38.5 

88 

26 

52.2 

37 

54 

30.9 

88 

26 

59.2 

37 

54 

30.9 

88 

27 

06.5 

37 

55 

12.0 

88 

27 

06.4 

37 

56 

15.9 

88 

27 

35.5 

37 

57 

41.9 

88 

28 

23. ii 

37 

58 

27.4 

88 

28 

48.6 

37 

59 

06.7 

88 

29 

10.5 

Road  crossing  north  and  south 

Road  crossing  north  and  south 

Equality,  road  crossing  north  and  south  just  west  of  water  tank. , 
Equality,  road  crossing  north  and  south  180  feet  west  of  station. . 

T.  9  S.,  R.  7  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  12  and  13 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

Road  crossing  north  and  south 

Road  crossing  north  and  south 

Eldorado,  crossing  Louisville  &  Nashville  and  Big  Four  railroads 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

T.8S.,  R.7E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  9  and  16 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

Francis  Mills,  ro?id  crossing 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

T.  8  S.,  R.  7  E.,  corner  sections,  16, 17,  20  and  21 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

Broughton,  road  crossing  500  feet  north  of  station 

Road  crossing  east  and  west  near  spur  head  block 

Road  crossing  east  and  west 

Dale,  road  crossing  0, 5  mile  south  of 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T  road  north 

T.  road  south  at  quarter  corner 

Road  south 

T.  6  S.,  R.  7  E.,  corner  sees.  22,  23,  26  and  27 

T.  6  S.,  R.  7  E.,  corner  sees.  23,  24,  25  and  26 

T.  6  S.,  R.  7  and  8  E.,  corner  sees.  19,  24,  25  and  30 

T.  6  S.,  R.  8  E.,  corner  sees.  19,  20,  29  and  30 

T.6  S.,  R.  8  E.,  corner  sees.  20,  21,  28  and  29 

T.  6  S.,  R.  8  E.,  corner  sees.  21,  22,  27,  and  28 

T.  6  S.,  R.  8  E.,  corner  sees.  22,  23,  26  and  27 

T.  6  S.,  R.  8  E.,  corner  sees.  23,  24,  25  and  26 

T.  6  S.,  R.  8  and   9  E.,  corner  sees.  19,  24,  25  and  30 


37  59 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 

37  58 


06.4 
53.7 
54.0 
54.4 
54.7 
56.5 
56.2 
56.1 
56.0 
56.2 
56.5 
56.3 


88 


03.7 
21.7 
30.6 
36.1 
30.0 
24.2 
18.1 
12.3 
06.1 
00.0 
54.2 
48.5 


Geographic  Positions  Established  in  1905-1906 — Madison  and  St. 
Glair  Gounties — Belleville  Quadrangle. — The  following  geographic  posi- 
tions  on  the  United  States  standard  datnm  were  determined  by  primary 
traverse  in  1905  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Ellis,  assistant  topographer.  '  The  line 
starts  from  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  triangnlation 
station,  Sugarloaf,  follows  highways  south  to  Belleville;  thence  east 
along  the  Southern  Eailway  to  east  edge  of  quadrangle;  thence  along 
highways  north  to  northeast  corner  of  quadrangle,  connecting  with 
Berger  triangnlation  station  and  Parkinson  triangulation  station ;  thence 
west  along  highways  to  northwest  comer  of  quadrangle,  and  south  to 
Sugarloaf  triangulation  station. 


136 


YEAK-BOOK   FOE    1908. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


[BULL.   NO.  U 


Station . 


Latitude. 


Sugarloaf  triangulation  station:  Near  middle  o  north  line  of  NE .  I,  sec. 
20,  T.  3  N.,  R.  8  W.,  on  blufl  overlooking  American  Bottom,  3  miles 
northwest  of  Collins ville  on  land  of  C.  Witte,  on  top  of  prominent 

mound,  which  is  50  feet  above  the  ground  to  the  east  and  150  to  200  feet 
above  American  Bottom  on  west.  Station  mark:  A  marble  post 
6  by  6  inches  by  2^  feet  long,  top  1  inch  above  ground  and  marked 


thus: 


u. 

s. 

C.  &G. 

s. 

Center  of  iron  bridge  near  road  corner. . . 

Collinsville  crossing  of  Combs  avenue  and  Clay  street 

CoUinsville  and  Belleville  road  crossing  Pennsylvania  Railroad  at  elec- 
tric power  house 

CollinsVille,  3  miles  southeast  of;  in  southwest  corner  of  stone  foundation 
of  Bethel  Church,  aluminum,  tablet  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No. 
14,  1905. " 

T.  2  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sees.  10,  11,  14  and  15,  road  crossing  near  corner 

T.  2  N.,  R.  8  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sees.  22  and  23,  T  road  east. . 

Ridge  Prairie  saloon,  crossroads  at 

Hy  Pfeifer's  saloon  and  hotel,  1  mile  south  of  road  west 

T.  road  west  at  schoolhouse 

Road  crossing,  O' Fallon  branch  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad,  100 
feet  north  of  milepost  18 

Belleville,  street  crossing  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad,  main  line 

Belleville,  in  northeast  corner  of  court-house  yard,  iron  post  stamped 
"Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  15,  1905." 


38  42  05.3 


38  41  17.5 
38  40  05.9 


38  39 


38  38  41.1 

38  37  17.9 

38  36  20.8 

38  35  33.4 

38  34  23.8 

38  33  35.9 

38  32  26.6 

38  31  48.6 

38  30  47.3 


Longitude. 


90  00  27.5 


90  00  28,0 
89  59  41.0 


89  58  56.4 


57  42.1 

57  58.3 

57  58.2 

57  58.1 

57  57.7 

57  56.2 

57  52.0 
59  00.9 

58  50.3 


89 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  SOUTHERN  RAILWAY  FROM  BELLEVILLE  EAST- 
WARD. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Belleville  ,crossing  of  Southern  Railway  under  Louisville  and  Nashville 
Railroad  near  city  reservoir                             .          

0              /                   // 

38    31    35.6 
38    32    01.6 
38    32    00.9 
38    32    01.4 
38    32    02.3 
38    32    02.8 
38    32    00.7 

38    31     57.1 
38    31    58.1 
38    31    57.1 

89    58    50  3 

89    57    50.0 

Road  crossing  north  and  south                                                  

89    56    49  3 

T.  1  N  ,  R.  8  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sees,  13  and  14 '.. 

89    56    49  3 

Road  crossing,  north  and  south,  760  feet  east  of  telegraph  office 

89    55    43.4 
89    53     55.7 

Road  crossing  north  and  south  between  mileposts  23  and  24 

89    52    07  6 

Grassland  on  property  of  Chas.  Griffin,  northeast  corner  of  postofBce, 
bears  S.  85°  40'  W.,  distant  110  feet,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav. 
Sta  No  16  1,905"       ..     .   .              

89    50    19  7 

89    48    25.1 

Road  crossing  north  and  south  170  feet  west  of  milepost  28     .  . 

89    47     18  0 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

North  and  south  road  crossing  of  Southern  Railway,  near  southwest 
corner  of  field  of  J.  B.  Freese,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta. 
No    17  1905  "                                                          .  .          

38    31    55.6 
38    33    13.8 

89    45    38  9 

T.  1  N.,  R.  6  W.,  near  quarter  corner  between  sees.  3  and  10,  crossroads 

89    45    06.6 

HERRON.J  TOPOGEAPHIC   SUEVEYS. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  B.IGJ1W AYS— Continued. 


137 


station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Truss  Bridge 

T.  2  N.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  27  and  34,  crossroads. . 

Summerfield,  in  water  table  at  southeast  corner  of  public  school  build 
ing,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  18,  1905."  — 

Berger  triangulation  station,  near  northwest  corner  of  NE.  J  of  NW.  { 
section  22,  T.  2  N.,  R.  6  W.,  on  property  of  Doctor  Berger,  1  mile 
north  of  Summerfield  and  3  miles  east  and  |  mile  north  of  village  of 
Lebanon.  Station  iiiark:  An  earthenware  pyramid  marked  "U.  S. 
C.  S.,"  36  inches  below  surface,  above  which  is  a  marble  post  30  inches 
long  and  6  inches  square,  marked 


u. 

s. 

C.  &G. 

s. 

its  upper  surface  even  with  the  ground. 

Western  reference  mark  is  a  marble  post  32  inches  long,  4  inches  square 
in  range  with  eastern  row  of  trees  in  Doctor  Berger's  orchard;  it  is,  as 
nearly  as  could  be  determined,  on  north  boundary  of  section  22,  which 
is  boundary  of  Berger's  land.    Position  of  western  reference  mark 

T.2N.,  R.6W.,  crossroads  at  100  feet  north  to  small  bridge  center 

Crossroads  40  feet  southwest  to  mail  box,  36  feet  northwest  to  culvert. . 
T.  2  and  3  N.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  3  and  34, 
crossroads  at;  also  line  between  Madison  and  St.  Clair  counties 

T.  3  N.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  22  and  27,  T  road 
south 


T  road  east,  160  feet  south  of  iron  bridge 

St.  Jacobs,  crossroads  at  Nollbaner's  hotel,  in  south  part  of 

Crossroads  at  quarter  corner  between  sections  11  and  14 

Crossroads  at  quarter  corner  between  sections  12  and  13 

Parkinson  triangulation  station:  On  land  of  M.  A.  Parkinson,  in  middle 
of  NE.  i  section  12,  T.  3  N.,  R.  6  W.,  and  1.5  miles  west  by  south 
from  Highland.  Station  mark:  The  vertex  of  a  hollow  square 
earthenware  pyramid  3  feet  below  surface,  with  letters  "U.S.C.S." 
cut  on  its  sides,  over  which  is  a  marble  post  6  by  6  inches  and  2.25 
feet  long,  on  top  of  which  letters  "U.  S.  C.  &  G.  S."  are  cut.  Refer 
ence  marks:  Two  marble  posts  5  inches  square,  2 . 5  feet  long^  2  inches 
above  ground  with  a  line  diagonally  across  tops  terminating  m  arrow- 
head, arrowhead  pointing  to  station;  northeast  reference  mark  18  feet 
8|  inches  to  station  center;  southeast  mark  18  feet  8^  inches  to  station 
center;  from  center  of  northeast  mark  to  southeast  mark,  25  feet  8 
inches;  from  station  center  to  surveyors  rock,  16  feet  9J  inches 

Highland,  about  2  miles  west  of;  road  crossing  north  and  south,  480 
feet  east  of  water  tank 

In  southwest  corner  of  wood  pasture  owned  by  John  Regel,  iron  post 
stamped  "Prin.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  19,"  corner  stone  in  center  of  road 
bears  S.  2°  W.,  distant  17  feet. 

T  road  north,  16  feet  northeast  to  cross  on  fence  post,  19  feet  northwest 
to  west  end  of  culvert 

T  road  west  at  Marine  cemetery 

T  road  east  1 . 5  miles  west  of  Marine  cemetery 

Silver  Creek^  national  road  over  west  fork  of,  center  of  iron  bridge  on. . 

Troy,  5.2  miles  northeast  of;  in  northwest  corner  of  pasture  owned  by 
Henry  Wendler,  at  forks  of  road,  iron  post  stamped  ''Prim.  Trav. 
Sta.  No .  20,  1905. " 

T.  4  N.,  R.  7  W.,  corner  sections  27,  28,  33  and  34,  T  road  south 

T.  4  N.,  R.  7  W.,  corner  sections  28,  29,  32  and  33,  stone 

T  road  west,  12  feet  southeast  to  stone  in  north  and  south  road 


38    34    04.0 
38    34    57.5 


38    35    56.3 


38  36  42.4 

38  37  34.4 

38  38  13.8 

38  39  18.8 

38  41  04.3 

38  41  57.5 

38  42  50.8 

38  42  49.5 

38  42  47.9 


38  43  26.9 

38  44  02.9 

38  44  32.5 

38  44  32.9 

38  44  59.7 

38  45  00.7 

45  18.6 


38 


38  44  46.3 

38  45  32.3 

38  45  32.1 

38  45  59.0 


45    07.6 
45    07.2 


45    09.8 


89  45  32.1 

89  45  06.6 

89  45  09.1 

89  45  11.4 

89  45  13.3 

89  45  47.8 

89  46  05.6 

89  44  08.4 

89  43  01.6 


89  42  44.3 

89  42  48.3 

89  44  24.2 

89  45  47.1 

89  46  54.4 

89  48  34.2 

89  49  18.4 


51  02.1 

52  27.7 

53  35.1 

54  43.2 


1B8 


YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908. 


[BULL.   NO.  14 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG   THE   ILLINOIS   CENTRAL  RAILROAD   BETWEEN 

MONT  AND  PETERS. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Mont,  Illinois  Central  Railroad  station 

Suburban  electric  railroad  crossing  over  Illinois  Central  Railroad 

Glen  Carbon,  near  Illinois  Central  Railroad  station,  on  property  of 
Madison  Coal  Co.,  southeast  of  Illinois  Central  Railroad  station,  iron 
post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  21,  1905" 

Peters  station,  road  crossing  north  and  south 


38    46    02.1 
38    45    40.1 


38    44    45.4 
38    44    30.9 


55    50.0 
57    23.4 


89  58    59.8 

90  00    07.3 


Champaign  and  Piatt  Counties — Mahomet  Quadrangle. — ^The  follow- 
ing  geographic  positions  were  obtained  by  primary  traverse  mn  by  Mr, 
J.  E.  Ellis  in  1905.  The  line  starts  from  a  position  near  Thomasboro 
located  by  primary  traverse,  follows  highways  west,  south,  and  east 
near  borders  of  quadrangle,  and  is  connected  with  an  adjusted  traverse 
position  near  Tolono.  Positions  are  given  on  United  States  standard 
datum. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

T.  21  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  29,  30,  31  and  32,  at  crossroads 

T.  21  N.,  R.  9  E.,  northeast  corner  section  36,  iron  post  stamped  ''Prim. 
Trav  Sta.  No.  8,  1905." 

40 

40 
40 
40 
40 
40 

40 

40 

40 

40 

40 
40 
40 
40 
40 

40 
40 
40 
40 
40 
40 

40 

40 
40 
40 
40 

14 

14 
14 
14 
14 
14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 
14 
14 
14 
14 

14 
12 
11 

10 
09 

08 

08 

06 
05 
05 
04 

19.3 

18.5 
18.5 
18.0 
44.2 
43.8 

43.5 

43.7 

43.0 

16.4 

16.9 
17.2 
17.4 
17.4 
16.1 

15.9 
51.1 
34.6 
16.0 
23.6 
44.1 

04.5 

19.6 
53.6 
01.5 

08.8 

88 

88 
88 
88 
88 
88 

88 

88 

88 

88 

88 
88 
88 
88 
88 

88 
88 
88 
88 
88 
88 

88 

88 
88 
88 
88 

12 

13 
15 
16 
17 
18 

19 

20 

21 

21 

23 
25 
26 

27 
28 

30 
30 
30 
30 
30 
30 

30 

30 
30 
30 
30 

45.5 
54  8 

T.  21  N .,  R.  9  E .,  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36,  at  crossroads 

T.  21  N.,  R.  8  E.,  corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35,  T  road  east 

T.  21  N.,  R.  8  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  27  and  28,  crossroads 
T.  21  N.,  R.  8  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  28  and  29,  crossroads 
T.  21  N.,  R.  8  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  29  and  30,  cross- 
roads                                  -             

03.4 
12.2 
21.2 
29.5 

39  0 

T.  21  N.,    R.  7  and  8  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  25  and  30,  T. 
road  east - 

47  2 

T.  21  N.,  R.  7  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  25  and  26,  T  road 
east                                           -  - 

54  0 

T.  21  N.,  R.  7  E-.,  in  northeast  corner  section  35,  stone  to  corner  sections 
25,  26,  35  and  36  bears  N.  41°50'  E.,  distant  38  feet.    Nail  in  blaze  on 
east  side  of  hickory  tree  bears  S.  39°20'  W.,  distant  29.4  feet.    Iron 
post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  9, 1905" 

54  ? 

T.  21  N.,  R.  7  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  27  and  34,  cross- 

36  6 

T.  21  N .,  R.  7  E .,  corner  sections  28,  29,  32  and  33,  T  road  north 

T.  21  N.,  R.  7  E.,  corner  sections  29,  30,  31  and  32,  T  road  north 

T  21  N    R  7  E    corner  sections  30,  31  west  of  T  road  east            .   

19.8 
28.6 
36  9 

t!  21  N.'  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36,  T  road  north 

Mansfield,  1.5  miles  north  of;  T.  21  N.,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  26,  27, 34 
and  35, 0 . 5  miles  west  of;  in  northwest  corner  of  S .  J.  Trimmer's  field  at 
east  and  west  road  crossing,  in  limestone  30  by  10  by  8  inches,  alum- 

45.8 
08.7 

Mansfield,  crossing  of  Wabash  Railway  and  Big  Four  Railway 

39.6 
19.3 

0?,  3 

T.  20  N.,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35,  crossroads  at 

T.  20  N.,  R.  6  E.,  south  corner  sections  34,  35,  T  road  north  near 

T.  19  N.,  R.  6  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  2  and  3,  crossroads 
ngar                                .      .  .      

01.9 
01.5 

04  6 

Centerville,  1  mile  south  of;  at  T  road  west,  in  ground,  in  pasture  owned 
by  W .  L.  Alexander,  1 . 5  feet  from  north  and  south  fence  on  east  side  ol 
road,  in  stone  8  by  9  by  30  inches,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "  Prim 
Trav  Sta  No  11"                                                                   

03.3 

T.  19  N.,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  22,  23,  14  and  15,  T  road  east 

T  19  N    R  6  E    corner  sections  22  23  26  and  27 

03.3 
03.1 

T.'  19  N.'  R.  6  E.'  corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35,  T  road  west 

03.3 

HERRON.]  TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  BIG^'WA.Y^— Continued. 


189 


station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  19  N.,  R.  6  E.,  south  corner  sections  34  and  35 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  2,  3,  10  and  11,  crossroads 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  10,  11,  14  and  15,  crossroads 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  14,  15,  22  and  23 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6  E.,  in  northwest  corner  section  36,  at  crossroads,  just 
inside  of  field  and  3  feet  from  corner  of  hedge  fence,  iron  post  stamped 
" Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  12,  1905" 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  23,  24,  25  and  26,  crossroads 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6  E.,  east  corner  sections  24,  25,  T  road  west 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7  E.,  corner  sections  19,  20,  29  and  30,  crossroads 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7  E.,  corner  sections  20,  21,  27  and  28,  crossroads 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7  E.,  corner  sections  21,  22,  27  and  28,  crossroads 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7  E.,  corner  sections  22,  23,  26  and  27,  crossroads 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7  E.,  in  southeast  corner  section  23,  near  southeast  corner 
of  L.  W.  Schrader's  barn  lot,  at  crossroads,  15  feet  east  to  maple  tree, 
iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  13, 1905" 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7  E.,  east  corner  of  sections  24  and  25,  crossroads,  is  15  feet 
south  of  corner 

T.  18  N.,  R.  8  E.,  corner  sections  19,  20,  29  and  30,  crossroads 

T.  18  N.,  R.  8  E.,  corner  sections  20,  21,  28  and  29,  crossroads 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7  E.,  corner  sections  21,  22,  27  and  28,  crossroads 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7  E.,  corner  sections  22,  23,  26  and  27,  crossroads 


40 

03 

16  8 

40 

02 

24  1 

40 

01 

31  4 

40 

00 

38.8 

39 

59 

45.8 

39 

59 

46.6 

39 

59 

47.0 

39 

59 

46.9 

39 

59 

47.3 

39 

59 

47.5 

39 

57 

47.5 

39 

59 

47.6 

39 

59 

47.8 

39 

59 

47.2 

89 

59 

46,8 

39 

59 

46.1 

39 

59 

45.2 

02.9 
02.4 
01.9 
02.0 


01.2 
53.1 
44.6 
39.0 
30.4 
22.1 
13.5 


22    05.6 


56.6 
53.4 
45.8 
37.7 
29.7 


Logan,  Menard  and  Sangamon  Counties^ — Springfield  Quadrangle. — 
The  following  geographic  positions  were  obtained  from  primary  tra- 
verse by  Mr.  E.  L.  McISTair,  topographer,  in  1905.  The  line  starts 
from  adjusted  position  at  Tice;  follows  wagon  roads  east,  south,  and 
west  near  border  of  quadrangle,  and  is  connected  with  adjusted  po- 
sition at  the  crossing  of  the  Wabash  and  Alton  railways  in  South 
Springfield.  Starting  again  from  adjusted  position  at  Athens  the  line 
follows  wagon  roads  south  along  west  border  of  quadrangle  and  is 
connected  to  adjusted  position  at  Curran,  at  the  crossing  of  the  Wabash 
and  the  Chicago,  Pfeoria  &  St.  Louis  railways.  Positions  are  given  on 
the  Springfield  astronomic  datum. 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Tice  station 

39  59    07.7 

40  00    15.7 
40    00    16.0 
40    00    02.8 

40    00    10.5 

40    00    11.4 

40    00    16.2 
40    00    17.1 
40    00    17.1 
40    00    17.7 
39    59    51.9 

39    59    52.2 

39  59    53.0 

40  00    19.7 
40    00    20.2 
40    00    20.5 
39    59    30.6 

89    47    42  8 

Tice,  3  corners  1  25  miles  north  of 

89    47    41  6 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  16  and  21 

89    46    50  6 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6  W.,  in  northeast  corner  section  22,  road  south 

89    45    45  4 

T.  18  N.,  R.  6  W.,  in  northeast  corner  section  23,  iron  post  stamped 
"Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  1,  1905" 

89    44    17  5 

Indian  Point  Presbyterian  Church,  road  south,  1,800  feet  west  of  T.  18 
N.,  R.  6  W.,  section  24,  northwest  corner  of  ....                       .  . 

89    43    46  4 

T.  18  N.,  R.  5  W.,  quarter  corner  northeast  quarter  section  19  and 
southeast  quarter  section  18  T  road  west 

89    41    56  6 

T.  18  N.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  sections  16, 17,  20  and  21,  T  road  east 

T.  18  N.,  R.  5  W.,  comer  sections  15, 16,  21  and  22 

89  40  31.8 
89    39    23  9 

T.  18  N.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  sections  14,  15,  22  and  23,  4  corners 

89    38    14  7 

T.  18  N.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  between  sections  23  and  24 

89    37    06  3 

T.  18  N.,    R.  4  and  5  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  19  and  24, 

Fancy  Prairie  station,  crossing  C.  &  A.  Railway  just  south  of 

T.  18  N.,  R.  4  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  19  and  20,  T  road 

89  35  58.7 
89    34    43  8 

T.  18  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  16, 17,  20  and  21 

89    33    35  4 

T.  18  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  15,  16,  21  and  22,  T  road  south 

T.  18  N.,  R.4W.,  corner  sections  14, 15,  22  and  23 

89  32  27.0 
89    31    19  2 

C.  &  A.  Railway,  crossing  of 

89    30    44.5 

140 


YEAE-BOOK    FOR    1908.  [BULL.  NO.  14 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  B.IGILW AYS— Concluded. 


Station. 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

o 

, 

„ 

0 

, 

„ 

39 
39 

58 
58 

36.6 

86.7 

89 
89 

30 
29 

43.6 
01.6 

39 
39 

58 
57 

36.9 
44.4 

89 
89 

29 
29 

01.4 
01.5 

39 
39 

56 
55 

26.0 
59.4 

89 
89 

29 
29 

00.6 
34.6 

39 

55 

07.1 

89 

29 

34.3 

39 

39 

54 
53 

15.2 

22.8 

89 
89 

29 

29 

33.8 
33.3 

39 

52 

30.1 

89 

29 

32.7 

39 

52 

29.4 

89 

30 

41.2 

39 

51 

37.0 

89 

30 

40.4 

39 
39 
39 
39 
39 
39 
39 

50 
49 
49 

48 
48 
47 
46 

44.4 
27.6 
28.4 
11.9 
12.4 
19.6 
13.9 

89 
89 
89 
89 
89 
89 
89 

36 
30 
29 
29 
30 
30 
30 

23.0 
42.0 
48.0 
13.7 
05.8 
31.2 
12.7 

39 
39 
39 
39 
39 
39 

45 
45 
45 
45 
44 
43 

01.3 
00.8 
12.4 
21.2 
39.9 
40.0 

89 
89 
89 
89 
89 

29 
32 
33 
34 
34 
34 

54.2 
03.2 
35.5 
08.5 
41.5 
57.2 

39 
39 

43 

44 

40.4 
12.8 

89 
89 

35 
36 

46.2 
57.1 

39 
39 

44 
44 

37.7 
36.6 

89 
89 

37 

38 

48.2 
38.2 

39 

46 

19.0 

89 

39 

09.0 

39 
39 
39 
39 
39 

57 
56 
55 
54 
54 

53.1 
20.0 
27.6 
35.4 
27.5 

89 
89 
89 
89 
89 

43 
43 
43 

43 
44 

27.9 
38.1 
37.0 
19.0 

32.8 

39 
39 

53 
51 

43.7 
46.4 

89 
89 

45 
45 

47.3 
15.4 

39 
39 
39 
39 
39 

51 

49 

48 
47 

47 

14.2 

44.7 
44.5 
39.4 
13.2 

89 
89 
89 
89 
89 

45 
45 
45 
45 
45 

32.3 
30.1 
30.1 
28.0 
12.1 

39 
39 

45 
44 

24.2 
38.1 

89 
89 

45 
45 

10.3 
43.9 

T.  18  N.,  R.  4  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  26  and  35,  4  corners 

T.18N.  R.3and4W.,  corner  sections  25,  36,  30  and  31, 4  corners 

Williams,  T.  18  N.,  R.  3  and  4  W.,   sections  25,  46,  30  and  31,  in  north 

east  corner  of  town  of,  30  feet  northeast  of  intersection  of  roads,  iron 

post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  2" 

T.  17  and  18  N.,  R.  3  and  4  W.,  corner  of ,  4 corners 

T.  17  N.,  R.  3  and  4  W.,    quarter  corner  between  sections  12  and  7,  T 

road  north 

T.17N.,R.4W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  12  and  13,  road  west 
T.  17  N.,  R.  4  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  13  and  24,  T  road 

east 


T.  17  N.,  R.  4  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  24  and  25,  T  road 
east 


T.  17  N.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  25  and  36,  4  corners 
T.  16  and  17  N.,    R.  4  W.,  quarter  corner  sections  1  and  36,  1.25  miles 

east  of  Barclay,  3.5  feet  in  ground,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav 

Sta.  No .  3,  1905 " 

T.  16  and  17  N.,    R.  4  W.,  quarter  corner  sections  2  and  35,  0.25  mile 

east  of  Barclay,  4  corners 

T.  16  N.,  R.  4  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  2  and  11,  T  road 

north 


Interurban  Electric  Railway,  T.  16  N.,  R.  4  W.,  on  line  of  sections  11 
and  14,  crossing  of 

rp      -  - 

T. 

T. 
T. 
T. 
T. 


16  N.,  R.  4  W.,  center  section  23,  T  road  north 

16  N.,  R.  4  W-.,  near  center  of  section  24,  4  corners 

16  N.,  R.  4  W.,  on  line  sections  25  and  26,  T  road  north 

16  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36,  T  road  south. . . 

15  and  6  N.,   quarter  corner  section  2 

15  N.,  R.  4  W.,  northeast  quarter  section  11,  T  road  east 

T.  15  N.,  R.  4  W.,  quarter  corner  sections  13  and  14,  1.9  miles  east  of 
Rochester:  near  T  road  north,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta 

No.  4,  1905" 

Rochester,  T.  15  N.,  R.  4  W.,  southwest  quarter  of  section  15,  4  corners. 

T.  15  N.,  R.  4  W.,  in  northeast  corner  section  17,  T  road  south 

T.  15  N.,  R.  4  W.,  in  northwest  corner  section  17,  T  road  south 

T.  15  N.,  R.  4  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  18  and  19,  4  corners. . 

T.  15  N.,  R.  1  W.,  north  part  of  section  3o,  T  road  west , 

T.  15  N.,  R.  5  W.,  in  northeast  corner  section  25,  center  of  bridge  over 

Sugar  Creek 

T.  15  N.,  R.  5  W.,  in  southeast  corner  section  23,  T  road  east 

T.  15  N.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  sections  14,  15,  22  and  23,  Illinois  Central  rail- 
road crossing 

T.  15  N.,  R.  5  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  15  and  22,  4  corners. . 

Wabash  and  Alton  railways,  crossing  of,  T.  15  N.,  R.  5  W.,  in  northeast 

corner  of  section  12 

THENCE  ALONG  WEST  BOEDER  OF  QUADRANGLE. 


Athens  station,  T.  18  N.,  R.  6  W.,  in  section  36 

T.  17  N.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  11  and  12  4  corners. . 
T.  17  N.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  12  and  13,  4  corners. . 

T.  17  N.,  R.  6  W.,  center  sections  24,  4  corners 

T.17N.,R.6W.,  section  23,  center  of  pier  of  bridge  over  Sangamon  river 

T.  17  N.,   R.  6  W.,   quarter  corner  beteeen  sections  27  and  28,  T  road 

south 


T.  16  N.,  R.  5  W.,  center  of  southeast  quarter  section  3,  T  road  W 

T.  16  N.,  R.  6  W.,  near  center  section  10,  in  grass  triangle  near  T  road 

west,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  5,  1905" 

T.  16  N.,  R.  6  W.,  north  part  section  22,  4  corners 

T.  16  N.,  R.  6  W.,  north  part  section  27,  T.  road  west 

T.  16  N.,  R.  6  W.,  center  section  34,  T  road  north 

T.  15  and  6  N.,  quarter  corner  section  3,  T  road  south 

T.  15  N.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  10  and  15,  1  mile 

northeast  of  Curran,  near  T  road  north,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim. 

Trav.  Sta.  No.  6,  1905" 

Wabash  and  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis  railways,  crossing  of 


HERRON.] 


TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEYS. 


141 


Champaign  County — Urhana  Quadrangle. — The  following  geographic 
positions  on  the  United  States  standard  datum  were  established  from 
primary  tra-verse  run  in  1905  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Ellis,  assistant  topographer. 
The  line  starts  from  east  tower  of  Illinois  State  University  at  Cham- 
paign, located  by  triangulation  of  the  United  States  Lake  Survey;  fol- 
lows Illinois  Central  Eailroad  to  Tolono ;  thence  east  along  Wabash  Eail- 
road  to  Homer,  connecting  with  Lake  Survey  triangulation  station, 
Lynn  Grove,  and  Lake  Survey  triangulation  station  chimney  at  Sidney; 
thence  by  wagon  road  north  along  border  of  quadrangle  to  Thomas- 
boro ;  thence  southwest  along  Illinois  Central  Eailroad  to  starting  point. 

GEOGRAPHIC    POSITIONS    ALONG   THE  ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD    BETWEEN 
CHAMPAIGN  AND  TOLONO. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Champaign,  east  tower  "Industrial  School,"  U.S.  Lake  Survey  triang- 
ulation station 

Champaign,  near  southeast  corner  of  Engineer  Building,  State  Univer- 
sity, in  ground  at  cross  sidewalks  near;  said  building  bears  N.  26  15' 
W.,  distant  52.5  feet,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.No.  1, 1905" 

Champaign,  road  crossing,  1.25  miles  south  of  (west  track) 

Savoy,  road  crossing,  1  mile  north  of  (west  track) 

Savoy  station,  (west  track) 

Savoy  station,  road  crossing,  1  mile  south  of  (west  track) 

T.  18  N.,  R.  8  E.,  corner  sections  11,  12,  13  and  14 

Tolono,  in  southeast  corner  of  lot  at  Commercial  hotel;  southeast  corner 
of  C.  H.  Bell's  store  bears  N.  28  30'  E.,  distant  185  feet;  southeast  cor- 
ner of  hotel  bears  N.  40  E.,  distant  108  feet;  iron  post  stamped  "  Prim. 
Trav.  Sta.  No.  2, 1905" 


40    06    32.9 


39    59    06,4 


88    13     37.8 


40 

06 

38.1 

88 

13 

35  2 

40 

05 

40.2 

88 

14 

40  5 

40 

04 

08.6 

88 

14 

55,0 

40 

03 

14.8 

88 

15 

03,5 

40 

02 

22.0 

88 

15 

11,9 

40 

01 

29.3 

88 

15 

15.6 

88     15 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  WABASH  RAILWAY  NEAR  TOLONO. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Tolono,  road  crossing  north  and  south,  1.25  miles  east  of. 
Tolono,  road  crossing  north  and  south  on  section  line  . . . 


39    59    21.5 
39    59    37,8 


14    15.4 
13    04.9 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  HIGHWAYS  BETWEEN  TOLONO  AND  SIDNEY. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  18  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  20,  21,  28,  29,  at  crossroads 

T.  18  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  21,  22,  27  and  28,  at  crossroads 

T.  18N.,R.9E.,  corner  sections  22,  23,  26  and  27,  at  crossroads 

T.  18  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  23_,  24,  25  and  26,  at  crossroads 

T.  18  N.,  R.  9  and   10  E.,  corner  sections  19, 24, 25  and  30,  at  crossroads. . 

T.  18  N.,  R.  9  and   10  E.,  corner  sections  25,  30,  31  and  36,  at  crossroads. 

T.  17  and  18  N.,  R.9  and  10  E.,  corner  sections  1,  6,  31  and  36,  at  cross- 
roads   

Lynn  Grove  triangulation  station:  In  SW.  i  of  SE.  J  section  31,  T.  18 
N.,  R.  10  E.,  3  miles  southeast  of  Philo  railway  station.  Station 
mark:  A  stone  post  3  feet  below  surface  with  another  directly  over 
it  as  a  surface  mark 

Black,  east  and  west  road  crossing  Frisco  railway 

T.  18  N.,  R.  10  E.,  corner  sections  28,  29,  32  and  33,  at  crossroads 

T.  18  N.,  R.  10  E.,  in  southeast  corner  section  20,  4  feet  from  corner  of 
hedge  fence,  iron  post  stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  3,  1905" 

T.  18  N.,  R.  10  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  16  and  21  crossroads 
near 

Sidney,  Lake  survey  triangulation  station  chimney 


45,9 
46.5 
47.1 
47.6 
48.3 
55.6 


39    58    03.3 


56.9 

48.7 
40.9 
32.4 
24.1 
23.7 


1 


07    23.3 


39 
39 
39 

58 
58 
58 

09.8 
02.4 
54.7 

88 
88 
88 

06 
05 
05 

35.9 
09.0 
07.6 

39 

59 

48.7 

88 

05 

08.1 

40 
40 

00 
01 

40.4 

25.4 

88 
88 

04 
04 

33.6 
10.0 

142  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  WABASH  RAILWAY  EAST  OF  SIDNEY. 


Station. 


Longitude. 


Sidney,  crossing  of  Wabash  and  Frisco  railways,  1  mile  east  of 

Road  crossing  north  and  south  between  sections  11  and  12 

Road  crossing  north  and  south  between  sections  7  and  12 

T.  18  N.,  R.  14  W.,  near  quarter  corner  west  side  section  7,  in  southwest 

corner  of  field  and  just  off  right  of  way,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim. 

Trav.  Sta.  No .  4,  1905  " 


88 


25.7 
43.6 
35.0 


87    59    39.2 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

T.  18  and  19  N.,   R.  11  E.,  and  14  W.,  0.5  mile  north  of  corner  to  sections 
6  6,  31  and  31,  T  road  west 

40 
40 
40 

40 
40 

40 

40 
40 
40 
40 
40 
40 

40 
40 
40 
40 

40 
40 
40 
40 

03 
04 
05 

06 
07 

07 

09 
10 
11 
11 
12 
13 

14 
14 
14 
14 

14 
14 
14 
14 

28.7 
34.7 
52.2 

45.0 
39.0 

31.8 

23.9 
15.2 
06.9 
59.1 
50.7 
29.8 

23,1 
22.6 
22.3 
22.2 

21.3 
21.1 
20.8 
19.6 

87 
87 
87 

87 
87 

87 

87 
87 
87 
87 
87 
87 

88 
88 
88 
88 

88 
88 
88 
88 

59 
59 
59 

59 
59 

59 

59 
59 
59 
59 
59 
59 

00 
01 
02 
03 

05 
06 
08 
11 

40  1 

40  0 

T.  19  N.,  R.  11  E.,  14  W.,  corner  sections  18, 18  and  19, 19,  crossroads  near 

T .  19  N . ,  R .  1 1  E . ,  in  northeast  corner  section  18,  in  corner  of  field  owned 

by  Lou  Richards,  2.5  feet  southwest  of  corner  fence  post  and  133  feet 

south  of  Big  Four  railway,  in  limestone  40x7x5  inches,  aluminum 

tablet  stamped  "Prim  Trav  Sta.  No.  5,  1905" 

39.8 
39  9 

T.  19  N.,  R.  11  E.,  14  W.,  corner  sections  6, 6  and  7  and  7,  crossroads 

Ts.  19  and  20  N.,  R.  11  E.,  14  W.,  corner  sections  6  and  6  and  31  and  31, 
crossroads.  .  .             

39.7 

39  7 

T.  20  N.,  R.  14  W.,  west  corner  sections  30  and  31,  at  Union  school  house, 
T  road  east               

39  8 

T.  20  N.,  R.  11  E.,  14  W.,  corner  sections  19,  19  and  30,  30. 

T.  20  N.,  R.  14  W.,  west  corner  sections  18  and  19,  T  road  east 

T.  20  N.,  R.  14  W.,  west  corner  sections  7  and  18,  T  road  east 

39.6 
39.7 
39.8 

T.  20  N    R  14  W.,  west  corner  sections  6  and  7,  T  road  east.    . .   . 

39  9 

T.  20N.,  R.  11  E.,  14  W.,  north  cor.  sections  6  and  6,  T.  road  south 

T.  21  N.,  R.  11  E.,  southeast  corner  section  25,  in  southeast  corner  of 
Doctor  McFarland's  garden,  corner  sections  25,  30,  31  and  36,  T.  21  N., 
R.  10  and  11  E.,  bears  S.  43°    E.,  distant  55  feet,  iron  post  stamped 
"Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  6,  1905" 

40.2 
06  ? 

T  21  N    R  10  E.  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36;  crossroads 

15  1 

T.  21  N.,  R.  10  E.,  corner  sections  27,  28,  33  and  34,  at  Flatville 

T.  21  N.,  R.  10  E.,  corner  sections  28,  29,  32  and  33;  crossroads 

23.8 
32  7 

T.  21  N.,  R.  10  E.,  in  northeast  corner  section  31  at  crossroads,  1.5  feet 
from  corner  fence  post,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  7, 
1905"                                                 

51.7 

T.  21  N  ,  R.  9  and  10  E.,  corner  sections  30,  31,  36  and  25;  crossroads. . . . 
T  21  N.,  R  9  E    corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36;  crossroads      .... 

59.9 

08  7 

02  0 

GEOGRAPHIC   POSITIONS   ALONG   THE   ILLINOIS   CENTRAL   RAILROAD   BETWEEN 
THOMASBORO  AND  CHAMPAIGN. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Milepost  792,  east  and  west  road  crossing  470  feet  south  of,  east  track 

Leverett,  east  and  west  road  crossing  1  mile  north  of,  east  track 

Leverett,  east  and  west  road  crossing,  east  track 

T.  20  N.,  R.  9  E.,  sections  19  and  20,  south  corner  of,  T.  road  north 

Milepost  787,  east  and  west  road  crossing,  east  track 

Milepost  786,  east  and  west  road  crossing^  230  feet  south  of,  east  track. . 

Illinois  Central  railway  and  Big  Four  railway,  crossing  of,  north  track 

Big  Four,  east  track  Illinois  Central  railway 


40  13  27.0 

40  12  00,8 

40  11 

40  10 

40  09  22.9 

40  08  30.1 


21.2 
15.6 


40    07     17,9 


88  11  44.2 

88  12  20.3 

88  12  36.8 

88  13  12.8 

88  13  26.3 

88  13  48.3 

88  14  17.7 


HERRON.] 


TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS. 


143 


Franklin,  Hamilton,   Saline  and   WiUiamson   Counties — Galatia  Quad- 
rangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS. ALONG  HIGHWAYS,  AKIN  TO  DALE. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Three  corners,  road  north  to  Akin 

Akin,  northwest  corner  of  Chas.  Crisps'  Furniture  store  is  southeast, 
northeast  corner  of  main  store  is  85  feet  west,  southeast  corner  of  Mc- 
Guyers'  store  is  68.5  feet  northwest,  1.5  feet  west  of  sidewalk,  in  sand- 
stone post,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  5 

T.  6  S.,  R.  4  and  5  E.,   corner  sections  24,  25,  29  and  30 

Three  corners,  road  north  south  and  east 

House  of  Granville  Hungate,  3  corners,  road  north 

Little  Spring  church,  road  opposite 

T.  6  S.,  R.  5  E.,  center  W.  J  sections  25,  Flanagan  Township,  Hamilton 
county,  bears  5.2  feet  N.  83°  13'  W.  southeast  corner  post  of  Perry  S. 
Lee's  orchard  is  6.4  feet  southwest,  oak  tree  bears  S.  66°  30'  W.,  141.5 
feet  on  north  side  of  highway,  in  store  post  3  feet  by  8  by  6  inches, 
aluminum  tablet  stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  6 

T .  6  S .,  R .  5  and  6  E .,  on  north  and  south  township  line,  middle  of  east 
one-half  section  25 

T.  6  S.,  R.  6  E.,  at  corner  sections  19  and  30,  on  township  line,  30  feet 
northwest— black  oak  tree  8  inches  in  diameter;  30  feet  southwest- 
telephone  pole 

T.  6  S.,  R.6  E.,  corner  sections  19,  20,  30  and  31 

T.  6  S.,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  18, 19,  20  and  17 

T.  6  S.,  R.  5  E.,  4  corners  sections  16, 17,  20  and  21 

T.  6  S.,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  15,  16,  21  and  22 

T.  6  S.,  R.  6  E.,  corner  sections  14, 15,  22  and  23 

Dale,  -southeast  of;  at  middle  of,  center  W.  rail  L.  &N.R.  R 


37  58  13. 


37  59  20.6 

37  58  53.5 

37  58  27.5 

37  58  41.6 

37  58  27.0 


37  58  27.2 
37  58  27.2 


59 


54.6 
54.4 

47.4 
47.3 

47.8 
48.8 
06.7 


88 


44  48.3 


47.3 
18.7 
12.8 
23.4 
34.8 


88  36  28.7 
88  35  39.6 


39.3 
33.2 
32.7 
27.1 
21.1 
13.8 
10.5 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD,  ELDORADO 

TO  HARRISBURG. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Eldorado,  center  of  track  at  intersection  of  Louisville  and  Nashville  and 

Big  Four  railways 

Road  crossing 

Road  crossing,  east  and  west 

Big  Muddy  creek,  east  end  of  trestle  427  over.. 


37 

48 

53.8 

88 

26 

04.1 

37 

48 

16.2 

88 

27 

17.7 

37 

47 

29.5 

88 

28 

48.2 

37 

45 

52.2 

88 

31 

12.5 

144 


YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908. 


[BULL.    NO.  14 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  SOUTH  BORDER  OF  QUAD- 
RANGLE. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Lon 

gitude. 

Harrisburg,  in  southwest  corner  of  court  house  yard,  iron  post  stamped 
"Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  1,  1906." 

37 
37 
37 
37 

37 
37 

37 

37 

37 
37 

37 

44 
44 
44 
44 

44 
44 

44 

44 

44 
44 

44 

24.1 
25.0 
24.4 
35.6 

24.9 
24.4 

24.4 
24.7 

24.0 

23.8 

17.8 

88 
88 
88 
88 

88 
88 

88 

88 

88 
88 

88 

32 
34 
34 
35 

37 
37 

38 

40 

42 
44 

45 

19  8 

T.  9  S.,  R.  6  E.,  center  section  17,  crossroads 

00  2 

T.  9  S.,  R.  6  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  17  and  18,  T  road  south 

T.  9  S.,  R.  5  and  6  E.,   quarter  corner  between  sections  13  and  18 

T.9S.,R.5E.,  one-sixteenth  corner  between  northeast  quarter  and 

33.5 
44.2 

07  3 

T.  9  S.,  R.  5  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  14  and  15 

58  9 

T.  9  S.,  R.  5  E-,  one-sixteenth  corner  between  northwest  and  southwest 
corners  section  12,  north  side  of  road  1 .5  foot  south  of  fence  line,  14  feet 
east  of  fence  corner  post,  3  feet  southeast  of  telephone  post,  33.5  feet 
northeast  of  center  of  corners,  signboard  "16  mi.  to  Marion;  5  mi.  to 
Harrisburg;  8  to   Galatia;"  old  barn  in  southeast  of  4  corners,  iron 
post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  2,  1906"     . 

47  S 

Dallasania,  4  corners,  one-sixteenth  corner  between  northeast  and 
southeast  quarters  of  section  17,  T.  9  S.,  R.  5  E 

27  2 

T.  9  S.,  R.  4  and  5  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  18  and  13,  T 
road  east  on  Saline- Williamson  county  line     .   . 

21  7 

T.  6  S.,  R.  5  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  14  and  15 

33  4 

T.  9  S.,  R.  4  E.,  at  middle  south  side  of  northwest  quarter  section  15, 
south  side  three  corners,  2  feet  north  of  wire  fence;  82  feet  west— fence 
corner,  530  feet  north— southeast  corner  wagon  shed  west  side  of  road, 
361  feet  east — line  between  a  large  oak  and  maple  tree  on  opposite  sides 
of  road;  road  north  to  Atilla,  east  to  Harrisburg,  west  to  Marion;  iron 
post  stamped  ""Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  3,  1906" 

24.7 

Franklin  and   Williamson   Co'unties—West  Frankfort  Quadrangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  EAST  BORDER  OF  QUADRANGLE 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Road  crossing  , south  end  of  plank  bridge 

Four  corners 

Station  101 

T.8S.,  R.4E.,  corner  sees.  27,  28,  33  and  34,  190  feet  southeast  of  this 

district  No.  8,  Grant  schoolhouse 

T.  8  S.,  R.  4  E.,  sec,  28, 10  feet  northeast  of  large  oak  tree  east  of  Shiloh 

church 

Corinth,  center  of  3  corners  south  of,  30  feet  northeast  of  Dogwood  tree. 

Three  corners  ,25  feet  northwest— large  fencepost  corner 

Small  plank  bridge,  middle  of,  east  and  west,  Williamson-Franklin 

county  line 

T.  7  S.,  R.  4  E.,  south  corner  road  east,  corner  sees.  27,  28,  33  and  34 

T.  7  S.,  R.  4  E.,  corner  sees.  21,  22,  27  and  28 

T.  7  S.,  R.  4  E.,  corner  sees.  21,  22,  15  and  16 

Thompsonville,  in  schoolyard,  52.4  feet  to  southeast  corner  schoolhouse, 

79.6  feet  north  to  large  elm  tree  in  corner  of  yard,  82.9  feet  northeast  to 

elm  tree  in  corner  of  yard  across  street,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim. 

Trav.  Sta.  No.  4,  1906" 

Three  corners,  road  east 

T.  6  S.,  R.4  E.,3cornersincenter  of  south  half  sec.  27,  Franklin  county 

35  feet  southeast — oak  tree;  30  feet  northeast— oak 


37  45  17.8 

37  45  56.6 

37  46  37.8 

37  47  31.4 

37  47  57.7 

37  48  49.1 

37  50  34.4 

37  51  51.9 

37  52  44.5 

37  53  37.4 

37  54  29.8 


37     54    57.2 
37    56    45.4 


88  45  23.3 

88  45  22.6 

88  45  43.0 

88  45  40.3 

88  46  13.2 

88  46  37.5- 

88  46  09.2- 

88  45  40.2 

88  45  39.1 

88  45  39.4 

88  45  59.6. 


45    40.2 
45    07.0 


43.8 


45    05.1 


HERRON.] 


TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS. 


145 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  NORTH  AND  WEST  BORDERS  OF 

QUADRANGLE. 


Stations. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Akin,  at  southeast  corner,  northwest  corner  Chas.  Crisp's  furniture 
store,  is  southeast,  northeast  corner  of  main  store  is  85  feet  west,  south- 
east corner  of  McGuyer's  store  is  68.5  feet  northwest,  1.5  feet  west 
of  sidewalk,  in  sandstone  post  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "Prim. 
Trav  Sta  No  5  1906"                                                       

37 

37 
37 

37 
37 

37 

37 
37 

37 

37 
37 
37 
37 
37 
37 

37 
37 

37 
37 

59 
59 
59 

59 
59 

59 
59 
59 

59 

59 
58 
57 
57 
57 
55 

54 
53 

52 
51 

20.2 
20.0 
20.0 

20.6 

17.8 

06.0 
36.2 
52.6 

43.4 

41.5 
49.3 
56.6 
56.1 
03.5 
52.0 

26.7 
47.7 

39.4 
59.5 

88 
88 
88 

88 
88 

88 
88 
88 

88 

88 
88 
88 
88 
88 
88 

88 
88 

88 

88 

44 
46 

47 

49 
50 

51 

52 
54 

55 

56 
56 
56 
57 

57 
57 

57 
57 

57 
59 

46  3 

T.  6  S.,  R.  4  E.,  center  sec.  21,  road  crossing 

10.6 

T  6  S    R  4  E    center  sec.  20,  4  corners                  

17  5 

T.  6  S.,  R.  4  E.,  and  3  E.,  on  township  line  between  Benton  and  Easton 

13  1 

T  6  S    R  3  E    corners  between  sees  23  and  24 

02  9 

T.  6  S.,  R.  3  E.,  south  half  sec.  22,  corner  of  Benton-Thompsonville  and 
Aiken  roads,  west  side  of  road,  southwest  corner  of  plank  bridge  on 

Benton-Thompsonville  road— 63  feet  northwest;  southwest  corner  of 
plank  bridge  on  Akin  road— 34  feet  northeast;  sweet  gum  tree  blazed 
on  north  side  on  east  side  of  road,  77  feet  southeast,  elm  tree  20  inches 
in  diameter — 6  feet  northwest  sweet  gum  tree— 6  feet  southwest 

Three  corners  road  west                        .   .        

38.7 
33  7 

Benton  center  of  C  &  E  I  R   R  crossing 

49  0 

T.  6  S.,  R.  3  E.,  corner  sees.  18  and  19,  on  township  and  range  line  be- 

41  7 

T.  6  S.,  R.  2  E.,  at  quarter  corner  between  sees.  13  and  24,  iron  post 
stamped  "Prim  Trav  Sta  No.  8  1906"                           

14  7 

Four  corners 

29  9 

T.  6  S.,  R.  2  E.,  bears  N.  49°  30'  E.,  corner  stone  sees.  25,  26,  35  and  36. . 
T.  6  S.,  R.  2  E.,  quarter  corner  sees.  26  and  35 

46.5 
19  9 

T  6  and  7  S    R  2  E    quarter  corner  between  sees.  32  and  2       .  .  .  . 

20  4 

36  1 

T.  7  S.,  R.  2  E.,  corner  sees.  14, 15,  22  and  23,  a  black  locust  post  at  3  cor- 

52  8 

Public  wells  road  corner  at  road  east  to  west  Frankfort 

52  4 

T.  7  S.,  R.  2  E.,  3  corners  road  east,  west  and  north,  corner  sees.  26,  27, 
34  and  35 

52.7 

T.  7  S.,  R.  2  E.,  about  center  of  south  half  sec.  33,  at  intersection  of  C.  B . 
&  Q.  R.  R.,  and  an  east  west  wagon  road,  iron  post  stamped  "  Prim. 
Trav.  Sta.  No.  9,  1906".                     

32  8 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  SOUTH  BORDER  OF  QUAD- 
RANGLE. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  9  S.,  R.  2  E.,  approx.  corner  sees.  9,  10, 15  and  16,  road  north 

T.  9  S.,  R.  2  E.,  corner  sees.  10, 11, 15  and  14 

Marion,  corner  of  Marion  ave.,  and  North  Court  street,  southwest  cor- 
ner, 26  feet  southeast  of  is  a  maple  tree  at  southwest  corner  of  ceme- 
tery  

Marion,  center  of  north  gate  to  Marion  courthouse  yard 

T.9  S.,  R.3  E.,  corner  sees.  17,  18,  19  and  20 

Crab  Orchard  creek,  center  of  iron  bridge  over 

T.  9  S.,  R.  3  E.,  southwest  corner  of  roads  at  corner  sees.  14,  15,  22  and 
23;  stone  to  sec.  corner  is  47  feet  northeast;  a  big  dead  oak  on  southeast 
corner  is  58.5  feet  east,  southwest  fence  corner  is  10  feet  east,  in  post 
stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  11, 1906" 

Road  north 

T.  9  S.,  R.  4  E.,  on  J  sec.  line  sec.  20  crossroads 1 

Crab  Orchard,  3  corners  on  Marion-Harrisburg  road  about  2.5  miles 
east  of;  on  northwest  quarter  sec.  21,  T.  9  S.,  R.  4  E.,  75  feet  northwest 
is  southeast  corner  of  red  voting  house,  20  feet  east  on  corner  is  cherry 
tree 


37    44    44.8 
37    44    44.3 


37  44  35.5 

37  43  55.1 

37  43  50.6 

37  43  51.3 


37  43  50.9 
37  43  55.5 
37    43    51.7 


37    43    44. 


00. 0 

52.7 


55.0 
35.3 
37.2 
20.7 


51     17.0 
49    34.9 

47     17.8 


45    31.6 


10  G 


146  YEAE-BOOK    FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Frmiklin   Williamson  and  Jackson   Counties — Herrin  Quadrangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  EAST  BORDER  OF  QUADRANGLE 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Road  crossing,  east  and  west  highway 37    49    12 . 6 

Herrin,  0.5  mile  north  of;  center  crossing  north  and  east  public  road 

andtheC.  B.  &  Q.  R.  R 37    48    50.7 

Herrin,  southeast  corner  public  road  and  east  Maple  st 37    48    06 . 6 

Stone  at  road  corner  road  west  to  Mine  No.  2 37    47    08.9 

T.  8  S.,  R.  2  E.,  sections  31  and  32,  T.  9  S.,  R.  2  E.,  sections  5  and  6, 
corner  of,  dead  shell-bark  tree  in  door-yard  of  Mr.  Anderson  is  95  feet 
southwest;  section  corner  is  about  18  feet  north;  south  rail  of  electric 
railroad  crossing  is  50  feet  north;  mailbox  post  of  L.  Stottar  is  3  feet 
southwest;  iron  post  is  1 , 5  feet  north  of  fence  line,  iron  post  stamped 

"Prim.  Tra.  Sta.  No.  10,  1906" 37    46    28.7 

T.  9  S.,  R.  2  E.,  corner  sections  4,  5,  8  and  9,  Baptist  church  is  about  200 

feet  northeast j     37    45    39.9 

T.9S.,  R.2E.,  approx.corner  sections8,  9,  16and  17 ;     37    44    45.9 


Longitude. 


89    00    55.4 


89  01 
89  01 
89    01 


28.5 
28.5 
29.2 


01     12.3 


00    07.9 
00    07.0 


Madison  and  Clinton  Counties — Breese  Quadrangle. — The  following 
geographic  positions  were  determined  by  primary  traverse  in  1905  by 
Mr.  J.  R.  Ellis.  The  line  starts  from  an  adjusted  position  on  the  Belle- 
ville quadrangle  two  miles  west  of  Highland.  The  line  follows  Vandalia 
Railroad  to  Highland^  thence  east  and  south  along  highways  to  near 
southeast  corner  of  quadrangle;  thence  west  along  highways  to  point 
three  miles  of  New  Baden  where  line  is  run  west  over  Southern  Rail- 
road to  Primary  Traverse  Station  No.  17.  The  line  was  tied  to  Breese 
and  Damainsville  triangulation  stations  United  States  Coast  and  Geo- 
detic Survey. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  VANDALIA  RAILROAD  NEAR  HIGHLAND. 


Stations. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Highland,  road  crossing  2  miles  west  of 

38    44    02.9 
38    44    19.8 
38    44    .38.5 

89    42    48  2 

Highland,  road  crossing  1  mile  west  of          

89    41     52  9 

89    40    50  5 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Stations. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

• 

38    44    33.1 
38    44    35.8 
38    44    34.7 

38    44    35  1 

89    39    42  4 

T.  3  and  4  N.,  R.  5  W.,  near  corner  to  sections  2,  3,  34  and  35,  30  feet 

northwest  to  sycamore  tree,  36  feet  northeast  to  dead  black  oak 

T.  3  and  4  N.,  R.  5  W.,  sections  1,  2,  35  and  36,  center  of  road  at  hedge 

89    38    03.5 
89    36    56  8 

Fred  Linenfilser,  400  feet  west  of  his  residence,  in  his  pasture,  5  x  5  x  24 
inch  stone  walnut  trees  bears  N.  35°  45'  E.,  distance  40.4  feet,  alum- 
inum tablet  in  top  of  stone,  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  22, 
1905" 

89    36    40.3 

JIERRON.]  TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEYS. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS— Concluded. 


147 


station. 


Latitude . 


Longitude. 


T.  3  and  4  N.,  R.  4  and  5  W.,  corner  sections  1,  6,  31  and  36,  also  junc- 
tion Madison,  Clinton  and  Bond  counties,  19  feet  southwest  to  west 
end  of  small  bridge,  29  feet  southeast  to  U.  S .  mail  box 

T.  road  north,  15  feet  north  to  center  of  small  bridge 

T.  road  south,  27  feet  northeast  to  Wm.  Frentiger's  mail  box 

Jamestown,  T.  road  north,  one  mile  west  of,  27  feet  southeast  to  dead 
locust  tree 

Jamestown  public  school  grounds,  near  south  line  of,  57  feet  east  of 
southwest  corner  of  same,  southwest  corner  of  school  building  bears 
N.  5°  E.,  distant  144  feet,  in  top  of  dressed  limestone  5  x  5  x  24  inches, 
aluminum  in  tablet  stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  23, 1905" 

T.  3  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  2,  3,  10  and  11,  at  crossroads,  37  feet 
northwest  to  corner  yard  fence,  36  feet  southeast  to  cross  on  gate- 
post  

T.  3  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  14,  15,  22  and  23,  at  crossroads,  30  feet 
northeast  to  cross  on  corner  fencepost,  54  feet  southeast  to  milk  plat- 
form  

T.  3  N.,  R.  4  W.,  west  corner  sections  23  and  26.  center  of  road  at  fence 
east  just  north  of  schoolhouse 

T.  3  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35 

H.  Hinkam's  farm,  T.  road  west,  42  feet  east  to  wild  cherry  tree 

State  road  crossing  with  north  and  south  road  24  feet  north  to  cross 
on  corner  fence  post,  63  feet  southwest  to  cross  on  corner  fence  post. . . 

Breese,  1  mile  north  of;  in  northeast  corner  of  Frank  Budde's  field,  iron 
post  stamped  ''Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  24,  1905" 

Breese,  Catholic  church  spire 

Crossroads,  27  feet  northwest  to  west  end  of  stone  culvert,  30  feet  south- 
east to  Hem.  Ahler's  mail  box 

Crossroads,  20  feet  northwest  to  west  end  of  culvert,  35  feet  southwest 
to  cross  on  telephone  pole 

Germantown,  crossroads  1  mile  north  of;  18  feet  north  to  center  of 
bridge 

Germantown,  Catholic  church  spire 


38 
38 
38 

44 
44 
44 

35.6 
33.3 
31.3 

89 
89 
89 

35 
34 
33 

49.9 
32.2 
23.0 

38 

44 

03.2 

,89 

31 

41.8 

38 

43 

59.7 

89 

31 

06.9 

38 

43 

36.1 

89 

31 

07.2 

38 

41 

51.1 

89 

31 

03.6 

38 
38 

38 

40 
40 

38 

58.7 
06.5 
56.9 

89 
89 
89 

31 
31 
31 

02.3 
01.0 
00.1 

38 

38 

31.3 

89 

31 

33.0 

38 
38 

37 
36 

30.4 
32.0 

89 
89 

31 
31 

32.0 
44.3 

38 

35 

47.0 

89 

32 

06.4 

38 

34 

54.6 

89 

32 

06.1 

38 
38 

34 
33 

02.2 
13.2 

89 
89 

32 
32 

06.3 
15.9 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  SOUTHERN  RAILROAD  NEAR  SHOAL  CREEK. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude . 


Shoal  Creek,  center  of  bridge  over 
Road  crossing  north  and  south  . . . 


30    47.5 
29    52.8 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 


I    I. 


atitude. 


Longitude. 


T .  road  south  at  large  wooden  cross 

Bartelso,  1.25  miles  southwest  of;  at  T  road  north,  in  southeast  corner 
of  field  owned  by  Herman  Soole,  nail  in  blaze  on  tree  bears  N.  76° 
45'  E.,  distant  39.8  feet,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No. 
25,  1905 "  

Murch's  school  house,  T.  road  east,  just  south  of,  25  feet  northeast  to 
cross  on  wild  cherry  tree,  31  feet  southeast  to  corner  wire  fence 

Germantown,  T .  road  south  1 . 5  miles  south  of;  33  feet  southeast  to  cross 
on  post 

Center  of  private  road 

T.  1  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  8,  9,  16  and  17,  T.  road  north 

T.  1  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  7,  8, 17  and  18,  crossroads,  36  feet  north- 
east to  large  apple  tree,  37  feet  southeast  to  locust  tree 

T.  1  N.,  R.  4  W.,  east  corner  sections  18  and  19 


38    32    11.6 


38  31  44.8 

38  31  41.8 

38  31  47.1 

38  31  44.2 

38  32  16.1 

38  32  17.5 

38  31  24.9 


89    29    02.9 


89  29  02.8 

89  30  24.9 

89  31  31.8 

89  33  00.9 

89  33  12.3 

89  34  18.2 

89  34  17.0 


148 


YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  JllGILW AYS— Concluded. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

T.  1  N.,  R.  4  W.,  corner  sections  18  and  19  (west  corner),  24  feet  west  to 

38    31    27.1 

38    30    35.2 

38    30    36.3 
38    30    35.8 

38    30    48.6 

89    35    34  9- 

T.  1  N.,  R.  5  W.,  east  corner  sections  24  and  25,  T.  road  west,  50  feet 
northwest  to  cross  on  fence,  39  feet  west  to  south  end  of  tile  culvert. . 

T.  1  N.,  R.  5  W.,  southwest  corner  section  24,  0.5  mile  east  of  Damians- 
ville,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim  Trav.  Sta.  No.  26,  1905" 

89    35    34.9 
89    36    42  2 

89    37    24  4 

Damiansville  school  house,  1.25  miles  west  of;  T.  road  east,  42  feet 
southeast  to  northwest  corner  of  school  house,  25  feet  southwest  to 
northeast  end  of  small  bridge            .  .  . 

89    38    56  4 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  SOUTHERN  RAILROAD  NEAR  NEW  BADEN. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


New  Baden,  north  and  south  road  crossing  about  3  miles  east  of;  South 

ern  Railroad  crossing 

Mile  post  34,  private  road  crossing 

New  Baden  station , 

Milepost  31,  road  crossing  north  and  south  170  feet  west  of I 

North  and  south  road  crossing  of  Southern  Railway,  near  southwest 
corner  of  field  of  J.  B.  Freese,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta. 
Nj.  17, 1905" 


57.0 
37.4 
03.1 

58.5 


45    38.9 


Menard  and  Sangamon  Counties — Tallvia  Quadrangle. — The  posi- 
tions in  the  following  list  were  determined  by  primary  traverse  in  June, 
1905,  by  Mr.  E.  L.  McNair,  topographer.  The  line  begins  at  Brown^s 
Crossing,  on  the  Wabash  Eailway,  at  the  western  boundary  of  Sangamon 
county,  and  runs  north  on  or  near  the  county  line  to  about  the  center 
of  township  18  N.,  R.  8  W.,  Menard  county,  thence  east  to  Petersburg. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Brown's  Corners  flag  station;  center  of  track  at  railroad  crossing 

T.  15  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  15  and  22,  near  quarter  corner  between  T 

road  west 

T.  15N.,  R.8W.,  section  10,  near  center  of;  in  triangle  of  roads,  at  T 

road  east,  iron  post  stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  7,  1905" 

T.  16  N.,  R.  8  W.,  near  center  section  34,  3  corners,  T  road  south 

T.  16  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  27  and  34,  quarter  corner  between,  T  road 

east -' -  -  - . 

T.16N.,R.8W.,  sections  21  and  22,  quarter  corner  between,  3  corners, 

county  line  road  to  north 

T.  16  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  9, 10, 15  and  16,  corner  of,  T  road  east 

T.  16  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  3,  4,  9  and  10,  corner;  T  road  east 

T.  16  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  3  and  4,  quarter  corner  between,  3  corners, 

T  road  to  west 

Ashland,  0.75  mile  east  of;  T.  17  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  27,  28,  33  and 

34,  corner  of;  at  intersection  of  roads,  at  northwest  corner,  iron  post 

stamped  " Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  8,  1905" 

T.  17  N.,  R.  8  W.,  northwest  corner  of  Sangamon  county,  T  road  to 

east 

T.  17  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  15,  16,  21  and  22,  corner  of 

T.  17  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  9,  10,  15  and  16,  corner  of,  T  road  west 

T.  17  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  3  and  4,  quarter  corner  between,  4  corners. . 

T.  17  and  18  N.,  R.8  W.,  sections  4  and  33 ,  quarter  corner  between 

T .  road  south  in  western  part  section  28 

T.  18  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  27  and  28,  quarter  corner  between,  T  road 

south,  county  line  between  Menard  and  Cass  counties 


39  43  27.0 

39  44  23.7 

39  45  51.5 

39  47  34.4 

39  48  00.5 

39  49  19.1 

39  50  37.4 

39  51  29.7 

39  51  55.8 


39  53  14.4 

39  53  55.5 

39  54  59.6 

39  55  51.9 

39  57  10.3 

39  57  36.0 

39  58  53.8 

39  58  54.2 


59  04.4 

59  04.9 

59  05.6 

59  07.0 

59  02.6 

59  37.2 

59  37.8 

59  38.2 

59  38.1 


89  59  39.1 

89  59  39.0 

89  59  39.8 

89  59  40.5 

89  59  41.6 

90  00  15.4 
90  00  43.6 

89  59  42.3 


HERRON.] 


TOPOGEAPHIC    SURVEYS. 


149 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  B.IGB.W AYS— Concluded. 


Station. 


Latitude.  Longitude. 


T.  18  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  21,  22,  27  and  28,  corner  of 

T.  18  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  15  and  16,  quarter  corner  between,  in  grass 

triangle  in  center  of  road  south  and  25  feet  south  of  center  of  east  and 

west  roads,  450  feet  west  of  farm  house  of  Amos  Shone weise,  iron  post 

stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  9,  1905 " 

T.  18  N.,  R.  8  W.,  sections  14  and  15,  quarter  corner  between,  T  road  to 

south 

T  road  to  north,  in  creek  bottom 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7  and  8  W.,  sections  13  and  18,  quarter  corner  between,  4 

corners 

T  road  south  in  western  part  of  section  17 

T.  18  N.,  R.  7  W.,  sections  15  and  16,  quarter  corner  between,  T  road 

south 

Overhead  crossing  of  Chicago  and  Alton  R.  R 

Petersburg  station,  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  I>ouis  Railway,  center  of 

track 


39 

59 

20.2 

89 

59 

42.4 

40 

00 

38.2 

89 

59 

42.6 

40 
40 

00 
00 

38.5 
51.1 

89 
89 

58 
57 

34.9 
26.9 

40 
40 

00 
00 

38.6 
39.2 

89 
89 

56 
55 

17.9 
02.8 

40 
40 

00 
00 

39.2 
39.5 

89 
89 

53 
51 

03.3 
36.8 

40 

00 

41.2 

89 

50 

46.4 

Laii'e  County — Waukegan  Quadrangle. — In  June,  1906,  Mr.  L.  E. 
Tucker,  topographic  aid,  ran  a  line  of  primary  traverse  around  the 
borders  of  this  quadrangle.  Starting  at  Benton  triangulation  station. 
United  States  Lake  Survey,  and  tieing  to  primary  traverse  post  No.  1, 
of  1904.      . 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Stations. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Benton  triangulation  station,  U.  S.  Lake  Survey,  in  N.  W.  quarter  of 
N.  W.  quarter  of  section  7,  Benton  township.    Station  mark.    A 
stone  post  2^  feet  below  surface,  with  another  directly  over  it  as  a 
surface  mark.    Height  of  station  used  was  65  feet.    Reference  marks: 
Two  stone  posts,  one  S.  13"  04'  W.,  dist.  565.9  meters,  one  N.  68°  59' 
E.,  19.65  meters  distant.    Height  of  ground  at  station  above  mean 
sea  level  of  Lake  Michigan  is  212  6  feet       

42 
42 
42 

29    02.8 
28    44.2 
28    43.9 

87    52    43  3 

T.  45  N.,  R.  12  E.,  quarter  corner  sections  7  and  8,  four  corners.  North 
Prairie  church  on  N.  E.  corner;  schoolhouse  on  northwest  corner 

Chicago  &  Milwaukee  and  Electric  railroad  and  Winthrop  Harbor  road, 
crossing  of          

87    51    46.8 
87    50    41  9 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  CHICAGO  AND  NORTHWETERN  RAILROAD,  ZIONS 
CITY  TO  LAKE  FOREST. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude 


Zion  City,  corner  of  Shiloh  Boulevard  and  Elijah  avenue,  northeast 
corner  of  American  Express  office  90  feet  southwest 

Zion  City,  Shiloh  Boulevard  and  Chicago  &  Northwestern  railroad 
crossing,  west  rail 

East  and  West  road  crossing 

Waukegan  Courthouse 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  railroad  and  Elgin,  Joliet  &  Eastern  railroad, 
crossing  of 

Road  crossing,  east  and  west 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  and  Chicago  &  Milwaukee  Electric  railroads, 
overhead  crossing  of 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  railroad,  overhead  crossing. 

Lake  Forest,  in  southeast  corner  of  city  hall  yard,  at  corner  of  Forest 
and  Deerpatt  sts.,  southeast  corner  of  city  hall  bears  N.  63°  30'  W., 
distance  34.5  feet;  northwest  corner  of  Chicago  Tel.  Co.  building 
bears  S.  41°  30'  E.,  distant  78.3  feet,  iron  post  stamped  ''Prim.  Trav. 
Sta .  No .  12,  1906 " 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  railroad  and  highway  crossing 


15    03.9 
14    49.4 


42 

26 

59.2 

87 

49 

31.0 

42 
42 
42 

26 
23 
21 

59.0 
04.8 
36.8 

87 
87 
87 

49 
49 
49 

04.4 
26.3 
58.4 

42 
42 

19 
18 

29.9 
32.2 

87 
87 

50 
50 

20.6 
46.8 

42 
42 

16 
15 

45.3 

27.7 

87 
87 

50 
50 

47.9 
28.2 

87    50    28.7 
87    51    42.1 


150 


YEAR  BOOK   FOR    1908. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


[BULL.   NO.  14 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  43  and  44  N.,  R.  Hand  12  E 

T.  42  and  44  N.,  R.  11  E.,  sections  36  and  35  and  1  and  2 

T.  43  and  44  N..  R.  11  E.  ,approximate  corner  sections  35,  34,  3  and  2. . . 

DesPlaines  River,  on  south  side  of  town  line  road,  9.8  feet  south- 
west of  corner  of  iron  bridge  across  river;  an  8  inch  oak  on  opposite 
side  of  road  is  22  feet  north,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  iTrav.  Sta. 
No.  13,  1906" 

Milwaukee  road  and  town  line,  corner  of 

Four  corners  east  of  railroad  crossing 

Wisconsin  Central  railroad,  azimuth  of,  at  station  69 

Diamond  Lake,  in  southwest  corner  of  schoolhouse  No.  76,  Union;  5 
feet  north  of  schoolyard  corner,  southwest  corner  of  schoolhouse  is 
83.6  feet  northeast;  southeast  corner  of  house  of  Wm.  Einzewam's 
is  20.5  feet  northwest  by  west,  iron  post  stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta. 
No .  14,  1906  " 

Elgin,  Joliet  &  Eastern  railroad,  azimuth  from  station  77 

Three  corners,  road  east 

Rockefeller,  Hotel  Cameron,  center  of  street  crossing 

Wisconsin  Central  railroad  and  highway  crossing 

Four  corners 

T.  44  and  45  N.,  R.  10  E.,  and  R.  11  E 

Gages  corners 

Three  corners,  road  west 

Druses  Lake,  at  3  corners  600  feet  north  of  north  shore  of,  opposite  to 
Brown's  cottage,  fence  corner  on  west  of  road  is  29 . 5  feet  south,  blazed 
oak  26 . 7  feet  north;  W .  C.  Brewer's  mailbox  post  No.  4,  at  corner  is  22 
feet  southeast;  iron  post  stamped  ' ' Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  15, 1906". . . 

Road  crossing 

T.  45  N.,  R.  10  E.,  sections  1  and  12 

T.  45  N.,  R.  11  E.,  corner  sections  6  and  7 

T.  corner 

Four  corners,  road  east  and  west  northwest  and  southeast 

Hickory  Corners,  an  oak  tree  is  35  feet  northeast,  Methodist  church  is 
on  southwest  corner,  mailbox  No.  69  is  35  feet  northwest 

Three  corners,  road  west,  schoolhouse  on  northwest  corner 

Pikeville,  Wis.,  4  corner,  south  side  state  line  road,  west  side  N.  &  S. 
road,  fence  corner  on  southwest  corner  is  30  feet  southwest 

T.  1  N.,  R.  21  E.,  50  feet  northeast  of  south  corner  of  sections  34  and  35, 
N.  side  state  line  road,  800  feet  northwest  Chas.  Crawford's  house,  iron 
post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  1,  1906" 


42 
42 
42 
152 


42 
282 
42 
42 
42 
42 
42 
42 
42 


14  23.8 
14  24.2 
14  24.7 


14  25.6 

14  25.3 

14  25.3 
01 


29.1 

18.5 
25.2 
51.7 
21.5 
39.9 
19.2 
37.8 


17.8 
09.6 
02.1 
02.1 
54.5 
39.4 

58.1 
24.1 


42  29  44.5 


42  29  42.5 


87  53  09.4 
87  54  19.6 
87  55  30.0 


87  56  21.5 
87  56  39.7 
87  56  36.2 


88 


88 


00  13.4 


00  05.0 
00  14.1 
00  17.4 
00  15.2 
00  16.3 
00  16.1 
00  06.5 


01  12.8 
00  14.5 
00  14.1 
00  14.1 
00  13.6 

00  37.4 

01  01.4 
01  04.5 


88  01  30.3 


87  59  24.6 


Declination,  N.  border  3°05';  S.  border  2°34'  W.  border  3°48'. 


Apple  River,  Galena,  Lena,  Mineral  Point  and  Savanna  Quads — Jo 
Daviess  Comity. — The  following  geographic  positions  were  determined 
by  primary  traverse  by  L.  E.  Tucker,  in  1906.  For  the  control  of  the 
Apple  Eiver  quadrangle  the  line  begins  with  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey 
position  of  White  Church  Steeple  at  Warren  and  follows  the  Illinois 
Central  Eailroad  west  to  Scales  Mound,  thence  along  highways  south 
to  a  point  three  miles  west  of  Derinder,  thence  east  along  highways  to 
three  miles  south  of  Mores ville,  thence  north  to  Warren. 

For  control  of  the  G-alena  quadrangle  the  line  begins  with  adjusted 
position  of  Scales  Mound,  follows  highways  to  a  point  about  six  miles 
northwest  of  G-alena,  thence  south  to  Galena  where  it  is  tied  to  a  posi- 
tion of  Galena  Spire  and  Horse  Shoe  Mound  triangulation  stations, 
thence  south  along  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Eailroad  to 
Blanding  station  where  it  turns  east  along  highways  to  adjusted  posi- 
tion three  miles  west  of  Derinder. 


HERROV] 


TOPO&KAPHIC    SURVEYS. 


151 


Apple  Rivee  Quadrangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD  NEAR  NORTH 
BORDER  OF  QUADRANGLE. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Warren,  white  steeple  at,  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  triangulation 
station 

Law  station,  center  of  track  opposite  operator's  window 

Law  station,  0.6  mile  west  of;  public  north  and  south  road  crossing 

Scales  Mound,  1 . 5  miles  northeast  of;  center  of  track  over  public  road 
crossing 


42 

29  35.95 

89 

59  20.2 

42 

29  35.6 

90 

10  54.2 

42 

29  21.4 

90 

11  33.9 

42    28 


90    13  22. 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  WEST  BORDER  OF  QUADRANGLE 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


School  house  No.  4  (Mt.  Morley),  T.  28  N.,  R.  2  E.,  in  southeast  part  of 
section  26,  in  angle  of  junction  of  ridge  road  and  Elizabeth-Scales 
Mound  road,  school  house  bears  N.  41°  E.,  dist.  119  feet;  a  blazed  oak 
is  12.4  feet  west;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  18,  1906, 
ILLINOIS" 

Hickory  Grove  school  house,  1.8  miles  north  of,  T  road  east,  35  feet  east 
to  Will  Brockner's  mail  box 

Hickory  Grove  school  house,  Elizabeth  township,  center  of  road  op- 
posite   

Hickory  Grove  school  house,  0.4  mile  south  of;  4  corners,  mail  box  of 
H.  Rees  is  on  southeast  corner 

Apple  River,  1 .  25  miles  northwest  of;  junction  of  Elizabeth-Galena  and 
Scales  Mound  Ridge  road 

Apple  River,  north  end  of  iron  bridge  over 

Elizabeth,  corner  of  Main  and  Myrtle  sta.,  corner  Black  Hawk  build- 
ing bears  S.  89°  30'  W.,  35  feet;  corner  of  Illinois  building  bears  N.  12° 
E.,  45  feet 

Elizabeth,  at  southwest  edge  of;  public  road  crossing  Chicago  Great 
Western  R .  R 

T.  27  N.,  R.  2  E.,  sections  25  and  36,  approximate  quarter  corner 
between 

T.  27  N.,  R.  2  E.,  section  36,  T.  26  N.,  R.  2  E.,  section  1,  quarter  corner 
between 

Pleasant  Hill  School,  Hanover  T.,  43  feet  south  of  northeast  corner 
of  fence,  126 . 6  feet  north  of  white  oak  tree  at  southeast  comer  of  yard 
and  11  feet  northwest  of  large  white  oak;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim. 
Trav .  Sta .  No .  19, 1906  " 

T.26N.,  R.3  E.,  approx.  corner  sections  7,  8, 17, 18,  road  south 

Derinda  Center,  T.  26  N.,  R.  3  E.,  approx.  corner  sections  8,  9,  16  and 
17,  4  corners 

Big  Rush  Creek,  west  end  of  iron  bridge  over,  T.  26  N.,  R.  3.  E.,  approx. 
corner  sections  9,  10,  15  and  16 


42  23  29,0 

42  22  51,2 

42  21  17.7 

42  20  58.0 

42  20  -07.5 

42  19  20.4 

42  19  04.5 

42  18  42.0 

42  17  54.0 

42  17  02.0 


42    15    54.3 
42    15     15.0 


42    15    16.9 
42    15    17.4 


Longitude. 


90  14  48.2 

90  13  40.6 

90  13  53.8 

90  13  58.0 

90  14  53.3 

90  14  04.6 

90  13  17.0 

90  13  41.1 

90  13  38,8 

90  13  35.4 


90    14    07.9 
90    11    43.7 


90    10    31.8 
90    09    20.5 


Magnetic  Declination  of  west  border  of  quadrangle  is  6°  07'  east. 
Magnetic  Declination  of  east  border  of  quadrangle  is  4°  57'  east. 
Magnetic  Declination  of  south  border  of  quadrangle  is  5°  15'  east. 


Galena  Quadrangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Scales  Mound,  set  in  the  southwest  corner  of  school  house  yard  at  two 
churches;  corner  of  Presbyterian  chureh  porch  is  southeast  93.2  feet; 
southeast  corner  of  Catholic  church  is  west  51  feet;  southeast  corner 

of  school  house  porch  is  northeast  70  feet;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim. 
Trav.  Sta.  No.  17, 1906" 

Hesselbacher  cheese  factory,  at  T  road  east,  northwest  corner  of  fac- 
tory   


42    28    31. ( 
42    27    08.: 


90    15    07.9 
90    15    07.1 


152  YEAK-BOOK    FOR    1908,  [bull.  no.  It 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  ILIQ^^ KY^- Concluded. 


Stations, 


Latitude.  Longitude. 


Flint  rock  hill,  T  road  west  at  top  of , 

Lutheran  church,  gate  in  front  of 

Lutheran  church,  0.7  mile  southeast  of;  junction  ridge  road  and  Shapp 
ville  road,  50  feet  east  to  Robert  Gill's  mailbox 

Lutheran  church,  1.25  miles  southeast  of;  junction  of  Scales  Mound- 
EUzabeth  ridge  road  and  Thompsonville-Galena  road 

School  house.  No.  4,  0.7  mile  northwest  of;  T  road  to  east,  mail  box  of 
H.  J.  Ehredt  is  by  gate  on  west  side  of  road 

Scales  Mound,  0.7  mile  west  of,  wagon  bridge  over  Illinois  Central  R 
R.,  center  of  bridge 

T.  29  N.,  R.  2  E.,  approx.  corner  sections  22,  23,  26  and  27 

School  house  No.  92,  Council  Hill  township,  center  of  road  opposite 

T.  29  N.,  R.  2  E.,  west  quarter  corner  section  19 

T.  29N.,  R.  1  E.,  east  quarter  corner  section  26 

Stone  blacksmith  shop,  3  corners 

T.  29  N.,  R.  1  E.,  section  27,  in  east  half  of;  0.5  mile  east  of  Millbrick 
just  east  of  ruins  of  old  stone  church,  in  northeast  corner  of  T  road^ 
corner  of  fence  bears  S.  50°  W.,  8  feet;  mail  box  of  Travarthen  bears 
S.  45°  W.,  75  feet;  iron  post  stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  23, 1906 

Public  road  crossing  railroad 

Intersection  of  4th  principal  meridian  and  Illinois-Wisconsin  State  line, 
1  mile  southwest  of  4  corners,  center  of  turnpike 

T.  29  N.,  R.  1  W.,  approx.  center  section  23 

T.  29,  R.  1  W.,  section  28,  in  east  part  of  southeast  quarter  of;  0.25  mile 
south  of  school  house  No.  3,  on  south  side  of  Bodell's  4  corners  (Men- 
ominee township);  southeast  corner  of  Bodell's  front  yard  fence  bears 
N.  1°  W.,  104  feet;  mail  box  of  Gehard  Bussen  bears  N.  30°  30'  E.,  87 

feet;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  25,  1906" 

T.  28  N.,  R.  1  W.,  near  center  of  northeast  quarter  of  section  2;  3  corners 
Galena-Hazel  Green  road  and  road  to  Excelsior,  18  feet  east  to  east 
fence  of  turnpike 

T.  28  N.,  R.  1  W.,  line  between  sections  2  and  11,  intersection  with 
Galena  turnpike 

T.28N.,  R.  1  W.,  corner  sections  11,  12,  13  and  14 

Galena,  in  most  easterly  corner  of  court  house  yard;  east  corner  of  court 
house  bears  S.  89°  W.,  24.5  feet;  square  stone  on  northwest  corner  of 
bench  and  Meeker  streets  bears  S.  80°  E.,  14.7  feet;  iron  post  stamped 
" Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  26,  1906" 

Galena,  German  Lutheran  church  spire 

Horse  Shoe  Mound  triangulation  station;  about  1.25  miles  southeast 
of  Galena,  on  northwest  end  of  Horseshoe  Mound,  on  top  of  rock 
ledge,  station  mark:  A  Mississippi  River  Commission  bench  mark 
post  had  been  broken  off  and  thrown  on  ground,  so  exact  location  of 
station  could  not  be  identified — 


42  26  34.3 

42  25  53.6 

42  25  20.4 

42  24  34.8 

42  24  02.3 

42  28  58.6 

42  29  20.8 

42  29  58.3 

42  29  49.8 

42  29  49.5 

42  29  26.2 


42  28  55.0 
42  29  39.0 


42  29  48.6 
42  29  49.1 


42 


50.2 


42  27  29.9 


42  26  47.6 
42  25  54.2 


42  25  06.3 
42  25  02.6 


42  24  29.1 


90  15  26.3 

90  15  37.5 

90  15  17.8 

90  15  22.0 

90  15  02.9 

90  15  44.7 

90  15  44.6 

90  18  59.4 

90  20  34.1 

90  20  34.1 

90  20  59.5 


90  23  27.2 
90  23  42.1 


90  26  33.6 
90  27  24.8 


90  29  16.3 


90  27  23.6 


90  27  17.0 
90  26  48.6 


90  25  31.0 
90  25  53.0 


90  24  03. 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  CHICAGO,  BURLINGTON  AND  QUINCY  RAIL- 
ROAD, GALENA  TO  BLANDING. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Illinois  Central  R.  R.  and  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  R.  R. 

crossing  at  southwest  edge  of  Galena 

Galena  Junction  station,  center  of  south  end  of 

Galena  Junction  station,  about  3  miles  southeast  of,  east  and  west  road 

crossing  near  culvert  No.  168112 

Blanding  station,  1  mile  northwest  of;  public  road  crossing 

^landing  station,  on  west  side  of  C,  B.  &  Q.  R.  R.  at  corner  in  front 

of  postoffice;  74  feet  southwest  to  northeast  corner  of  postoffice,  44 

feet  west  to  east  corner  Mrs.  Botin's  house;  44  feet  east  to  northwest 

corner  of  Blanding  station;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No. 

27,  1906" 

T.26N.,  R.l  E.,  cor.  sees.  2,  3,  10  and  11 

T.  26  N.,  R.  1  E.,  line  between  sees.  11  and  12,  north  and  south  road 

crossing 

T.  26  N.,  R.  1  E.,  quarter  corner  sees.  11  and  12 

T.  26  N.,R.  1  E.,  in  southwest  part  of  sec.  2,  east  and  west  road  crossing 


42 
42 

24 
22 

33.1 
29.4 

90 
90 

25 
26 

46.6 
38.0 

42 
42 

20 
17 

05.8 
10.3 

90 
90 

23 

24 

59.0 

07.8 

42 

42 

16 
16 

27.6 
09.2 

90 
90 

.23 

22 

11.0 
27.1 

42 
42 

42 

15 
15 
15 

38.3 
42.2 
29.3 

90 
90 
90 

21 
21 

20 

16.1 
16.1 
57.3 

HERRON.J 


lOPOGEAPHIC    SUiiVEYS. 
GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG    HIGHWAYS. 


153 


stations. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

T  26  N    R  1  E    southeast  part  sec  12;  3  corners 

0 

42 
42 
42 

42 
42 
42 

15 
15 
14 

15 
15 
15 

29.7 
04.8 
58.0 

24.7 
21.3 
29.2 

90 
90 
90 

90 
90 
90 

20 

18 
18 

17 
16 
16 

25  4 

52  2 

Hanover,  2.5  miles  west  of;  oak  tree  on  north  side  of  road  at  3  corners. . 
Hanover,  at  southwest  corner  of  Hanover  hotel  piazza  wall,  northeast 

corner  of  Hanover  Manufacturing  Company's  brick  block  bears  SW. 

87.4  feet;  northwest  corner  of  Miller  and  White's  brick  store  bears  S. 

61.6  feet;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  28,  1906" 

Holy  Face  Catholic  church,  cor.  Jefferson  st.,  and  Savanna  road  and 

Pleasant  Hill  road                           

14.0 

06.8 
33  4 

Holy  Face  Catholic  church,  0.5  mile  east  of;  3  corner  road  west  to  Han- 
over, east  to  Pleasant  Hill.      .  .          

08  1 

Magnetic  declination  of  east  border  of  quadrangle  is  6°  07'  east. 
Magnetic  declination  of  west  border  of  quadrangle  is  6°  52'  east. 
Magnetic  declination  of  north  border  of  quadrangle  is  6°  25'  east. 
Magnetic  declination  of  south  border  of  quadrangle  is  5°  26'  east. 


MiNEKAL  Point  Quadeakgle. 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD  NEAR  SOUTH 
BORDER  OF  QUADRANGLE. 


Stations. 


Warren  white  steeple,  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  triangulation 

Warren,  1.5  miles  northwest  of;  public  road  crossing 

Apple  River,  in  yard  of  W.  H.  Smith,  in  southwest  corner  of  lot  No. 
10,  block  No.  16;  southwest  corner  of  Henry  Smith's  store  is  E.  64.5 
feet;  southwest  corner  of  Henry  Smith's  house  is  N.  42.2  feet;  iron 
post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  16,  1906" 

T.  29  and  30  N.,  R.  3  and  4  E.,  corner  of 

Law  station,  2.0  miles  east  of;  public  road  crossing 


Latitude.  Longitude. 


0 

, 

II 

Q 

, 

II 

42 
42 

29 
30 

35.9 
24.6 

89 
90 

59 
00 

20.2 
54.0 

42 
42 
42 

30 
30 
30 

12.4 
10.6 

08.8 

90 
90 
90 

05 
06 

08 

53.2 
14.2 
34.2 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  SOUTH  BORDER  OF  QUAD- 
RANGLE. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Veda  Grand,  Illinois-Wisconsin  State  line,  at  elbow  in  road,  30  feet 
northwest  to  Wm.  Haskin's  mailbox;  20  feet  east  to  corner  of  State 
line  fence 

T.  29  N.,  R.  2  E.,  approx.  cor.  sees.  15  and  16,  corner  of  State  line 

T.29N.,  R.  1  E.,  sec.  15  on  west  half  north  line  of ,  north  and  south  road 
on  the  Illinois-Wisconsin  State  line 

Intersection  of  fourth  principal  meridian  and  Illinois-Wisconsin  State 
line 

Intersection  of  fourth  principal  m.eridian  and  Illinois-Wisconsin  State 
line,  0.5  mile  west  of;  on  south  side  of  State  line  road,  at  corner  of  Ga- 
lena-Hazel Green  turnpike,  1  foot  north  of  fence  and  10  feet  east  of 
fence  corner;  a  soft  blazed  maple  tree  on  west  side  of  turnpike  and  on 
State  line  bears  NW.  77.7  feet;  a  cottonwood  tree  on  northeast  corner 
bears  N.  53  ;  iron  post  stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  24, 1906" 


42    30    27.4 
42    30    27.0 


42    30    25.8 
42    30    23.1 


42    30    26.2 


90     16    20.5 
90    16    56.0 


90    23     44.1 
90    25    36.2 


90    26     12. 


Magnetic  declination  of  southwest  border  of  quadrangle  is  6°  25'  east. 


154 


YEAR-BOOK    FOE    1908. 
Savanna  Quadrangle. 


[BULL.   NO.  14 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  NORTH  BORDER  OF  QUAD- 
RANGLE. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  26  N.,  R.  3  E.,  sec.  14,  3  corners  on  south  line  of;  0.5  mile  south  of 
Massbock  postoffice , 

Camp  Creek  schoolhouse  No.  14,  Derinda  township,  in  southeast  cor- 
ner of  schoolhouse  yard;  southeast  corner  of  schoolhouse  bears  N.  33° 
W.,  81  feet;  an  oak  tree  16  inches  in  diameter  bears  N.  42°  E.  52  feet; 
iron  post  stamped  '^Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  20,  1906" 

T.  26  N.  R.  3  E.,  sees.  13  and  24,  and  T.  26  N.,  R.  4  E.,  sees.  18  and  19, 
approx.  cor.  of 

T.  26  N.,  R.  4  E.,  cor  sees.  17,  18,  19,  and  20 

T.  26  N.,  R.  4  E.,  northeast  part  of  sec.  20;  4  corners  of  Galena-Dixon 
road 

Carrott  schoolhouse  21,  Pleasant  Valley  township;  T  road 

Pleasant  Valley  township  hall,  center  of  road  in  front  of 


42    14    25.9 


42  14  27.2 

42  14  26.9 

42  14  23.9 

42  14  11.2 

42  14  37.7 

42  14  24.1 


07    25.3 


90  05  48.0 

90  04  54.7 

90  03  37.3 

90  02  13.5 

90  02  02.4 


Magnet  declination  of  north  border  of  quadrangle  is  5°  15'  east. 


Lena  Quadrangle. 


GEOGRAPHIC   POSITIONS   ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  WEST   BORDER  OF  QUAD- 
RANGLE. 


Latitude.  Longitude. 


White  schoolhouse,  just  west  of;  T  road  south 

T.  26  N.,  R.  5  E.,  sec.  7,  in  northwest  quarter  of;  on  south  side  of  the 
Savanna-Freeport  road,  about  150  feet  northeast  of  corner  with  Union 
church  road;  a  wild  cherry  tree  22  inches  in  diameter  bears  S.  16°  W., 
9.6  feet;  northeast  corner  of  iron  bridge  over  Muddy  Plumb  river 
bears  S.  38°  30'  E.,  366  feet;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No. 
21,  1906" 

T.  26  and  27  N.,  R.  4  and  5  E.,  (townships  Pleasant  Valley,  Stockton 
Ward  Grove  and  Berriman,  corner  of),  T  road  east 

T.  27  N.,  R.  4  E.,  sees.  25  and  36,  T.  27  N.,  R.  5  E.,  sees.  30  and  31;  corner 
of  road  east 

T.  27  N.,  R.  4  E.,  cor.  sees.  24  and  25,  cor.  of  T  road  west  at  approx.  cor. 
sec.  19  and  30,  R.  5  E 

T.  27  N.,  R.  5  E.,  sees.  18  and  19,  corner  road  east 

T.  27  N.,  R.  4E.,cor.  sees.  13  and  24;  road  west. 

T.  27  N.,  R.  5  E.,  cos.  sees.  7  and  18 

T.  27  N.,  R.  4  E.,  sees.  12  and  13,  corner  of 

T.  27  N.,  R.  4  E.,cor.  of  road  at  sees.  1  and  12 

T.  27  N.,  R.  5  E.,  cor.  sees.  6  and  7,  road  east 

School  No.  82,  Rush  township,  in  school  yard  Just  south  of  plank  walk 
leading  from  gate  to  schoolhouse;  1  foot  west  of  fence,  4  feet  south  of 
center  of  gate;  southeast  corner  of  schoolhouse  bears  S.  73°  W.,  25.3  feet 
iron  post  stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  22,  1906" 

Chelsea  church,  T.  28  N.,  R.  4  E.,  sees.  13  and  24,  corner  of  public  cross- 
roads   

T.  28  N.,  R.  5  E.,  sees.  18  and  19  (Town  of  Nora)  road  east 

T.  28  N.,  R.  4  E.,  sees.  12  and  13  (Town  of  Rush)  road  west 

Pueketts'  schoolhouse,  T.  28  N.,  (Nora),  R.  5  E.,  sees.  6  and  7;  corner  of; 
crossroads.  .  -  -  ........-.,.--- .-.-- 

T.  28  N.,  (Rush)  R.  4  E.,  sees.  1  and  2,  corner 

T.  28  and  29  N.,  R.  4  and  5  E.,  cor.  of  crossroads 

Warren,  0.5  mile  south  of;  T  road  west 

Warren,  White  steeple.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  triangulation  sta- 
tion  


42    15    07.6 


42 

15 

42.0 

89 

58 

29.7 

42 

17 

01.4 

89 

58 

43.4 

42 

17 

54.0 

89 

58 

45.0 

42 

18 

46.9 

89 

58 

47  0 

42 

19 

38.8 

89 

58 

48.5 

42 

19 

39.3 

89 

58 

48.5 

42 

20 

31.5 

89 

58 

50.2 

42 

20 

32.3 

89 

58 

50.2 

42 

21 

24.9 

89 

58 

52.4 

42 

21 

23.9 

89 

58 

52.4 

42 

22 

43.3 

89 

58 

56.0 

42 

24 

55.6 

89 

59 

00.7 

42 

25 

47.7 

89 

59 

02.9 

42 

25 

48.4 

89 

59 

02.9 

42 

26 

39.8 

89 

59 

05.9 

42 

26 

40.5 

89 

59 

05.9 

42 

27 

33.2 

89 

59 

07.2 

42 

28 

22.0 

89 

59 

08.6 

42 

29 

35.9 

89 

59 

20.2 

Magnetic  declination  of  west  border  of  quadrangle  is  4°  57'  east. 


HERRON] 


TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS. 


155 


■Alto'  Pass,  Carbondale,  Duquoin,  Herrin,  Murphyshoro  and  Pinchney- 
ville  Quadrangles — Franklin,  Jackson,  Perry  and  Williamson  Coun- 
ties.— The  following  geographic  positions  were  determined  by  primary 
traverse  by  Mr.  L.  E.  Tucker  in  1906.  A  line  was  first  run  from  Foun- 
tain Bluff  triangulation  station  of  the  Mississippi  Eiver  Commission^ 
following  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  east  via  Murphysboro  and  Car- 
bondale  to  the  southeast  corner  of  the  Herrin  quadrangle;  then  begin- 
ning with  adjusted  position  at  Carbondale  the  line  follows  the  Illinois 
Central  E.  E.  to  Duquoin^  thence  east  along  public  road  to  adjusted 
position  at  northwest  corner  of  Thompsonville  quadrangle. 

For  the  control  of  the  Murphysboro  quadrangle,  the  line  begins  with 
adjusted  position  at  Duquoin  and  follows  public  highways  west  to  Den- 
mark where  it  turns  south  and  is  tied  to  Fountain  Bluff  triangulation 
station. 

Hebkix  Quadeangle. 
geographic  positions  along  the  illinois  central  railroad. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  9  S.,  R.  1  E.,  sees.  5  and  8,  quarter  corner  between 

Four  corners 

Cartervilie  city  school  yard,  southwest  part  of,  1  foot  north  of  east  and 
west  sidewalk,  1.3  feet  west  of  line  of  north  and  south  cross  walk  across 
alley,  west  side  of  cinder  walk  south  from  school  house  is  30  feet  east; 
southwest  corner  of  brick  schoolhouse  bears  N.  57°  00'  E.,  104  feet, 
iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  31, 1906" 

T.  Sand  9  S.,  R.  1  E.,  corner  sees.  34  and  35  and  2  and  3,  stone  post  in 
center  of  4  corners 

Road  north,  quarter  corner  between  sections 

T.  8  and  9  S.,  R.  1  and  2  E.,  lane  north,  stone  post  at  corner 

B.  M.  No.  10, 1906,  T.  8  S.,  R.  2  E.,  sees.  31  and  32;  T.  9  S.,  R.  2  E.,  sees.  5 
and  6,  near  corner 

East  and  west  road  crossing  about  2  miles  north  of  Carbondale 

Big  Muddy  river  bridge  about  2,000  feet  south  of;  east  and  west  road 
crossing 

Crossing  of  Illinois  Central  and  St.  L.  and  I.  M.  R.  R 

Ward  station,  road  crossing 

Ward,  1  mile  north  of  station;  east  and  west  road  crossing 

Hallidaysboro  coal  mine,  just  south  of;  east  and  west  road  crossing 

East  and  west  road  crossing 

Elkville  station,  1  foot  north  of  station  platform,  10  feet  west  of  north- 
east corner,  12  feet  east  of  northwest  corner,  16  feet  east  of  east  rail  of 
Illinois  Central  railroad,  and  about  170  feet  north  of  semaphore  post, 
iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  34, 1906" 

Elkville,  0.8  mile  north  of;  east  and  west  road  crossing 

East  and  west  road  crossing 

T.  6  S.,  R.  1  W.,  sec.  29,  on  half  section  line;  3  corners 

Duquoin  station,  1.2  miles  south  of;  east  and  west  road  crossing 


45    40,4 
45    39.4 


37  45  52.7 

37  46  29.0 

37  46  28.7 

37  46  28.6 

37  46  28.7 

37  45  39.4 

37  46  54.8 


89    07    23.7 
89    05    42.3 


89  04  46.1 

89  04  36.1 

89  02  55.7 

89  02  22.3 

89  01  12.2 

89  13  11 . 7 


13    21.1 


37 

49 

16.4 

89 

13 

38.6 

37 

51 

01.9 

89 

13 

51  5 

37 

51 

52.0 

89 

13 

57.6 

37 

53 

05.0 

89 

14 

05  2 

37 

53 

55.5 

89 

14 

07.0 

37 

54 

41.5 

89 

14 

08.4 

37 

55 

18.6 

89 

14 

10.0 

37 

58 

23.3 

89 

14 

16  9 

37 

58 

23.3 

89 

14 

15  8 

37 

59 

43.5 

89 

14 

19.8 

156 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1908. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


[BULL.   NO.  14 


Stations. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Blue  Grass  schoolhouse,  just  east  of;  in  northeast  corner  at  crossroads, 
at  T.  6  S.,  R.  1  E.,  corner  sees.  16,  17,  20  and  21,  iron  post  stamped 
"Prim   Trav   Sta.  No.  33,  1906".     ... 

37 

37 
37 
37 

37 

37 

37 
37 

37 

37 

37 
37 

59 

59 
59 
59 
59 

59 

59 
59 

59 

59 

59 
59 

41.7 

41.5 
42.6 
42.2 
42.3 

42.1 

28.6 

28.5 

28.6 
17.2 

25.7 
41.5 

89 

89 
89 
89 
89 

89 

89 
89 

89 

89 

88 
88 

06 

06 
05 
04 
04 

03 

02 
02 

01 

00 

57 
56 

47  8 

T.  6  S.,  R.  1  E.,  approx.  corner  sees.  16, 17,  20  and  21,  nail  in  a  blazed  oak 
at  southeast  corner  of  crossroads  bears  S.  83  feet;  nail  in  blazed  oak  at 
southwest  corner  of  crossroads  bears  S  36°  AV    83  feet 

48  0 

T.  6  S.,  R.  1  E.,  approx.  corner  sees.  15, 16,  21  and  22,  T  road  north 

T.6S.,  R.  1  E.,  corner  sees.  14, 15,  22  and  23,  corner  of ,  road  north 

T.  6  S.,  R.  1  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sees.  14  and  23,  road  south 

Three  corners,  roads  south  to  Christopher,  west  to  Duquoin,  and  north 
to  Sisser  station        

41.5 
34.2 
00.7 

10  4 

T.  6  S.,  R.  1  and  2  E.,  point  on  township  line  in  middle  of  north  half 

section  line  between  sec.  24,  T.  6  S.,  R.  1  E.,  and  sec.  19,  T.  6  S.,  R.  2  E. 

T.  road  south,  30  feet  southeast  to  black  locust  tree 

20.4 
03  5 

T.6S.,R.2E.,  sees.  19  and  20,  3  corners  on  sec.  line  between,  at  point 
midway  between  the  north  full  corner  and  the  quarter  corner. 

T.6S.,R.1E.,  sees.  20  and  21,  north  and  south  road  crossing  Illinois 
Central  railroad  on  section  line  between 

13.1 
06.0 

Residence  of  W.  N.  Wolf,  set  on  north  side  of,  150  feet  south  of  Illinois 
Central  railroad,  on  east  of  wagon  road,  iron  post  stamped  "Illinois 
1906  Elev.  438" 

00  6 

Bench  mark  No  8 

14  6 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  CHICAGO,  BURLINGTON  AND  QUINCY  RAIL- 
ROAD. 


Stations. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Herrin  about  1  mile  north  of;  east  and  west  road  crossing  rail 

37    49    12.7 
37    48    50.7 
37    48    06  6 

89    00    55  4 

Herrin,  0.5  mile  north  of;  public  road  crossing  northeast,  north  rail 

Herrin  corner  of  Maple  street  and  public  road  southeast      .  . 

89    01    28.5 
89    01    28  5 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Stations. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Herrin,  about  1.1  miles  south  of;  T  road  west  to  mine  No.  2,  stone 

T.  8  S.,  R.  2  E.,  sees.  31  and  32,  T.  9  S.,  R.  2  E.,  sees.  5  and  6,  on  south 

side  of  road  at  corner  of,  a  dead  sheel  bark  hickory  in  dooryard  of  Mr. 

Anderson  is  95  feet  southwest;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta. 

No.  10  1906" 

37    47    09.0 

37    46    28.7 
37    45    39.7 

89    01    29.2 
89    01    12  3 

T.  9  S.,  R.  2  E.,  corner  sees.  4,  5,  8,  9,  200  feet  southwest  of  Baptist 
church      .  .             

89    00    07  6 

Declination  S.  border,  E.  4°  41';  N.  side  E.  4  48';  W.  side,  5°  21'. 


HERRON.] 


TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS. 
DuQuoiN  Quadrangle. 


157 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Duquoin,  west  rail  main  east  track  Illinois  Central  railroad,  37  feet 
northwest  of  northwest  post  of  Duquoin  station 

Duquoin,  east  brick  wall  of  Exchange  bank  of  G.  S.  Smith  &  Co.  about 
4  feet  above  level  of  sidewalk  and  3  feet  south  of  east  door  of  bank 
opening  into  Division  St.,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "Prim.  Trav. 
Sta.  No.  32,  1906"  Elev.  468 

Duquoin,  0.6  mile  southeast  of;  5  corners 

Ebenezer  schoolhouse,  T  road  south  opposite,  approx.  center  of  sec.  12, 
T.6S.,  R.l  W 

Ebenezer,  0.8  mile  northeast  of  public  road  crossing  I.  C.  R.  R.  north 
rail 


T.  6  S.,  R.  1  W.,  center  sec.  11,  T  road  north 

T.  6  S.,  R.  1  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sees.  11  and  12,  (approx.)  4 

corners 

Three  corners,  road  east  to  Benton,  south  to  Mulkeytown  and  west  to 

Duq  uoin 

Little  Muddy  river,  center  of  iron  bridge  over 

Little  Muddy  river  1.2  miles  east  of;  just  south  of  Mr.  Lindsay's  house, 

3  corners  on  sec.  line,  between  sees.  4  and  5,  T.  6  S.,  R.  1  E 

Kone  creek,  schoolhouse,  elbow  corner 

T.  6  S.,  R.  1  E.,  corner  sees.  4,  5,  8  and  9 

T.6S.,  R.  1  E.jCorner  secs.8, 9, 16  and  17,  0.25  mile  north  of;  crossroads. 


38    00    43.0 


38  00  43.0 

38  00  10.0 

38  00  09.5 

38  00  20.4 

38  01  01.9 

38  01  01.6 

38  01  01.0 

38  01  24.2 

38  01  39.7 

38  01  28.2 

38  01  28.3 

38  01  48.3 


14    22.0 


89    14 
89     13 


89     10 
89     10 


89  09 

89  08 

89  06 

89  06 

89  06 

89  06 


17.2 
59.7 


89     11    46.5 


56.8 
39.6 


89     10    07.5 


34.4 
16.4 

50.3 
48.2 
48.4 
48.6 


PlNCKNEYVILIiE   QUADRANGLE. 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Egyptian  coal  mine,  just  northeast  of;  L  corner  about  the  center  of 
southeast  quarter  of  northwest  quarter  of  section  18,  T.  6  S.,  R.  1  W., 
20  feet  northwest  to  honey  locust  tree 

T.  6  S.,  R.  1  W.,  sec.  18,  T.  6  S.,  R.  2  W.,  sec.  13,  quarter  corner  between 

T.  road  south,  opposite,  stone  in  road 

T.  6  S.,  R.  2  W.,  approx.  quarter  corner  between  sees.  14  and  15 

T.6S.,R.2W.,  road  south,  private  road  north,  center  sec.  16 

T.  6  S.,  R.  2  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sees.  17  and  18,  T  road  south. . 

T.6S.,R.2W.,  center  sec.  18,  southwest  corner  of  4  corners,  northeast 
fence  corner  bears  N.  45°  00'  W.,  6  feet;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim. 
Trav.  Sta.  No.  35, 1906" 

T.  6  S.,  R.  2  and  3  W.,  quarter  corner  on  township  line  between  sec.  13 
and  18 

T.  6  S.,  R.  3  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sees.  13  and  14,  T  road  south. . 

Sees.  17  and  18,  quarter  corner  between 

T.  6  S.,  R.  3  W.,  sec.  17,  center  of;  T  road  north 

T.  6  S.,  R.  3  W.,  stone  quarter  corner  between  sees.  17  and  18,  18  feet  to 
closing  corner 


38  00  23.4 

38  00  09.4 

38  00  08.6 

38  00  09.1 

38  00  10.6 

38  00  12.1 


38  00  12.2 

38  00  12.7 

38  00  15.2 

38  00  16.8 

38  00  17.0 

38  00  17.5 


15 

23.0 

15 

55.9 

16 

29.5 

17 

52.7 

19 

32.5 

21 

12.3 

21 

47.1 

22 

20.3 

23 

26.1 

25 

39.3 

27 

18.5 

27 

51.4 

Declination,  south  border  of  quadrangle,  E.  5°  20'. 


158  YEAR-BOOK   FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Cakbondale  Quadeangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.9  S.,  R.  1  W.,  sees.  17,  18,  19  and  20,  T  road  north 

Carbondale,  at  northwest  corner  of  I.  C.  R.  R.  park,  12  feet -east  of  iron 
water  stand,  2  feet  east  of  iron  fence,  6  feet  south  of  iron  fence,  iron 
post  stamped ''Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  30,  1906" 

Carbondale,  corner  Spring  and  Oak  Sts.,  30  feet  north  to  north  cross 
walk,  25  feet  west  to  west  sidewalk 

Elbow  corner,  road  south  and  west 

Three  corners,  road  south 

T.  9  S.,  R.  1  W.,  approx.  center  of  S.  W.  quarter  sec.  13;  3  corners,  road 
south 

T.  9  S.,  R,  1  E.  and  1  W.,  sees.  18  and  13,  respectively,  at  middle  south 
half  of  see.  line  between,  Jackson-Williamson  county  line 

T.  9  S.,  R.  1  E.,  corner  sees.  7  and  18,  stone  post,  corner  Jackson-Wil- 
liamson county  line;  road  east  to  Carterville 


37  43  51.3 

37  43  43.6 

37  43  45.3 

37  43  45.5 

37  43  39.1 

37  44  05.0 

37  44  05.1 

37  44  47.5 


14  45.9 

12  59.4 

13  28.0 
11  58.8 
11  04.5 

09  56.0 

09  05.5 

09  05.0 


Garlyle  Quadraiigle — Bond  and  Clinton  Counties. — The  following 
geographic  positions  on  U.  S.  Standard  datum  were  determined  by 
primary  traverse  run  in  July,  1907,  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Ellis,  assistant  topo- 
grapher. The  line  starts  from,  an  adjusted  position  on  the  Breese  quad- 
rangle 1.25  miles  southwest  of  Bartelso,  and  follows  highways  near  south 
edge  of  Carlyle  quadrangle  to  Boulder  thence  northwest  along  highways 
to  Keyesport  thence  westerly  along  highways  near  north  edge  of  quad- 
rangle to  primary  traverse  station  No.  23,  1905,  at  Jamestown.  A  tie 
was  also  obtained  at  Geoffrey  triangulation  station,  U.  S.  Coast  and 
Greodetic  Survey. 

Caelyle  Quadeangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  SOUTH  BORDER  OF  QUAD- 
RANGLE. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Bartelso,  1.25  miles  southwest  of;  at  T  road  north,  in  southeast  corner 
of  field  owned  by  Herman  Soole;  nail  in  blaze  on  tree  bears  north  76° 
45'  E.,  distant  39.8  feet;  iron  post  stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  25, 
1905"  

Bartelso,  0.5  mile  southeast  of;  crossroads,  33  feet  southwest  to  corner 
fence  post,  15  feet  east  to  northwest  corner  small  bridge 

Stone  quarter  corner  at  crossroads 

T.  1  N.,  R.  3  W.,  corner  sees.  8,  9, 16  and  17,  T  road  south,  35  feet  west  to 
corner  feneepost 

Geofirey  triangulation  station;  a  Coast  survey  station  in  Santa  Fe  town- 
ship, near  center  of  N .  E .  quarter  of  N .  E .  quarter  sec .  8 .  R .  3  W . ,  T .  1 
N.  Station  mark:  Earthenware  pyramid  6  by  6,"  marked  U.  S.  C. 
S.,  placed  33  inches  below  surface,  above  which  is  a  marble  post  30 
inches  long,  6  inches  square,  marked 


u. 

s. 

C.  &  G. 

s. 

its  upper  surface  even  with  the  ground.    Reference  marks:    Marble 


posts   32    inches    long,   4   inches   square,   marked 


0 


placed 


east  and  north  of  line  offence  bordering  the  road,their  upper  surfaces 
2  inches  above  level  of  ground.  To  N.  reference  mark  from  station, 
474.0  feet;  to  east  reference  mark  from  station,  714.7  feet.  "Parkin- 
son," north  reference  mark,  50°  24'  Parkinson  east  reference  mark, 
138"^  52".   In  1882  the  north  reference  mark  was  moved  9.4  feet  west. . 


38    31     44.8 


38    31    45.1 
38    31    44.4 


32    10.9 


38    32     58.2 


29    02.8 


28    00.1 
26    45.0 


26    45.1 


26    55.0 


HERRON.] 


TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEYS. 


159 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  SOUTH  BORDER  OF  QUAD- 
RANGLE—C<?«/m«^a^. 


Stations . 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Stone  quarter  corner,  crossroads 

T.  1  N.,  R.  3  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sees.  15  and  16,  ditch  north... 

T.  1  N.,  R.  3  W.,  stone  quarter  corner  between  sees.  14  and  15 

Stable  of  Henry  Waelz,  southwest  of;  at  point  where  roads  from  ferry 

across  Kaskaskia  river  make  a  turn  at  top  of  hill,  iron  post  at  corner, 

.    stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  1,  1907  Illinois" 

Waelz,  1  mile  east  of;  T  road  llrest 

T  road  south  at  old  frame  house 

Posey,  0 . 5  mile  south  of;  crossroads,  40  feet  northwest  to  Osage  orange 

tree,  30  feet  southeast  to  telephone  pole 

Posey,  0 . 5  mile  south  and  |  mile  east  of  intersection  of  crossroads 

T.  1  N.,  R.  2  W.,  corner  sections  15, 16, 21  and  22,  at  turn  of  road 

Crossroads  at  schoolhouse 

Hoffman,  0.75  mile  south  of;  on  east  side  of  T  road  west,  15  feet  west 

and  6  feet  south  to  stone  at  T  road  west,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim. 

Trav.  Sta.  No.  2,  1907,  ILLINOIS " 

Hoffman,  at  southwest  corner  of  L.  Hussman's  store,  iron  post  stamped 

"  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  3, 1907  ILLINOIS  " 

T.  1  N.,  2  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  1  and  12,  center  of  inter- 
section of  crossroads 

T.  1  and  2  N.,  R.  2  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  1  and  36,  T 

road  south,  24  feet  north  to  corner  of  fence  post 

Hoffman,  1.75  miles  north  of;  T.  1  and  2  N.,  R.  2  W.,  quarter  corner 

between  sections  1  and  36,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No. 

4.  1907  " 

T.  1  and  2  N.,  R.  1  and  2  W.,  corner  sections  1,  6,  31  and  36,  crossroads, 

20  feet  south  to  center  of  small  bridge 

T.  2  N.,  R.  1  W.,  corner  sections  31  and  32,  T  road  north,  40  feet  north 

to  center  of  small  bridge 

T.  2  N.,  R.  1  W.,  corner  sections  29,  30,  31  and  32,  T  road  west,  44  feet 

south  to  center  of  small  bridge 

T.  2  N.,  R.  1  W.,  corner  sections  19,  20,  29  and  30,  crossroads 

Ferren,  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  crossing 

T.  2  N.,  R.  1  W.,  corner  sections  7,  8,  17  and  18,  crossroads 

Ferren,  2  miles  north  of;  at  northwest  corner  of  crossroads  at  corner 

sections  5,  6,  7  and  8,  T.  2  N.,  R.  1  W.,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim. 

Trav.  Sta.  No.  5,  1907,  ILLINOIS  " 

T.  3  N.,  R.  1  W.,  south  corner  sections  31  and  32,  T  road  north 

T.  2  N.,  R.  1  W.,  north  corner  sections  5  and  6,  T.  road  south 

T.  3  N.,  R.  1  W.,  corner  sections  29,  30,  31  and  32,  T  road  south,  10  feet 

east  to  center  of  bridge,  

T.  3  N.,  R.  1  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  20  and  29  crossroads. 

Boulder,  T  road  north  in  northeast  part  of 

T.  3  N.,  R.  1  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  8  and  17,  T  road 

west 


T.  3  N.,  R.  1  W.,  corner  sections  5,  6,  7  and  8, 15  feet  northeast  to  corner 
fence  post 

Keyesport,  0.5  mile  south  of;  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  railroad 
crossing 

Railroad  crossing  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  railroad,  on  Clinton 
and  Bond  county  line 

Keyesport,  1 . 5  miles  north  of;  on  north  side  of  wagon  road  and  56  feet 
west  of  west  rail  of  C,  B.  &  Q.  R.  R.  at  road  crossing,  iron  post 
stamped  " Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  6, 1907,  ILLINOIS " 

T.4N.,  R.2W.,  corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35,  crossroads,  15  feet 
south  to  center  of  small  bridge 

T.  4  N.,  R.  2  W.,  corner  sections  27, 28, 33  and  34,  T  lane  south 

Crossroads,  about  0.25  mile  east  of;  corner  of  sections  28,  29,  32  and  33, 
20  feet  south  to  center  of  bridge 

T.  4  N.,  R.  2  W.,  large  stone  at  south  corner  of  sections  32  and  33,  T  road 
west 


T.  3  N.,  R.  2  W.,  north  corner  sections  4  and  5,  T  road  south,  county 
line 


Crossroads,  20  feet  north  to  milk  platform 

T.3  and  4  N.,  R.  2and  3  W.,  northwest  corner  sections  1,  6,  31  and  36, 
corner  bears  30'  E.,  and  25  feet  south  of  post,  iron  post  stamped 
"  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  7,  1907,  ILLINOIS  " 

T.  3  N.,  R.  3  W.,  north  corner  sections  1  and  2,  T  road  south,  15  feet 
north  to  mulberry  tree 

T.3N.,  R.3W.,  sections  3  and  4,  40  feet  west  to  north  corner  of  and  20 
feet  north;  at  southeast  corner  of  crossroads,  20  feet  north  and  10  feet 
west  to  south  corner  sections  33  and  34,  T.  4  N.,  R.  3  W.,  T  road 
north;  T  road  south,  21  feet  west  to  corner  fence  post,  iron  post 
stamped  "Prim.  Trav.jSta.  No.  8,  1907,  ILLINOIS" | 


38  31  44.2 
38  31  43.9 
38    31    45.2 


38  31  09.6 

38  30  53.2 

38  31  45.8 

38  31  46.1 

38  31  46.6 

38  31  21.4 

38  31  35.2 


38  31  49.0 

38  32  29.1 

38  33  07.8 

38  34  00.1 

38  34  00.3 

38  34  00.4 

38  33  56.9 

38  34  49.5 

38  35  41.8 

38  36  25.1 

38  37  26.7 

38  38  19.2 

38  39  11.3 

38  39  11.3 

38  40  04.0 

38  40  56.7 

38  41  49.6 

38  42  42.4 

38  43  36.3 

38  44  12.7 

38  44  31.6 

38  45  24.0 

38  45  23.5 

38  45  23.0 

38  45  22.6 

38  44  29.8 

38  44  29.8 

38  44  29.2 

38  44  28.6 

38  44  27.8 


38    44    26.9 


89  26  44.8 
89  25  38.1 
89    24    .30.0 


22  53.6 
21  43.8 
21    26.3 


89    21 


89 


5 

20  19.2 
18  37.5 
16    57.0 


15  49.1 

15  48.0 

15  47.9 

15  47.4 

15  47.2 

15  13.6 

14  03.9 


89  14  02.3 

89  14  01.2 

89  13  59.8 

89  13  58.2 


13  57.3 

13  55.6 

13  56.5 

13  54.8 

13  22.5 

13  21.8 

13  21.3 

13  54.2 

16  05.7 

16  28.4 


89  17  00.5 

89  17  30.5 

89  18  37.2 

89  19  28.4 

89  19  38.3 

89  19  45.5 

89  20  34.8 

89  22  18.8 

89  23  25.4 


89    25    40.2 


160 


YEAE-BOOK    FOE    1908. 


[BULL,    NO.  14 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  SOUTH  BORDER  OF  QUAD- 
RANGLE—Co«^/?/'^^af. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  4  N.,  R.  3  W.,  south  corner  sections  33  and  34,  T  road  north 

T.  3  N.,  R.  3  W.,  north  corner  sections  3  and  4,  T  road  south 

T.  4  N.,  R.  3  W.,  south  corner  sections  32  and  33,  15  feet  north  to  mail 
boxes 

T.  3  N.,  R.  3  W.,  north  corner  sections  4  and  5,  T  road  south,  13  feet 
north  to  hedge  tree 

T.  3  and  4  N.,  R.  3  W.,  south  corner  sections  5,  6,  31  and  32,  on  north 
side  of  county  line  road  at  T  road  south,  corner  of  section  is  20  feet 
south  of  post,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  9,  1907, 
ILLINOIS  " 

T.  3  and  4  N.,  R.  3  W.,  corner  sections  5,  6,  31  and  32 

T.  3  and  4  N.,  R.  3  and  4  W.,  corner  sections  1,  6,  31  and  36,  T.  road 
E .,  20  feet  west  to  stone  at  corner  of  fence 

Jamestown  public  school  grounds,  near  south  line  of;  57  feet  east  of 
southwest  corner,  southwest  corner  of  school  building  bears  N.  5°  E., 
144  feet;  in  top  of  dressed  limestone  5"  x  5"  x  24",  aluminum  tablet 
stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  23,  1905" 


38    44    27.1 
38    44    27.1 


38    44    26. 
38    44    26. 


38    44    26.7 
38    44    26.5 


38    44    25.9 


38    43    59. 


25    40.3 
25    40.7 


89    26    47.4 
89    26    48.0 


27    54.9 
27    54.9 


28    54.9 


89    31    06.9 


Declination  south  edge,  4°  06'  E. 
Declination  east  edge,  4°  54'  E. 
Declination  north  edge,  4°  28'  E. 


Hardinmlle  Quadrangle — Crawford,  Jasper,  Lawrence  and  Richland 
Counties. — The  following  geographic  positions  were  determined  by 
primary  traverse  run  in  July  1907,  by  Mr.  J.  R.  Ellis,  assistant  topo- 
grapher. The  line  starts  from  Claremont  triangulation  station  and 
follows  highways  along  south  and  east  edges  of  quadrangle  to  Robinson, 
thence  westerly  along  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  to  Oblong  triangu- 
lation station,  thence  westerly  along  railroad  to  Willow  Hill,  thence 
southerly  along  railroad  and  highways  on  west  edge  of  quadrangle  to 
Claremont  triangulation  station: 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  SOUTH  BORDER  OF  QUAD- 
RANGLE. 


stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Claremont  triangulation  station  of  the  U.  S.  Lake  Survey  and  U.  S 
C.  &  G.  S.,in  section  29,  T.  4  N.,  R.  14  W.,  German  township,  3  miles 
northwesterly  from  town  of  Claremont  a  station  on  Ohio  and  Mis 
sissippi  Railroad,  on  land  of  Brinkley  heirs.  Station  mark:  Two 
stone  posts,  one  above  the  other  in  the  usual  manner.  Reference 
marks-  One  north  67°  33' west,  distant  23.1  meters.  One  north  0° 
39'  west,  distant  7.8  meters.  One  north  71°  45'  east,  distant  24.6 
meters  from  station  mark.  Northwest  corner  of  section  29  bears 
north  60°  03'  west,  distant  847  meters  from  station  mark 

T.  4  N.,  R.  14  W.,  corner  sections  28, 29, 32  and  33, 20  feet  south  to  corner 
fence  post 

T.  4  N.,  R.  14  W.,  corner  sections  27,  28, 33  and  34,  T  road  west  at  school 
house,  10  feet  east  to  rail  fence 

T.4N.,R.14W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  26  and  27,  crossroads, 
15  feet  north  to  center  of  bridge 

T.  4  N.,  R.  14  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  25  and  26,  center  of 
crossroads 

T.  4  N.,  R.  13  and  14  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  25  and  30, 
center  of  crossroads,  Richland  and  Lawrence  county  line 

Sumner,  2.25  miles  north  by  0.25  mile  west  of;  on  west  side  of  road  at 
T  road  east,  2  feet  west  to  fence,  25  feet  east  to  center  of  T  road  east, 
in  top  of  concrete  block  8  x  8  x  20"  in  ground,  aluminum  tablet  stamped 
"  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  10,  1907,  ILLINOIS " 

T.  4  N.,  R.  13  W.,  corner  sections  27, 28,  33  and  34,  25  feet  south  to  corner 
fence  post 


38 

45 

28.5 

87 

59 

40.8 

38 

44 

49.1 

87 

59 

03.2 

38 

44 

48.8 

87 

57 

55.4 

38 

45 

15.1 

87 

56 

47.2 

38 

45 

14.9 

87 

55 

39.3 

38 

45 

14.7 

87 

54 

31.4 

38 

44 

47.8 

87 

51 

58.4 

38 

44 

47.7 

S7 

51 

06.9 

HERRON.] 


TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS. 


161 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  SOUTH  BORDER  OF  QUAD- 
RANGLE .—Ctf«,;/z<a?,?rf. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  4  N.,  R.  13  W.,  east  corner  sections  27  and  34,  stone,  T  road  west  at 
cliurcli 

T.  4  N.,  R.  13  W.,  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36,  center  of  T  road 
south 

T.  4  N.,  R .  12  and  13  W.,  corner  sections  25,  30,  31  and  36,  crossroads, 
10  feet  west  to  center  of  small  bridge 

T.  4  N.,  R.  12  W.,  stone  corner  sections  29,  30,  31  and  32,  T  road  south. . 

Westport,  5.75  miles  due  south  of;  on  east  side  of  T  road  west  at  Fair- 
view  church,  in  top  of  concrete  block  8  x  8  x  20"  inches,  aluminum 
tablet  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  11,  1907,  ILLINOIS " 

T.  4  N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  sections  28,  29,  32  and  33,  center  of  T  road 
west 


38    44    47, 
38    44    44. 


38    44    43. 
38    44    44. 


38    44    46. 
38    44    45. 


49    58.9 
48    55.7 


47    48.1 

46    42.8 


45    35.3 
45    35 . 5 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  EAST  BORDER  OF  QUADRANGLE 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  4  N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  sections  20,  21,  28  and  29.  T  road  west. . 

T.  4  N.,  R.  12  W.,  stone  corner  sections  16,  17,  20  and  21,  fence  east  and 
west 

Center  of  T  road  east 

T.4N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  sections  7,  8, 17,  and  18,  center  of  crossroads. 

Westport,  0 .  75  mile  east  of;  intersection  at  T  road  west 

T.  5  N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  sections  21,  22,  27  and  28,  center  of  county  line 
road  at  north  and  south  fence 

Crawford,  1  mile  north  of;  Lawrence  county  line 

T  road  east,  southeast  corner,  7  feet  north  and  4  feet  west  to  maple  tree, 
35  feet  north  and  20  feet  west  to  center  of  T  road  east,  in  concrete 
block,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  12,  1907 
ILLINOIS  " 

Quarter  corner  between  sections ,  center  of  crossroads 

T.  5  and  6  N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  sections  3,  4,  33  and  34,  stone,  1,340  feet 
east  of;  T  road  east  on  T .  S .  line 

T.  6  N.,  R.12  W.,  corner  sections  27,  28,  33  and  34,  T  road  west,  25  feet 
due  east  to  corner  fence  post 

Road  west  at  Indian  boundary 

New  Hebron,  T  road  just  northeast  of;  10  feet  northeast  to  large  black 
oak  tree 

Lane  east  at  turn  of  road 

T.6N.,  R.12W.,  corner  sections  3,  4,  9  and  10,  T  road  west  at  school 
house,  12  feet  east  to  corner  yard  fence 

T.  6  N.,  R.  12  W.,  north  corner  sections  3  and  4,  center  of  T  road  south, 
just  east  of  entrance  to  Robinson  Fair  Grounds 

Robinson  court  house,  in  stone  post  at  south  entrance  to  grounds, 
aluminum  tablet  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  13,  1907,  ILLI- 
NOIS " 


38  45  39.2 

38  46  32.2 

38  46  44.2 

38  47  23.4 

38  49  40.2 

38  51  00.0 

38  51  54.8 


38  52  .57.9 

38  53  40.5 

38  54  41.6 

38  55  34.0 

38  56  19.8 

38  57  13.1 

38  58  19.1 

38  58  59.3 

38  59  54.5 

39  .00  18.2 


87  45  35.4 

87  45  35.4 

87  46  38.5 

87  46  41.8 

87  44  42.8 

87  44  26.0 

87  43  52.1 


87  43  52.7 

87  43  53.1 

87  44  10.4 

87  44  27.5 

87  44  51.8 

87  44  35.8 

87  44  30.2 

87  44  19.2 

87  44  19.8 

87  44  21.6 


11  G 


162 


YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1908. 


[BULL.   NO.  14 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD,  ROBINSON 

TO  STE.  MARIE. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Robinson,  2  miles  west  of;  north  and  south  road  crossing  on  section 
line 

Range  line  road  crossing 

T.  5  and  6  N.^  R.  12  and  13  W.,  corner  sections  1,  6,  31  and  36,  center 
of  road  at  picket  fence  east  at  corner  of  orchard 

North  and  south  road  crossing  at  mile  post  No.  43 

Stoy  railroad  station,  road  crossing  

Oblong  triangulation  station,  in  southeast  quarter  of  southeast  quarter 
of  section  32,  T.  7  N.,  R.  13  W.,  height  of  station  100  feet.  Station 
mark:  A  stone  post  below  surface  with  another  over  it  as  a  surface 
mark.  Reference  mark:  Three  stone  posts,  one  S.  44°  15' W.,  distant 
125.7  meters;  one  S.  78°  32'  W.,  distant  90  meters,  and  one  N.,  65°  13' 
W.,  distant  97.7  meters.  Southeast  corner  section  32  is  S.  73°  42' 
E.,  distant  325.6  meters.  Ground  at  station  is  500  feet  above  mean 
sea  level,  (approx.) 

Oblong,  range  line  road  crossing,  550  feet  south  of  crossing  is  corner 
sections  1,6,  31  and  36,   T.5and6N.,    R.  13  and  14  W 

Oblong,  1  mile  west  of;  north  and  south  road  crossing 

Oblong,  1 .  70  miles  west  of;  Oblong  and  WiUow  Hill  road  crossing 

Willow  Hill,  3  miles  east  of;  north  and  south  road  crossing 

Willow  Hill,  2  miles  east  of,  road  crossing 

Willow  Hill,  1  mile  east  of;  north  and  south  road  crossing 

Willow  Hill,  northwest  corner  of  brick  foundation  of  J.  E.  Jones  grain 
elevator,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  14,  1907, 
ILLINOIS" 

East  and  west  street  crossing 

T.  6  and  7  N.,    R.  14  W.,  and  franctional  range  HE.,  corner  section^ 

6,  6,  31  and  31,  cross  streets  just  west  of  township  house 

East  and  west  road  crossing,  770  feet  south  of  milepost  17 

Road  crossing  500  feet  north  of  mile  post  16 

Ste.  Marie  Station,  road  crossing  490  feet  south  of 


39 
39 

00 
00 

05.5 
08.7 

87 
87 

46 

47 

37.2 
47.0 

38 
39 

38 

59 
00 
59 

51.3 
04.5 
45.9 

87 
87 
87 

47 
48 
49 

46.7 
37.5 
59.7 

38 

59 

54.4 

87 

52 

29.8 

38 

59 

56.7 

87 

54 

31,5 

39 

00 

01.6 

87 

55 

38.7 

39 

00 

04.2 

87 

56 

20.3 

38 

59 

56.8 

87 

57 

,52.7 

38 

59 

57.1 

87 

58 

59  9 

38 

59 

57.5 

88 

00 

06.9 

38 

59 

57.4 

88 

01 

15,2 

38 

59 

44.8 

88 

01 

15.4 

38 

59 

44.8 

88 

01 

19,4 

38 

58 

00.2 

88 

01 

13.0 

38 

57 

20.6 

88 

01 

13.2 

38 

55 

57.7 

88 

01 

32.4 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  WEST  BORDER  OF  QUADRANGLE 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  5  and  6  N.,  fractional  range  11  E.,  corner  sections  6  and  31,  at  corner 

of  house 

T.  5  N.,  fractional  R.  10  and  11  E.,   center  of  crossroads 

T,  5  N.,  fractional  R.  11  E.,  west  corner  sections  7  and  18,  T  road  east. 
T.  5  N.,  fractional  R.  11  E.,  east  corner  sections  12  and  13,  T  road  west. . 
T.  5  N.,  fractional  R.  HE.,  west  corner  sections  18  and  19,  T  road 

east 

Olney  East  Base,  T.  5  N.,  fractional  R.  11  E.,  3. 5  miles  east  and  0.5  mile 

north  of  West  Liberty  railroad  station 

T.5N.,R.  14W.,  west  corner  sections  19  and  30,  Richland  and  Jasper 

county  line 

T.  5  N.,  fractional  R.  11  E.,  east  corner  sections  19  and  30,  county  line. . 

T.  5  N.,  R.  14  W.,  west  corner  sections  30  and  31,  center  T  road  east 

T  road  south  at  Jos.  Holmes  mail  box 

T.4N.,R.14W.,  corner  sections  5,  6,  7  and  8,  stone,  crossroads  at  school 

house 

T.4N.,  R.  14  W.,  south  corner  sections  7  and  8,  T  road  north 

T.4N.,  R.14W.,  north  corner  sections  17  and  18,  T  road  south 

Stone  at  T  road  north  at  school  house 

Claremont  triangulation  station 


38 

54 

31.4 

87 

02 

16  6 

38 

53 

38.5 

87 

02 

17  1 

38 

52 

46.2 

88 

02 

17.3 

38 

52 

45.6 

88 

02 

17.3 

38 

51 

51.8 

88 

02 

17.6 

38 

51 

44.1 

88 

01 

35.1 

38 

50 

59.5 

88 

01 

23.8 

38 

50 

59.0 

88 

01 

23,8 

38 

50 

06.6 

88 

01 

24.2 

38 

49 

26.3 

88 

00 

52.9 

38 

48 

21.1 

88 

00 

10.7 

38 

47 

28.3 

88 

00 

10.9 

38 

47 

28.3 

88 

00 

09.8 

38 

46 

35.4 

88 

00 

11.1 

38 

45 

28.5 

87 

59 

40.8 

Magnetic  declination,  south  border,  3°  42'  E. 
Magnetic  declination,  east  border,  3°  36'  E. 
Magnetic  declination,  west  border,  3°  36'  E. 


HERRON.] 


TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS. 


163 


OJcawviUe  Quadrangle — St.  Clair  and  Washington  Comities. — The 
following  geographic  positions  on  U.  S.  Standard  datum  were  determined 
by  Mr.  J.  E.  Ellis,  assistant  topographer,  by  primary  traverse  run  in 
1907.  The  line  starts  at  a  point  located  near  S.  W.  corner  of  Carlyle 
quadrangle  and  follows  highways  near  east,  south  and  west  borders  of 
quadrangle  and  is  tied  to  a  point  located  near  southeast  corner  of  Belle- 
ville quadrangle : 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  EAST  BORDER  OF  QUADRANGLE 


stations. 


Latitude.  Longitude. 


Center  of  T  road  east 

T  road  west,  corner  sections,  20  feet  west  to  center  of  small  bridge 

Kaskaskia  River,  center  of  bridge  over 

stone,  quarter  corner  between  sections,  crossroads 

Covington,  T.  1  S.,  R.  3  W.,  southeast  corner  of  northeast  quarter  of 
southwest  quarter  section  9,  T  road  west,  30  feet  west  to  center  of 
triangular  grass  plot 

T.1S.,R.3W.,  southeast  corner  northeast  quarter  of  northwest  quarter 
section  11, 1 .75  miles  west  of  Covington;  stone  at  T  road  east 

Pecan  Grove  Creamery,  T.  1  S.,  R.  3  W.,  center  section  18,  T  road 
north,  35  feet  northwest  to  corner  fence  post,  35  feet  northeast  to  hitch 
rack 

T.  2  S.,  R.  4  W.,  northeast  corner  section  24;  10  feet  south  to  northwest 
corner  of  ridge 

Troad  west,corner  section  25,(N.E.  corner),  T.  2S.,  R.4  W 

T.  1  S,  R.  4  W.,  northeast  corner  of  southeast  quarter  of  northwest 
quarter  of  section  36;  0 .75  mile  north  of  Addieville;  at  southwest  cor- 
ner of  T  road  west,iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  15, 1907, 
ILLINOIS" 

T.  2  S.,  R.3  W.,  and  4  W.,  center  of  T  road  south,  corner  sections  7  12, 
13  and  18 

T.  2  S.,   R.  3  and  4  W.,  corner  sections  19,  24,  25  and  30,  center  of  cross- 

T.  2  S.,"  R.  3  and  4  W.,  south  corner  sections  31  and  36 

T.  3  S.,  R.  3  and  4  W.,  corner  sectionsl,  6  7  and  8,  T  road  north,  27 
feet  east  to  center  of  small  bridge 

T.  3  S.,  R.  4  W.,  northwest  corner  of  northeast  quarter  section  13,  500 

feet  south  of;  road  crossing  north  and  south  on  Illinois  Southern  R. 

R.,  0.75  mile  south  of  water  tank 

Oakdale  station,  on  north  side  of  road  and  21  feet  west  of  road  crossing 

Illinois  Southern  R.  R.,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No. 

16,  1907,  ILLINOIS  ",  10  feet  northeast  to  warning  post 


38 
38 
38 

38 

31 
30 
29 

28 

18.2 
25.5 
22.7 
41.0 

89 
89 
89 
89 

26 
26 
26 
26 

44.7 
44.0 

26.3 
10.2 

38 

27 

08.0 

89 

26 

10.2 

38 

27 

09.2 

89 

28 

06.2 

38 

26 

29.8 

89 

28 

06.5 

38 
38 

26 
25 

04.2 
11.7 

89 
89 

28 
28 

39.6 
39.0 

38 

24 

06.6 

89 

29 

11.1 

38 

21 

42.2 

89 

28 

36.1 

38 
38 

19 

18 

57.7 
12.9 

89 
89 

28 
28 

36.9 

38.7 

38 

17 

20.7 

89 

28 

39.6 

38 

16 

24.2 

89 

29 

13.5 

38 

15 

45.6 

89 

29 

47.3 

GEOGRAPHIC   POSITIONS   ALONG   HIGHWAYS   NEAR   SOUTH   BORDER    OF    QUAD- 
RANGLE. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Oakdale  station,  1.7  miles  southwest  of  road  crossing  north  and  south. 
(LEAVE  RAILROAD  AND  FOLLOW  HIGHWAYS.) 

T .  road  west,15  feet  east  to  corner  fence  post 

T.  3  S.,  R.  4  W.,  northwest  corner  southwest  quarter  of  southwest 

quarter  section  21,  2.75  miles  w?st  of  Oakdale,  0.75  mile  south  of  T 

road  east 

T.  3  S.,  R.  4  W.,  northwest  corner  of  southeast  quarter  of  northwest 

quarter  section  20;  turn  of  road,  gas  pipe 

T.  3  S.,   R.  4  and  5  W.,  corner  sections  19,  24,  25  and  30,  center  of  T  road 

west 

T.  3  S.,  R.  5  W.,  in  northeast  corner  section  26,  at  crossroads,  iron  post 

stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  17,  1907,  ILLINOIS"- 

T.  3  S.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  sections  23,  24,  25  and  26,  stone 

T.  3  S.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  sections  22,  23,  26  and  27,  center  of  T  road 

north : 


38  14  51.8 

38  15  02.7 

38  15  04.6 

38  15  32.4 

38  14  54.0 

38*  14  53.0 

38  14  53,1 

38  14  54.0 


89  31  12.0 

89  31  45.4 

89  33  09.0 

89  33  59.0 

89  35  33.3 

89  36  38.4 

89  36  38.8 

89  37  44.1 


164 


YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1908. 


[BULL.   NO.  14 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  SOUTH  BORDER  OF  QUAD- 
RANGLE—Co«^/z<:rf^fl?. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  3  S.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  sections  21,  22,  27  and  28,  center  of  T  road  at 
fence  north  and  south 

T.  3  S.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  sections  20,  21,  28  and  29,  crossroads,  15  feet 
south  to  center  of  bridge 

T.  3  S.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  sections  19,  20,  29  and  30,  center  of  crossroads. . . 

T.  3  S.,  R.  5  W.,  west  corner  sections  19  and  30,  Washington  and  St. 
Clair  county  line 

T.3S.,R.6W.,  east  corner  sections  24  and  25,  center  of  T  road  west. . . 

T.3S.,R.6W.,  southeast  corner  section  24;  35  feet  southwest  to  corner 

sections  23,  24,  25  and  26,  T.  3  S.,  R.  6  W.,  7  feet  northeast  to  corner  of 
fence  post,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  18,  1907,  ILLI- 
NOIS"  


38    14    54.4 


38    14    54.9 
38    14    54.6 


38    14    54.2 
38    14    55.9 


38    14    57.1 


38    50.6 


39    56.4 
41    03.3 


89    42    11.3 
89    42    11.3 


43    16.6 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  WEST  BORDER  OF  QUADRANGLE 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  3  S.,  R.  6  W.,  northwest  corner  of  southwest  quarter  of  nortliwest 
quarter  section  13;  Oak  Grove  saloon,  T  road  east,  13  feet  east  to 
center  of  bridge 

T.3S.,R.6W.,  northwest  quarter  of  section  12,  roads  northwest  and 
southeast,  at  road  south 

T.  3  S.,  R.  6  W.,  corner  sections  1,  2,  11  and  12 

T.  3  S.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  at  north  side  of  section  2 

T.  2  S.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  at  south  side  of  section  35 

T.  2  S.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  26  and  35,  Dormo 
strandt,  center  of  crossroads 

T.2S.,  R.6  W.,  corner  sections  22,  23,  26  and  27,  at  turn  of  road 

T.  2  S.,  R.  6  W.,  northeast  corner  of  northwest  quarter  of  northeast 
quarter  section  22;  Little  Muddy  Creek,  center  of  bridge  over 

T.2S.,R.6W.,  southeast  corner  northwest  quarter  of  northeast  quarter 
section  10;  2.5  miles  east  of  Fayetteville;  in  southeast  corner  of  brick 
foundation  of  school  house,  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "Prim.  Trav. 
Sta.  No.  19,  1907,  ILLINOIS " 

T.2S.,  R.6W.,  near  southwest  corner  of  southwest  quarter  of  north- 
west quarter  of  section  12;  1  mile  northwest  of  St.  Libory,  T  road  north 

T.  2  S.,  R.  6  W.,  northwest  corner  section  1 

T.  1  and  2  S.,  R.  5  and  6  W.,  corner  sections  1,  6,  31  and  36,  T  road 
west  to  corner  of  bridge  ,St.  Clair  and  Washington  County  line 

T.  2  S.,  R.  5  W.,  south  corner  sections  5  and  6,  center  of  T  road  north  at 
school 


T.  2  S.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  sections  4,  5,  32  an^  33,  T  road  north,  15  feet 

west  to  center  of  bridge 

T.  2'S.,  R.  5  W.,  corner  sections  3,  4,  34  and  35,  crossroads 

T.2S.,  R.5W.,  stone  corner  sections  22,  23,  26  and  27,  at  turn  of  road 

just  south  of  crossroads 

T.2S.,  R.5W.,  southwest  corner  of  northwest  quarter  section  22;  New 

Memphis  and  Nashville  road  at  road  east  to  Walnut 

Wittenburg,  center  of  bridge  over  Kaskaskia  river 

New  Memphis  station,  Louisville  and  Nashville  railroad  crossing,  640 

feet  west  of 

North  and  south  road  crossing 

Corner  sections 

Road  crossing  north  and  south,  line  between  Clinton  and  St.  Clair 

counties 

T.  1  N.,  R.  6  W.,  quarter  corner  south  side  of  section  35,  stone  at  T  road 

north 


T.  1  N.,  R.  6  W.,  southwest  corner  of  northwest  quarter  of  northwest 
quarter  section  35;  quarter  corner  between  sections,  center  of  cross- 
roads 


North  and  south  road  crossing  of  Southern  Railroad  near  southwest 
corner  of  field  of  J.  B.  Fre^e,  iron  post  stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta. 
No.  17,  1905" 


38  16  30.4 

38  17  34.4 

38  17  43.2 

38  18  20.6 

38  18  20.6 

38  19  14.4 

38  20  08.8 

38  21  02.6 


38    22    38.8 


38    22 
38    23 


38    23 
38    23 


38    23 
38    23 


38  25 

38  26 

38  27 

38  27 

38  27 

38  27 

38  28 


26.7 
34.6 


34.0 
33.8 


34.2 
34.6 


38    25    20.4 


59.5 
42.9 

29.0 
36.0 
30.3 

50.0 

50.1 


38    29    42.6 
38    31     55.6 


89  43  18.1 

39  43  18.2 

89  43  18.2 

89  43  52.2 

89  43  52.9 

89  43  53.3 

89  44  26.7 

89  44  43.2- 


89  44  52.4 

89  43  20.6 

89  43  20.1 

89  42  14.2 

89  41  07.1 

89  40  00.7 

89  38  54.2 

89  37  48.4 

89  38  34.4 

89  39  49.4 

89  40  36.6 

89  41  09.3 

89  41  09.3 

89  42  15.8 

89  43  56.4 

89  43  56.8 

89  45  38.9' 


Magnetic  declination,  east  border  of  quadrangle  4°  31'  E. 
Magnetic  declination,  south  border  of  quadrangle,  5°  13'  E. 
Magnetic  declination,  west  border  of  quadrangle,  5°  22'  E. 


HERRON.l 


TOPOGEAPHIC    SURVEYS. 


165 


Baldwin  and  New  Athens'  Quadrangles — St.  Ciair  County. — The  fol- 
lowing geographic  positions  were  obtained  in  1907  by  primary  traverse 
run  by  Mr.  J.  E.  EUis^  topographic  aid.  The  line  starts  from  adjusted 
230sition  of  bench  mark  18,  1907,  near  Marissa  and  follows  county  roads 
west  and  north  borders  of  quadrangle  to  bench  mark  15,  1905  at  Belle- 
yille : 

Baldwin  Quadeangle. 

St.  Clair  County. 

GEOGRAPHIC   POSITIONS   ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  NORTH   BORDER   OF   QUAD- 
RANGLE. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  road  north,  stone 

North  Marissa,  T  road  east 

T.  3  S.,  R.  7  W.,  sections  20,  21,  28  and  29,  corner  of,  center  of  east  and 

west  road  at  hedge  fence  north 

Marissa  station,  0.33  mile  northwest  of;  east  and  west  road  crossing 

Illinois  Central  railroad 

T.  3  S.,  R.  7  W.,  corner  sections  19,  20,  29  and  30,  crossroads,  15  feet  west 

to  center  of  bridge 

T.  3  S.,  R.  7  W.,  west  corner  sections  19  and  30,  5  feet  south  to  hedge 

^  tree  

Doza  Creek,  center  of  iron  bridge  over 

T.  3  S.,  R.  8  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  27  and  28,  T  road 

north 

'T.  3  S.,  R.  8  W.,  near  quarter  corner  sections  26  and  27,  in  the  northwest 

corner  of  crossroads,  about  2  miles  north  of  Redbud,  iron  post  stamped 
"'Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  21,  1907,  ILLINOIS"  20  feet  east  and   27  feet 

south  to  quarter  corner  stone 


38  14  44.0 

38  15  20.4 

38  14  57.8 

38  14  57.5 

38  14  58.1 

38  14  57.4 

38  14  56.9 

38  14  37.6 


38    14    39.0 


89  44  07.0 

89  45  13.9 

89  46  37.3 

89  45  35.0 

89  47  43.6 

89  48  56.0 

89  50  36.5 

89  58  48.1 


Declination  north  border  of  quadrangle  4°  56'  East. 

New  Athens  Quadeangle. 
St.  Clair  County. 

'GEOGRAPHIC    POSITIONS    ALONG   HIGHWAYS   NEAR   SOUTH    BORDER    OF    QUAD- 

RANGLE. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  3  S.,  R.  7  W.,  section  22,  at  center  of;  set  in  southeast  corner  of  inter- 
section of  crossroads,  25  feet  west  and  6  feet  north  to  center  of  cross- 
roads, 6  feet  southwest  to  nail  in  blaze  on  white  oak  tree,  iron  post 
stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  20,  1907" 

T.  3  S.,  R.  7  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  15  and  22 

Dutch  Hill,  0.75  mile  west  and  0.5  mile  south  of;  T  road  east,  22  feet 

due  west  to  center  of  gate 

T.  3  S.,  R.  7  W.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  3  and  10,  center  of 
crossroads 

New  Athens,0.5  mile  southeast  of;  forks  of  road,  cross  on  telephone  pole 

New  Athens,  Kaskaskia  river,  center  of  wagon  bridge  over 

New  Athens,  1 .3  miles  west  of;  stone  at  turn  of  road  to  south 

St.  Clair-Monroe  county  line,  0.75  mile  north  of,  T  road  west  at  Chas. 
Lindaur's  mailbox 

St.  Clair-Monroe  county  line,  center  of  north  and  south  road,  25  feet 
north  to  south  side  of  straw  stack 

Hecker,  about  3  miles  east  of;  T  road  south  at  George  Vogler's  mailbox. 

T.3  S.,  R.8W.,  stone  corner  of  sections  11,  12,  13  and  14 

T.3S.,R.8W.,  corner  sees.  13, 14, 23  and  24;  20  feet  due  east  of  dead  tree 

T.  3  S.,  R.  8  W.,  center  sec.  23,  0.25  mile  south  of;  crossroads,  south  end 
of  small  bridge 


38 

38 

15 
15 

24.3 
50.6 

89 
89 

51 
51 

42.2 
42.7 

38 

16 

29.6 

89 

51 

42.8 

38 
38 
38 
38 

17 
19 
19 
19 

35.5 
02.4 
45.0 
42.0 

89 
89 
89 
89 

51 

52 
52 
54 

43.2 
16.8 
45.0 
13.1 

38 

19 

06.0 

89 

55 

35.6 

38 
38 
38 
38 

18 
18 
16 
15 

28,6 
10.2 
45.2 
53.5 

89 
89 
89 
89 

55 
56 
56 
56 

27.8 
16.5 
37.8 
37.4 

38 

15 

12.2 

89 

57 

09.2 

166 


YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908. 


[BULL.    NO.  14 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  WEST  BORDER  OF  QUAD- 
RANGLE. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Hecker,  1.75  miles  south  of;  T  road  west,  15  feet  south  to  west  end  of 

bridge 

Hecker,  crossroads 

T.3S.,  R.8W.,  stone  at  north  corner  sees.  4  and  5,  St.  Clair-Monroe 

county  line 

Hecker,  1  mile  north  of;  T  road  east,  25  feet  due  west  to  pole  at  fence 

corner 

Schoolhouse,  just  east  of;  T  road  west 

Schoolhouse,  0.8  mile  north  of;  T  road  west 

West  Fork,  center  of  bridge  over 

T .  2  S . ,  R .  8  W . ,  near  stone  quarter  corner  between  sees .  4  and  9,  2  miles 

south  of  Smithton,  northeast  corner  of  T  road  east,  15  feet  south  and 

5  feet  west  to  quarter  corner  stone,  iron  post  stamjped  "Prim.  Trav. 

Sta.  No.  22, 1907" 

T.  1  and  2  S .,   line  between  center  of  road  at  fence  east 

Smithton,  in  north  part  of;  T  street  south;  30  feet  west  and  12  feet  south 

to  lamp  post : 

Douglas,  T  road  east;  33  feet  due  west  to  small  gate 

T.  1  S.,  R.  8  W.,  sees.  15, 16,  21  and  22,  corner  of;  center  of  road  at  fence 

east  and  west    

T.1S.,R.8W.,  sees.  3, 4, 9  and  10,  corner  of ;  center  of  road  at  fence  east 

and  west 

T.  1  S.,  R.  8  W.,  stone  at  south  corner  sees.  33  and  34 

T.  1  N.,  R.  8  W.,  corner  sees.  27,  28,  33  and  34 


38  16  49.1 

38  18  18.8 

38  18  30.8 

38  19  22,6 

38  20  41.3 

38  21  20.8 

38  22  11.6 


38  22  52.7 

38  23  45.4 

38  24  37.0 

38  25  29.0 

38  26  21.0 

38  28  05.0 

38  28  59.6 

38  29  51.9 


89  59  38.7 

89  59  39.1 

89  59  55.6 

89  59  41.5 

89  59  41.2 

89  59  40.9 

89  59  43.3 


89  59  23.9 

89  59  28.2 

89  59  31.0 

89  58  56.1 

89  58  58.4 

89  58  59.1 

89  59  00.5 

89  59  00.4 


Declination  south  border  of  quadrangle  4°  56'  East. 
Declination  west  border  of  quadrangle  5°  18'  East. 


Hennepin,  Lacon,  LaSalU,  Wenona  and  Wyonet  Quadrangles' — Bur- 
eau,, LaSalle  and  Putnam  Counties. — The  following  geographic  positions 
upon  U.  S.  Standard  datum  were  determined  from  primary  traverse 
run  by  C.  B.  Kendall,  assistant  topographer  in  1908.  The  line  begins 
with  adjusted  position  of  the  Illinois  Eiver  Survey  triangulation  station 
Utica  and  follows  highways  north  to  Triumph,  thence  west  to  northwest 
corner  of  LaSalle  quadrangle,  1.25  miles  north  of  Arlington,  thence 
south  via  Arlington  to  Marquette  where  it  is  tied  to  Illinois  Eiver  Survey 
triangulation  station  All  Forks,  thence  south  along  the  Indiana,  Illi- 
nois and  Iowa  Eailroad  to  a  point  about  one  mile  north  of  Marks,  and 
continues  south  along  highways  via  Marks  to  Grranville,  thence  east  via 
Ticona  to  Lowell  where  it  turns  north  and  is  tied  to  Utica  triangulation 
station,  the  beginning. 

For  the  control  of  the  Hennepin  quadrangle,  the  line  begins  1.25 
miles  north  to  Arlington  and  follows  highways  west  via  Grader  and 
Limerick  to  the  northwest  corner  of  quadrangle,  thence  south  via  Tus- 
kilwa  to  the  southwest  corner  of  quadrangle,  thence  east  to  Hennepin 
"^here  it  is  tied  to  the  Illinois  Eiver  Survey  triangulation  station  ravine, 
£nd  continues  east  and  is  tied  to  adjusted  position  at  Granville. 


HERRON.] 


TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEYS . 
LaSalle  Quadrangle, 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


167 


stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Utica  triangulation  station,  U.  S.  A.  engineers;  marked  by  stone  and 
pipe,  on  top  of  sandstone  bluff  0.5  mile  east  of  Utica,  1,800  feet  east  of 
large  dwelling  house  of  Mrs.  William  Clark,  150  feet  north  and  2,000 
feet  east  of  milepost  94  on  C.  R.  I.  and  P.  Ry.;  in  southwest  quarter 

sec.  9,  T.  33  N.,  R.  2  E.,  Utica  township 

Utica,  at  north  edge  of,  T  road  west,  35  ft.  southeast  to  telegraph  pole 

45  feet  northwest  to  oak  tree 

T.  33  N.,  R.  2  E.,  guar.  cor.  between  sees.  4  and  5,  crossroads,  center  of 

intersection 

T  33  N.,  R.  2  E.,  quar.  cor.  between  sees  .  4  and  5,  40  feet  northwest  of 
center  of  crossroads,  at  corner  of  fence,  in  southeast  corner  of  north- 
east quarter  sec.  5;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  8,  1908- 

Ulinois" 

T.  33  and  34  N.,  R.  2  E.,  corner  sees.  4,  5, 32  and  33,  T  lane  west;  center 
of  north  and  south  road  and  east  and  west  line  between  Utica  and 

Waltham  townships 

T.  34  N.,  R.  2  E .,  cor .  sees.  28,  29,  32  and  33,  T  road  east,  center  of  north 

and  south  road,  25  feet  east  to  center  of  triangle 

T.  34  N.,  R.  2  E.,  cor.  sees.  20,  21,  28,  29,  fences  east  and  west,  center  of 

north  and  south  road 

T.  34  N.,  R.  2  E.,  cor.  sees.  16,  17,  20  and  21,  center  of  intersection  of 

crossroads 

T.  34  N.,  R.  2  E.,  cor.  sees.  8, 9, 16  and  17,  fences  east  and  west,  center  of 

north  and  south  road 

T.  34  N.,  R.  2  E.,  cor.  sees.  4,  5,  8,  9,  second  class  T  road  east  ,center  of 

north  and  south  road,  10  feet  east  to  center  of  triangle 

T.34N.,  R.2E.,  north  cor  .sees.  4  and  5,  T  road  South,  center  of  north 
edge  of  triangle,  east  and  west  line  between  Ophir  and  Waltham 

townships 

T.35N.,  R.2  E.,  south  cor.  sees.  32  and  33,  T  road  north,  center  of  east 
and  west  road,  east  and  west  line  between  Ophir  and  Waltham  town- 
ships  

T.  35  N.,  R.  2  E.,  cor.  sees.  28,  29,  32  and  33,  crossroads,  stone  in  center 

of  intersection 

T.  35  N.,  R.  2  E.,  cor.  sees.  20,  21,28  and  29,  crossroads;  center  of  inter- 
section  

T.  35  N.,  R.  2  E.,  cor.  sees.  16, 17,  20  and  21,  crossroads  0.5  mile  east  of 
Triumph,  center  of  intersection,  50  feet  northeast  to  large  boulder  at 

farm  gate,  45  feet  northwest  to  willow  tree  at  corner  of  fence 

Triumph,  in  concrete  porch  1  foot  from  west  wall  at  northwest  corner 
of  First  National  bank;  aluminum  tablet  stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta. 

No.  1, 1908,  Illinois" 

Triumph,  at  west  edge  of,  T  road  south,  center  of  east  and  west  road, 

20  feet  south  to  center  of  triangle. 

T.  35  N.,  R.  2  E.,  cor.  sees.  17, 18, 19  and  20  (?),  at  bend  of  road  to  north. 

Vermilion  river,  center  of  bridge  over 

T.  35  N.,  R.  1  E.,  quar.  cor.  between  sees.  23  and  24  (?),  T  road  north 
270  feet  west  of  bridge  over  stream,  center  of  east  and  west  road,  25 

feet  northwest  of  center  of  triangle 

T.  35  N.,  R.  1  E.,  quar.  cor.  between  sees.  22  and  23,  0.25  mile  east  of, 

4  corners  at  schoolhouse  and  church,  center  of  crossroads 

T.  35  N.,  R.  1  E.,  cor.  sees.  14, 15,  22  and  23,  second  class  T  road  south, 

fence  north,  center  of  east  and  west  road 

T.  35  N.,  R.  1  E.,  cor.  sees.  15, 16,  21  and  22,  center  of  crossroads 

T.35N.,  R.l  E.,  cor.  sees.  16, 17,  20  and  21;  center  of  crossroads 

T.  35  N.,  R.  1  E.,  cor.  sees.  16, 17,  20  and  21,  30  feet  northwest  of,  at  cor- 
ner of  hedge  fence  in  northwest  corner  of  crossroads  and  southeast 
corner  of  sec.  17;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  2,  1908, 

Illinois  " 

T.35N.,  R.l  E.,  cor.  sees.  17, 18, 19  and  20;  center  of  crossroads 

T.  35  N.,  R.  1  E.,  west  corner  of  sees.  18  and  19,  T  road  east,  center  of 
north  and  south  road,  10  feet  east  to  center  of  triangle,  north  and  south 

line  between  LaSalle  and  Bureau  counties  and  3rd  P.  M 

T.  17  and  18  N.,    R.  11  E.,  east  corner  of  sees.  1  and  36,  T  road  west, 

center  of  north  and  south  road,  15  feet  west  to  center  of  triangle,  north 

and  south  line  between  LaSalle  and  Bureau  counties  and  3rd  P.M.. 

T.  17  N.,  R.  11  E.,  north  cor.  sees.  1  and  2,  T  road  south,  center  of  east 

and  west  road  ,15  feet  south  to  center  of  triangle 

T.  17  N.,  R.  11  E.,  north  quar.  cor.  sees.  3,  T  roads,  center  of  east  and 
west  roads,  40  feet  southeast  to  telephone  pole,  35  feet  north  to  yard 

fence 

T.  18  N.,  R.  11  E.,  south  cor.  sees.  32  and  33,  T  road  north,  center  of  east 

and  west  road,  15  feet  north  to  center  of  triangle 

T.  17N.,R.11E.,  north  cor.  sees.  4  and  5,  T  road  south,  center  of  east 
and  west  road,  15  feet  south  to  center  of  triangle 


41  20  35.6 

41  20  47.1 

41  21  39.5 

41  21  39.8 

41  22  05.6 

41  22  57.6 

41  23  49.8 

41  24  42.1 

41  25  34.5 

41  26  26.6 


89  00  06.7 

89  00  43.4 

89  00  36.2 

89  00  36.6 

89  00  35.9 

89  00  35.8 

89  00  36.1 

89  00  36.6 

89  00  37.3 

89  00  38.0 


41 

27 

18.7 

89 

00 

39.2 

41 

27 

18.7 

89 

00 

41.0 

41 

28 

10.8 

89 

00 

41.8 

41 

29 

03.0 

89 

00 

42.7 

41 

29 

54.8 

89 

00 

44.0 

41 

30 

00.4 

89 

01 

17.5 

41 
41 
41 

29 
29 
29 

55.6 
55.6 
28.6 

89 
89 
89 

01 
01 
02 

48.5 
52.7 
39.6 

41 

29 

30.7 

89 

03 

32.6 

41 

29 

30.1 

89 

04 

59.7 

41 
41 
41 

29 
29 
29 

56.2 
55.4 
54.1 

89 
89 
89 

05 
06 
07 

17.3 

27.8 
37.8 

41 
41 

29 
29 

54.3 
53.2 

89 
89 

07 
08 

38.0 
46.4 

41 

29 

52.3 

89 

09 

58.6 

41 

29 

45.1 

89 

09 

58.6 

41 

29 

44.5 

89 

11 

10.1 

41 

29 

43.7 

89 

12 

37.5 

41 

29 

43.2 

89 

14 

19.5 

41 

29 

43.2 

89 

14 

20.9 

168  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGUW AYS- Conc/uded. 


Stations. 


Latitude.  Longitude. 


T.  17  N.,  R.  11  E.,  north  cor.  of  sees.  4  and  5,  76  feet  southeast  of,  in  cen- 
ter of  schoolhouse  (yard)  in  northwest  corner  of  sec.  4;  iron  post 
stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  3,  1908,  Illinois" 

T.  17  N.,  R.  11  E.,  cor.  sees.  4,  5,  8  and  9,  crossroads,  center  of  intersec 


tion. 


Arlington,  main  street  crossing  of  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  rail 

road,  center  between  main  tracks 

T.  17  N.,  R.  11  E.,  quar.  cor.  between  sees.  16  and  17,  crossroads,  center 

of  intersection 

T.  17  N.,  R.  11  E.,  quar.  cor.  between  sees.  20 and  21,  crossroads,  center 

of  intersection 

T.  17  N.,  R.  11  E.,  cor.  sees.  28,  29,  32  and  33 

Ottville,  0.8  mile  southeast  of,  T  road  south,  center  of  east  and  west 

road,  5  feet  south  to  center  of  triangle 

T.  16N.,  R.  11  E.,quar.cor.betweensecs.29and32,T  road  west  center 

of  north  and  south  road,  10  feet  east  to  end  of  wire  fence 

Granville,  0.5  mile  southwest  of,  T  road  north,  T.  15  N.,  R.  11  E.,  quar. 

cor.  between  sees.  28  and  29  (?),  10  feet  north  to  center  of  east  and  west 


road. 


Granville,  at  southeast  edge  of,  crossroads  250  feet  north  of  elevator  and 
500  feet  south  of  T.  M.  &  N.  R.  R.  track,  T.  15  N.,  R.  11  E.,  quar.  cor 
between  sees.  27  and  28  (?) 

T.  15  N.,  R.  11  E.,  quar.  cor.  between  sees.  26  and  27  (?),  1.5  miles  east 
of  Granville,  500  feet  east  of  T  road  north,  T  road  south,  center  of  east 
and  west  road,  15  feet  south  to  center  of  triangle 

T.  15  N.,  R.  11  E.,  quar.  cor.  between  sees.  25  and  26,  crossroads  at  stan- 
dard corner,  center  of  intersection,  35  feet  southeast  to  corner  of  brick 
store,  50  feet  north  to  railroad 

T.15N.,R.11E.,  east  quar.  cor.  sec.  25  T  road  east  on  third  principal 
meridian  and  line  between  LaSalle  and  Putnam  counties,  15  feet  west 
to  center  of  triangle,  40  feet  north  to  center  of  track 

T.  32  N.,  R.  11  E.,  west  corner  between  sees.  7  and  18,  T  road  east  on 
third  principal  meridian  and  line  between  LaSalle  and  Putnam 
counties,  center  of  north  and  south  road,  15  feet  east  to  center  of  tri- 
angle. 


T.32N.,  R.lE.,  sees.  7,  8, 17  and  18,  crossroads,  center  of  intersection. 
T.  32  N.,  R.  1  E.,  cor.  sees.  8,  9, 16  and  17,  crossroads,  center  of  intersec- 


tion. 


T.  32  N.,  R.lE.,  cor.  sees.  8,  9, 16, 17,  crossroads,  center  of  intersection, 
50  feet  southeast  of,  set  by  telephone  pole  at  fence  in  southeast  corner 
of  intersection  of  crossroads  and  northwest  corner  of  sec.  16;  iron  post 
stamped  "Prim.  Trav. Sta.  No.  6,  1908,  Illinois" 

T.  32  N.,  R.  1  E.,  cor.  sees.  9, 10, 15  and  16,  T  road  south,  center  of  east 
and  west  road,  15  feet  south  to  center  of  triangle 

T.32  N.,  R.  1  E.,cor.  sees.  10, 11, 14  and  15,  center  of  crossroads 

T.  32  N..  R.  1  E.,  cor.  sees.  11,  12,  13  and  14,  700  feet  west  of,  center  of 
Illinois  Central  R.  R.  at  crossing 

T.  32  N.,  R.  1  E.,  cor.  sees.  11,  12,  13  and  14,  2,200  feet  east  of,  T  road 
west,  center  of  north  and  south  road,  50  feet  west  to  center  of  triangle 

Lowell,  0.8  mile  north  of,  T  road  east,  center  of  north  and  south  road,  10 
feet  east  to  center  of  triangle 

T.32N.,  R.2  E..  quar.  cor.  between  sees.  4  and  5,  T  road  east,  bend  of 
north  and  south  road  to  north,  hickory  tree  in  triangle 

T.  32  N.,  R.  2  E .,  north  cor.  sees.  4  and  5,  stone  at  bend  of  road  east,  east 
and  west  line  Deer  Park  and  Vermilion  townships 

T.  33  N.,  R.  2  E.,  south  cor.  sees.  32  and  33,  stone  at  T  road  north,  25  feet 
north  to  center  of  triangle,  east  and  west  line  between  Deer  Park  and 
Vermilion  townships 

T.  33  N.,  R.  2  E..  cor.  sees.  28,  29,  32  and  33,  T  road  east,  center  of  north 
and  south  road,  25  feet  southeast  to  center  of  triangle,  25  feet  west  to 


gate. 


T.  33  N.,  R.  2  E.,  cor.  sees.  20,  21,  28  and  29,  center  of  crossroads 

T.33  N.,  R.2  E.,  cor.  sees.  16, 17,21  and  22,  T  road  east  at  south  end  of 
approach  to  bridge  over  Illinois  river  at  Utica,  center  of  north  and 
south  road 

Utica,  south  of,  center  of  draw  span  of  highway  bridge  over  Illinois  river 

Utica,  30  feet  east  of  station,  center  of  track  of  Illinois  Valley  Electric 
railroad  at  street  crossing 

Utica,  50  feet  west  of,  main  street  crossing  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pa- 
cific R.  R.,  north  rail  of  main  track 

Utica,  Illinois  River  Survey  station  (Dupl.) 


° 

' 

" 

° 

' 

It 

41 

29 

42.8 

89 

14 

20.1 

41 

28 

51.9 

89 

14 

21.2 

41 

28 

24.2 

89 

14 

54.3 

41 

27 

33.0 

89 

14 

21.1 

41 
41 

26 
25 

40.3 
21.3 

89 
89 

14 
14 

20.5 
19.0 

41 

20 

39.1 

89 

14 

53.0 

41 

20 

06.5 

89 

14 

52.5 

41 

15 

27.0 

89 

14 

25.6 

41 

15 

27.3 

89 

13 

16.6 

41 

15 

28.0 

84 

12 

07.1 

41 

15 

28.3 

89 

10 

56.6 

41 

15 

31.6 

89 

,09 

46.4 

41 
41 

15 
15 

01.9 
01.9 

89 

89 

09 
08 

46.2 
42.6 

41 

15 

02.4 

89 

07 

32.6 

41 

15 

01.9 

89 

07 

32.2 

41 

41 

15 
15 

02.1 
01.8 

89 
89 

06 
05 

22.7 
12.4 

41 

15 

01.6 

89 

04 

13.4 

41 

15 

02.3 

89 

03 

35.2 

41 

15 

35.2 

89 

00 

44.8 

41 

16 

21.4 

89 

00 

37.5 

41 

16 

48.2 

89 

00 

37.4 

41 

16 

48.2 

89 

00 

36.1 

41 

41 

17 
18 

40.6  ' 
33.1 

89 
89 

00 
00 

36.0 
36.2 

41     19    34.7 
41     19    40.1 


41    20    20.8 


41    20    34.4 
41    20    35.6 


89    00    35.6 
89    00    36.5 


00    36.4 


89    00    32.7 
89    00    06.7 


Magnetic  declination  of  north  border  of  quadrangle  is  4°  15'  east. 
Magnetic  declination  of  west  border  of  quadrangle  is  4°  17'  east. 
Magnetic  declination  of  south  border  of  quadrangle  is  4°  13' east. 
Magnetic  declination  of  east  border  of  quadrangle  is  4°  38'  east. 


HERRON.l 


TOPOGEAPHIC   SURVEYS 


169 


Wenona  Quadrangle. 

CxEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Tonica,  1  mile  northwest  of,  T.  32  N.,  R.  1  E.,  quar.  cor.  between  sees.  13 
and  24  (?),  T  road  west,  center  of  north  and  south  road,  35  feet  north- 
west to  corner  of  fence,  25  feet  east  to  gate 

Tonica,  300  feet  southeast  of  station,  T  road  northwest,  25  feet  norths 
west  to  center  of  triangle,  25  feet  east  to  te  ephone  pole,  140  feet  north- 
east to  C.  B.  &  Q.  R.  R  crossing 

Tonica,  1.25  miles  northeast  of  station,  T.  32  N.,  R.  2  E.,  near  northeast 
corner  of  sec.  20,  center  of  intersection,  25  feet  west  to  telephone  pole, 
60  feet  east  to  oak 

Lowell,  at  south  edge  of,  center  of  crossroads,  T.  32  N.,  R.  2  E.,  one- 
sixteenth  cor.  sec.  17  (?) 

Lowell,  at  south  edge  of,  .center  of  crossroads,  T.  32  N.,  R.  2  E.,  in  south- 
east corner  of  northeast  quarter  of  sec.  17,  in  northwf  st  corner  inter- 
section of  crossroads,  at  corner  of  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim. 
Trav.  Sta.  No.  7,  1908,  Illinois" 


41 

14 

10.5 

89 

03 

20.5 

41 

13 

25.7 

89 

03 

07.8 

41 

14 

07.4 

89 

02 

10.8 

41 

14 

49.7 

89 

00 

37.7 

41 

14 

49.9 

89 

00 

38.0 

Magnetic  declination  of  north  border  of  quadrangle  is  4°  13'  east. 
Hennepin  Quadrangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  17  N.,  R.  11  E  ,  cor.  sees.  29,  30,  31  and  32,  about  300  feet  east  of,  T 
road  south,  center  of  east  and  west  road 

T.  17  N.,  R.  11  E.,  south  cor.  sees.  31,  and  32,  T  road  north,  center  of 
east  and  west  road,  east  and  west  line  between  Westfield  and  Hall 
townships 

T.  16  N.,  R.ll  E.,northcorner  secs.5and  6,  T  road  south,  center  of  east 
and  west  road,  east  and  west  line  between  Westfield  tnd  Hall  town- 


ships. 


T.  16  N.,  R.  11  E.,  cor.  sees.  5,  6,  7  and  8,  center  of  crossroads 

T.  16  N.,  R.  11  E.,cor.  sees.  7,  8, 17, 18,  center  of  crossroads 

T.  16  N.,  R.  11  E.,  (or.  sees.  7,  8, 17  and  18,  center  of  crossroads,  35  feet 
southwest  of,  in  northeast  corner  of  yard  of  Kline  schoolhouse,  north- 
east corner  sec.  18;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  4,  1908, 
Illinois" 

T.  16N.,  R.  11  E.,  cor.  sees.  17, 1^  19  and  20,  center  o  crossroads 

Ottville,  forks  of  roads  southwest  and  southeast,  center  of  triangle 

T.  16  N.,  R.  11  E.,cor.  sees.  29,  30,  31  and  32,  stone  in  center  of  east  and 
west  road 

Marquette  station,  just  west  of,  road  crossing  Chicago,  Rock  Island  & 
Pacific  railroa   ,  center  between  main  tracks 


41    25    20.9 
41    24    28.2 


41  24  28.2 
41  23  36.8 
41    22    44.1 


41  22  43.9 

41  21  51.5 

41  20  53.2 

41  20  06.3 

41  19  31.6 


89     15    24.3 
89    15    28.7 


89  15  29.0 
89  15  29.0 
89    15    28.6 


89  15  28.9 

89  15  28.4 

89  15  32.6 

89  15  27.9 

89  15  53.9 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  THE  INDIANA,  ILLINOIS  &  lOW      RAILROAD. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Howe, just  south  of  station,  crossing  of  Illinois,  Indiana  &  Iowa  R.  R. 
ov  r  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  railroad,  center  of  girder 
bridge 

All  Fork  creek  triangulation  station,  U.  S.  A.,  marked  by  stone  and 
pipe,  on  south  bluff  of  lUinois  river  1  mile  south  of  Marquette  coal 
mine;  located  300  feet  east  of  dwelling  house  owned  by  Joseph  Maheux 
125  feet  north  and  5  feet  east  of  intersection  of  east  and  west  highway 
with  east  fence  line  of  N.  W.  J  of  N.  E.  I  sec.  30,  T.33  N.,  R.  1  W  , 
Granville  township;  a  tower  26  feet  high  was  erected 

Indiana,  Illinois  &  loAva  railroad  bridge  over  Illinois  river,  center  of 
draw  span 

Moronto,  1.5  miles  northeast  of  station,  road  crossing,  center  of  track. . 

Moronto,  1,000  feet  north  of  station,  150  feet  north  of  elevator  No.  14, 
road  crossing  center  of  main  track 

Mark,  0.8  mile  north  of,  T.  15  N.,  R.  11  E.,  near  center  sec.  20,  north 
rail  at  road  crossing 


41    19    33.1 


89    16    59.4 


41 

18 

24.0 

89 

15 

52.4 

41 
41 

18 
18 

50.9 
03.4 

89 
89 

16 
16 

48.7 
53.3 

41 

17 

09.9 

89 

17 

39.8 

41 

16 

29,3 

89 

15 

09.3 

170 


YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1908. 
GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


[BULL.  NO.  14 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Mark,  at  east  edge  of,  30  feet  northeast  to  large  stump,  30  feet  southwest 

to-corner  of  burnt  store 

T.  18  N.,  R.  11  E.,  south  corner  sees.  31  and  32,  T  road  north,  center  of 

ea  t  and  west  road,  25  feet  north  to  center  of  triangle 

T.  17  N .,  R.  11  E .,  north  cor .  sees.  5  and  6,  wire  fence  south,  center  of  east 

and  west  road 

Arlington,  1.8  miles  northwest  of,  crossroads,  35  feet  southwest  to  John 

Manning's  mailbox,  6   feet  northeast  to  forked  willow  tree 

T.  17  and  18  N.    R.  10  and  11  E.,  stone  corner  of  sections  1,  6, 31  and  36 

at  slight  bend  of  road  to  northwest,  150  feet  west  of  Bureau  creek,  cor- 
ner of  Clarion  and  Westfield  and  LaMoille  and  Berlin  townships 

T.  17  and  18  N.,    R.  10  E.,  quar.  cor.  between  s.  1  and  36,  T  road  west, 

center  of  north  and  south  road,  30  feet  west  to  mailbox  in  center  of 

triangle 

T.  17  and  18  N.,    R.  10  E.,  south  corner  sees.  34  and  35,  second  class  T 

road  north,  center  of  east  and  west  road 

T.  18  N.,  R.  10  E.,  south  quar.  cor.  sec.  34,  T  road  north,  15  feet  west  to 

intersection  of  crossroads 

T.  17  N.,  R.  10  E.,  north  quarter  corner  sees.  3,  T  road  south,  15  feet 

east  to  intersection  of  crossroads 

T.  17  and  18  N.,    R.  10  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sees.  4  and  33,  stone 

in  intersection  of  crossroads,  100  feet  southwest  to  schoolhouse 

T.  17  and  18  N.,   R.  10  E.,  cor.  sees.  5,  6,31  and  32,  center  of  crossroads. 
T.  17  and  18,  R.  10  E.,  cor.  sees.  5,  6,  31  and  32,  50  feet  southeast  of  cen 

ter  of  crossroads,  in  northwest  corner  sec.  5,  in  corner  of  wire  fence; 

iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  9, 1908,  Illinois 

T.  17  and  18  N.,    R.  9  and  10  E.,   cor.  sees.  1,  6,  31  and  36,  T  road  east, 

center  of  west  edge  of  triangle,  10  feet  east  to  center  of  triangle,  corner 

LaMoille,  Ohio,  Dover  and  Berlin  townships 

Grover,  0.5  mile  northwest  of  station,  road  crossing  the  Illinois  Valley 

&  Northern  railroad  track,  center  of  track 

T.  17  N.,  R.  9  E.,  north  cor.  sees.  2  and  3,  T  roads,  30  feet  north  to 

forked  maple  10  feet  south  to  center  of  triangle 

T.18N.,  R.9E.,  south  cor.  sees.  34  and  35,  T  road  north,  center  of  east 

and  west  road,  12  feet  north  to  center  of  triangle 

T.  18  N.,  R.  9  E.,  south  corner  sees.  33  and  34,  T  road  north,  center  of 

east  and  west  road,  30  feet  north  to  center  of  triangle 

T.  17  N.,  R.  9  E.,  north  cor.  sees.  3  and  4,  T  road  south,  center  of  east 

and  west  road,  20  feet  southeast  to  two  mailboxes 

T.  18N.,  R.9E.,  south  cor.  sees.  32  and  33,  0.25  mile  east  of,  T  road 

north,  sixteenth  corner  at  Limerick,  20  feet  west  to  intersection  of 

crossroads 

T.  17  N.,  R.  9  E.,  north  cor.  sees.  4  and  5, 0.25  mile  east  of,  T  road  south, 

sixteenth  corner  at  Limerick,  20  feet  east  to  intersection  of  crossroads 
T.  18  N.,  R.  9  E.,  south  quarter  cor.  sec.  32,  T  road  north,  center  of  east 

and  west  road,  25  feet  north  to  center  of  triangle 

T.  17  N.,  R.  9  E.,  north  quarter  cor.  sec.  5,  T  road  south,  center  of  east 

and  west  road,  20  feet  south  to  center  of  triangle 

T.  17  N.,  R.  9  E.,  quarter  cor.  between  sees.  30  and  31, 1,180  feet  north 

of,  T  road  west,  center  of  north  and  south  road 

T.16N.,R.9E.,  near  southeast  corner  section  18,  T  road  south,  about 

2  miles  southwest  of  Princeton,  bridge  over  Bureau  Creek  about  1,500 

feet  east  of,  25  feet  southeast  to  bridge,  45  feet  west  to  old  log,  5  feet 

north  to  center  of  east  and  west  road 

T.16N.,R.9E.,  near  south  edge  of  section  30,  large  oak  tree  in  corner 

of  fence  at  bend  of  main  road  to  east  and  second  class  road  to  west 

T.16N.,R.9E.,  north  and  south  line  between  sections  29  and  30,  center 

of  east  and  west  road  at  fence  north 

T.16N.,R.9E.,in  southeast  corner  section  29,  T  road  west  at  red  brick 

school  house,  center  of  north  and  south  road,  25  feet  west  to  center 

of  triangle,  35  feet  east  to  corner  of  school  house  yard 

T.  16  N.,  R.  9  E.,  near  east  edge  of  section  32,  T  road  north,  center  of 

east  and  west  road,  20  feet  north  to  center  of  triangle 

T.16N.,R.9E.,  nortji  and  south  line  between  sections  31  and  32,  center 

of  road  crossing 

T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  19,  20,  29,  30,  stone  in  center  of  road  at 

fences  east  and  west 

T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  in  southeast  quarter  section  24,  T  road  southwest,  60 

feet  south  to  Walnut  15  feet  southwest  to  center  of  triangle 

T.  15  N.,  R.  10  E.,  northwest  quarter  section  19,  in  northeast  corner  of 

Carl  Hosier's  front  yard,  75  feet  west  of  Chicago,  Rock  Island  and 

Pacific  R.  R.  crossing  of  the  Hennepin  Ferry  road  and  35  feet  west 

of  junction  of  Ferry  road  with  roads  northwest  and  southwest,  1.25 

miles  southwest  of  Bureau  Junction,  Illinois  River  Survey  bench 

mark  post  stamped  elev.  "469.75  feet  Memphis  Datum" 


41  15  52.8 

41  29  43.0 

41  29  43.0 

41  29  43.0 

41  29  43.2 

41  29  43.1 

41  29  43.6 

41  29  43.6 

41  29  43.6 

41  29  44.0 

41  29  43.4 

41  29  43.0 

41  29  42.0 

41  29  03.7 

41  29  41.8 

41  29  41.8 

41  29  41.7 

41  29  41.7 

41  29  41.8 

41  29  41.8 

41  29  41.8 

41  29  41.8 

41  25  31.9 

41  21  57.3 

41  20  11.7 

41  20  11.1 

41  20  21.2 

41  19  42.0 

41  19  37.9 

41  15  47.4 

41  16  01.5 


41  16  39.7 


89  15  00.6 

89  15  26.2 

89  15  27.9 

89  15  49.4 

89  16  33.8 

89  17  09.6 

89  18  54.1 

89  19  29.3 

89  19  29.7 

89  20  39.5 

89  22  23.7 

89  22  23.2 

89  23  36.5 

89  24  28.5 

89  25  56.1 

89  25  55.7 

89  27  06.0 

89  27  06.5 

89  27  57.8 

89  27  58.3 

89  28  50.1 

89  28  51.0 

89  29  59.5 

89  29  37.4 

89  29  53.7 

89  29  19.3 

89  28  17.7 

89  28  17.4 

89  29  19.2 

89  29  24.9 

89  23  52.3 


23  01.5 


HERRON.]  TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEYS. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  POSITIONS  ALONG  ^IQ-BM  AY  ^—Concluded. 


171 


station. 

Latitude- 

Longitude. 

Hennepin,  1 . 5  miles  northwest  of,  center  of  iron  bridge 

Hennepin,  Illinois  River  Survey  triangulation  station,  U.  S.  A.  engi- 
neers:   Marked  by  stone  and  pipe;  permanent  tertiary  station,  on 
high  left  bank  of  Illinois  river,  166  feet  north  and  20  feet  west  of  north- 
east corner  of  intersection  of  First  and  Mulberry  streets,  in  Hennepin. 
A  10  foot  tower  was  built  over  point 

Hennepin,  at  southeast  corner  of  Putnam  county  court  house  yard ,  50 
feet  northwest  of  intersection  of  High  and  Fifth  streets,  iron  post 
stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  13,  1908,  ILLINOIS" 

Hennepin,  2  miles  east  of,  center  of  crossroads 

41    15    57.4 

41    15    24.5 

41    15    09.8 
41    15    24.9 

41    15    32.1 

41     15    26.0 

41    15    25.8 
41    15    27.0 

89    22    23.1 

89    20    44.0 

89  20  30.4 
89    18    14  6 

Hennepin,  3  miles  east  of,  T  road  south,  center  of  northeast  and  south- 
west road,  10  feet  north  to  fence,  60  feet  southeast  to  elm,  50  feet  south 

89    17    06  8 

T  15  N.,  R.  11  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  29  and  30  (?),  1,100 
feet  west  of,  T  road  south,  1 . 8  miles  west  of  Granville,  center  of  east 
and  west  road,  25  feet  south  to  center  of  triangle 

T.  15  N.,  R.  11  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  29  and  30  (?),  1,100 
feet  west  of  T  road  south,  40  feet  southeast  of  1 .8  miles  west  of  Gran- 
ville, corner  of  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  5, 
1908,  ILLINOIS" 

Granville,  0 . 5  mile  southwest  of  T  road  north 

89    15    43.2 

89  15  42.9 
89    14    25.5 

Magnetic  declination  of  east  border  of  quadrangle  is  4°  17'  east. 
Magnetic  declination  of  south  border  of  quadrangle  is  4°  37'  east. 
Magnetic  declination  of  north  border  of  quadrangle  is  4°  50'  east. 
Magnetic  declination  of  west  border  of  quadrangle  is  4°  30'  east. 

Wyanet  Quadrangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


T  17  N.,  R.  9  E.,  north  quarter  corner  section  6,  T  road  south,  center 

east  and  west  road  20  feet  south  to  center  of  triangle 

T.  17  N.,  R.  9  E.,  north  quarter  corner  section  6,  T  road  south,  40  feet 

southeast  of,  at  corner  of  wire  fence;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav. 

Sta.  No.  10,  1908,  ILLINOIS " 

T.  17  N.   R.  9  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  6  and  7  center  of 

crossroads 

T.  17  N.,  R.  9  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  7  and  18,  T  road 

north,  center  of  east  and  west  road,  25  feet  north -to  center  of  triangle 

180  feet  west  to  T  road  south 

T.  17  N.,  R.  9  E.,  east  and  west  line  between  sections  18  and  19,  T  road 

west  on,  center  of  triangle,  150  feet  south  to  church 

T.  17  N  ,  R  9  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  19  and  30,  center  of 

crossroB-d-S  -..- ..--.-.-._... 

T.  17  N.   Rs.  8  and  9  E.,  corner  sections  25,  30,  31  and  '36,  north  and 

south  line  between  Dover  and  Bureau  townships 

T  17  N.,  R.  8  E.,  corner  sections  25,  26,  35  and  36,  T  road  south,  center 

of  east  and  west  road .  20  feet  south  to  center  of  triangle 

T.  16  and  17  N.,    R.  8  E.,  corner  sections  1,  2,  35  and  36,  T  road  north, 

stone  in  center  of  east  and  west  road 

T.  16  N.,  R.  8  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  1  and  12,  T  road  west, 

center  of  north  and  south  road,  20  feet  west  to  center  of  triangle,  30 

feet  east  to  line  fence 

T.  16  N.,  R.  8  E  ,  quarte   corner  between  sections  1      nd  13,  T  road 

north,. center  of  east  and  west  road,  15  feet  north  to  center  of  triangle, 

40  feet  south  to  center  of  maple 

T.  16N.,  R.  8  E.,  east  corner  sections  12  and  13,  second  class  road  north, 

bend  in  main  road  south 

T.  16  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  7  and  18.  T   oad  east,  center  of  north 

and  south  r  ad,  20  feet  east  to  center  of  triangle 


41  29  41.4 

41  29  41.3 

41  28  49.9- 

41  27  57.5 

41  27  05.1 

41  26  12.8 

41  25  19.9 

41  25  23.2 

41  24  31. 

41  23  38.3 

41  22  46.0 

41  22  44.7 

41  22  43.5 


Longitude. 


89  30  01.4 

8}  30  01.0 

89  30  01.7 

89  30  01.3 

89  30  09.8 

89  30  00.3 

89  30  38.2 

89  31  47.6 

89  31  47.3 

89  .:1  12.3 

89  a  11.8 

89  30  37.1 

;9  30  37.1 


172  YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [BULL.  NO.  14 

GEOGRAPHICAL  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS— Concluded. 


Station . 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T  16  N.,  R.  9  E.,  west  corner  sections  7  and  18,  T  road  eas  .  35  feet 
southeast  of,  at  corner  of  fence  in  northwest  corner  of  section  18;  iron 
post  stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  11, 1908,  ILLINOIS" 

T.  15  and  16  N.,  R  9  E.,  east  and  west  line  between  sections  6  and  31, 
also  east  and  west  line  between  Princeton  and  Arispie  townships, 
center  of  road  at  crossing 

Illinois  and  Mississippi  Canal,  at  west  end  of,  center  of  triangle 

Tiskilwa,  1  mile  north  of  center  o  bridge  over  Bureau  creek 

Tiskilwa,  0.5  mile  north  of,  road  crossing  Chicago,  Rock  Island  and 
Pacific  R.  R.,  center  between  main  track 

Tiskilwa,  T.  15  N.,  R.  8  and  9  E.,  corner  sections  7, 12, 13  and  18,  stone 
in  center  of  intersection  of  Main  and  Princeton  streets 

Tiskilwa,  1.25  miles  southeast  of,  second  class  fork  to  southwest,  150 
feet  south  of  top  of  hill,  center  of  main  road,  15  feet  west  to  telephone 
.pole,  35  feet  southwest  to  center  of  triangle 


41    22    43.3 


19  16.3 

18  50.3 

18  24.1 

17  54.6 

17  32.7 


41     16    43.1 


89  30  36.7 

89  30  15.2 

89  30  39.8 

89  30  33.4 

89  30  35.2 

89  30  35.4 

89  30  01.1 


Magnetic  declination  of  east  border  of  quadrangle  is  4°  30'  east. 
Lacon  Quadkangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Stations. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  29,  30,  31  and  32,  center  of  crossroads. . 

T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  29,  30,  31  and  32,  center  of  crossroads, 
40  feet  southeast  of,  at  corner  of  hedge  fence  in  northwest  corner  of 
section  32;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  12,  1908,  ILLI- 
NOIS"  

T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  28,  29,  32  and  33,  T  road  south,  center 
of  east  and  west  road,  5  feet  south  to  center  of  triangle 

T.  15  N.,  R..  9  E.,  corner  sections  27,  28,  33  and  34,  farm  road  north, 
center  of  east  and  west  road 

T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  corner  sections  26,  27,  34  and  35,  T  road  north,  center 
of  east  and  west  road,  20  feet  north  to  center  of  triangle,  20  feet  south 
to  end  o;  north  and  south  wire  fence 

T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  quarter  corner  between  sections  26  and  35,  T  road 
west,  center  of  north  and  south  road,  25  feet  west  to  center  of  triangle 
20  feet  east  to  end  of  wire  fence,  225  feet  southeast  to  school  house  No. 
174 

Hennepin,  1  mile  southeast  of,  center  of  crossroads 

Hennepin,  2 . 2  miles  southeast  of,  center  of  stone  arch  bridge  at  T  road 
north  and  south 


41  14  54.8 

41  14  54.5 

41  14  54.7 

41  14  54.5 

41  14  54.1 


41     14    54.0 
41     14    58.0 


41     14    31.1 


89  29  24.9 

89  29  24.5 

89  28  15.0 

89  27  05.1 

89  25  56.4 


89    25    21.6 
89    19    40.8 


18    11.2 


Magnetic  declination  of  north  border  of  quadrangle  is  4°  37'  east. 


Equality,  Marion,  Morganfield  and  Shawneetown  Quadrangles — Gal- 
latin and  Hardin  Counties,  Illinois — Crittenden  and  Union  Counties, 
Kentucky. — The  following  geographic  positions  were  determined  by 
primary  traverse  in  1908  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Ellis,  assistant  topographer.  The 
line  starts  from  an  adjusted  position  near  C3'press  Junction,  Illinois, 
and  follows  public  highways  south  near  borders  of  quadrangles  to  Peters 
Creek,  Illinois,  thence  east  crossing  the  Ohio  river  at  Weston,  Ken- 
tucky, and  connecting  with  an  adjusted  position  at  Sturgis,  Kentucky. 


HERR0N.] 


TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS. 


173 


Equality  Quadrangle,  Illinois. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  EAST  BORDER  OF 
QUADRANGLE. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Steel  bridge  over  Saline  river  just  east  of  T  road  north 

37    41    55.4 
37    41    20.7 
37    41    20.7 
37    40    41.0 
37    39    34.8 
37    38    59.1 
37    38    16.3 

37    36    56.4 
37    36    15.9 
37    36    02.3 
37    35    37.3 

37    34    43.2 

37    34    29.7 
37    34    16.2 
37    33    07,3 

88    15    41  6 

88    16    11.1 

T  9  S     R  8  E    J  cor  soutli  of  section  36                        . .          

88    16    16  4 

88    16    28.4 

88    16    11  6 

88    15    39  8 

88     15    07  3 

T.  10  S.,  R.  9  and  10  E.,  cor.  sees.  25,  30,  31  and  36,  in  northeast  corner 
of  orchard                                                                                        .... 

88     15    37  6 

88    16    16.6 

T  10  and  11  S     R  8E    cor  sees.  1,  2,  35  and  36. 

88    16    51  5 

T.  11  S.,  R.  8  E.,  icor.  between  sees.  1  and  2,  stone 

Philadelphia  church  and  school  house,  about  .2  mile  north  of,  center 

of  T  road  west  at  house  on  hill 

Sparks  Hill  post  office,  T  road  south;  40  feet  southeast  to  corner  of  store 

porch,  35  feet  east  to  telephone  pole 

T.  11  S.,  R.8  E.,cor.  sees.  12  and  13  (east  corner),  stone 

Old  log  house,  center  of  T  road  west  at  corner  of  fence      

88    16    52.0 

88    17    05.9 

88    15    55.1 
88    15    45.3 
88    15    02.4 

Magnetic  Declination  of  east  border  4°  12'  east. 

Shawneetown  Quadrangle,  Illinois. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  WEST  BORDER  OF 
QUADRANGLE. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Cypress  Junction  station  ti'ack  opposite  semaphore 

37    43    33.8 

37    42    40.0 
37    42     13.6 

37    37    44.8 
37    32    58.1 
37    32    36.8 

37    32     18.9 
37    31    37.0 

37    31     01.0 

or             // 

88    14    10  7 

Center  of  T  road  south;  10  feet  south  to  stone  J  corner  between  sees.  29 

and30,  T.9S.,  R.9E 

T  9  S  ,  R.  9  E  ,  cor.  sees  29,  30,  31  and  32 

88  14  48.4 
88    14    49  2 

C.  B.  Swogirt's  residence,  .3  mile  northwest  of,  at  cross  roads;  40  feet 
north  and  30  feet  east  to  center  of  cross  roads;  iron  post  stamped 
"Prim.Trav.  Sta.  No.  33,  1908,  Illinois" 

T.  11  S.,  R.9  E.,  corner  at  turn  of  road  (no  numbers) 

Rock  Creek  store  and  post  office,  .5  mile  west  of,  center  of  T  road  east. . 

Rock  Creek  store  and  post  office,  about  .5  mile  south  of,  forks  just  east 

88  14  26.3 
88  14  40.2 
88    14    23.5 

88    13    50  0 

Baptist  Church  and  school  house,  .8  mile  south  of,  center  of  T  lane  east. 
Baptist  Church  and  school  house,  1.5  miles  south  of,  forks  of  road  at 
south  end  of  lane*  20  feet  north  to  corner  of  fence 

88  13  50.4 
88    13    51  6 

Magnetic  Declination  west  border  4°  12'  east. 


174 


YEAE-BOOK   FOE    1908. 


[BULL.   NO.  14 


Marion  Quadrangle,  Illinois. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  NORTH  BORDER  OF 
QUADRANGLE. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Peters  Creek  store,  200  feet  east  of  turn  of  road  at,  on  north  side  of  road; 

iron  post  stamped'  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  34,  1908,  Illinois 

T.  12  S.,  R.9  E.,  cor.  sees.  5,  6,  7,  and  8 

Richard  Frailey's  mail  box,  center  of  road  at 

T.12S.,  R.9  E.,corsecs.3,  4,  9and  10 

Love  school  house  No.  1,  just  east  of,  T  road  west;  35  feet  north  and  10 

feet  west  to  corner  telephone  post 

Cave  in  Rock,  in  north  part  of,  center  of  T  road  east;  30  feet  west  to 

advertising  board 

T.12,  S.,  R.8and9E.,   cor  sees.  7, 12, 13  and  18 

T.  12  S.,  R.8  E.,  cor.  sees.  7,  8, 17  and  18 

Cave  in  Rock,  2  miles  east  of,  south  side  of  Cave  in  Rock  and  Fords 

Ferry,  at  T  road  northeast;  10  feet  northeast  to  center  of  T  road;  iron 

post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  35, 1908,  Illinois 

T  road  south  to  Fords  Ferry,  at  barn;  20  feet  southwest  to  corner  fence 

post 

Three  mail  boxes,  forks  of  road  at 

Old  Ferry  Landing  opposite  Weston,  Ky.,  cut  on  southwest  face  of 

honey  locust  tree  with  two  nails  driven  in  center;  large  cross 


37  29  37.8 

37  29  50.8 

37  29  43.7 

37  29  50.1 

37  29  50.0 

37  28  30.6 

37  28  56.2 

37  28  56.9 


37    28    50.3 


37    28    46.0 
37    29    02.0 


37    29    04.7 


14  05.6 

13  35.1 

12  44.9 

11  21.1 

10  08.1 

09  53.7 

09  07.8 

07  59.9 


07    47.9 


06    30.6 
05    56.6 


04    39.3 


Magnetic  Declination  north  border  4°  27'  east. 


Equality 


Shawneetown 


4°  27'  East 
Marion 


HERRON.] 


TOPOGRAPHIC    SUEVEYS. 


175 


Albion,  Garmi,  Enfield,  New  Harmony  and  New  Haven  Quadrangles — 
Edwards,  Wayne  and  White  Counties. — The  following  geographic  posi- 
tions were  determined  by  primary  traverse  in  1908  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Ellis, 
assistant  topographer.  The  line  starts  from  an  adjusted  position  at 
Grayville  and  follows  west  along  public  highways  to  Burnt  Prairie, 
thence  south  near  borders  of  quadrangles  to  southwest  corner  of  Carmi 
quadrangle  and  east  to  adjusted  position  two  miles  south  of  Maunie. 
The  second  line  starts  from  an  adjusted  position  at  Maunie  and  follows 
public  highways  north  to  the  original  position  at  Grayville: 

Cakmi  Quadrangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  SOUTH  BORDER  OF 
QUADRANGLE. 


station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Bridge  600  feet  east  of  center  of  T  road  north 

38    00    01.4 
38    00    28.8 
38    00    26.0 
38    00    27.0 
38    00    11.2 
38    00    10.6 
38    00    02.6 

88    14    06  9 

Little  Wabash  river,  west  bank  of,  at  old  ferry  landing 

Storms  post  office  center  of  T  road  south  at 

88  11  47.2 
88    10    46  0 

88    09    39  4 

T  road  north  on  line  between  sees  13  and  14T6S    RUE 

88    03    36  4 

T.  6  S.,  R.  10'&  11  E.,  i  cor.  between  sees.  13  and  18,  center  of  bridge  . . 
Maunie  2  miles  south  of  center  of  T  road  north 

88  02  30.2 
88    02    30  3 

Magnetic  Declination  south  border  3°  44'  east. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  EAST  BORDER  OF 
QUADRANGLE. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Maunie,  1.5  miles  north  of,  center  of  cross  roads 

T.  5  S.,  R.  10  and  (11  fraction)  E.,    cor.  sees.  19,  24,  25  and  30,  cross 
roads 


T.  5  S.,  R.  10  and  (11  fraction)  E.,   cor.  sees.  13, 18, 19  and  24,  stone... 

Maunie,  3  miles  north  of,  west  side  of  T  road  east;  iron  post  stamped 
"Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  28,  1908,  Illinois" 

Wooden  bridge,  T  road  northeast,  just  north  of,  22  feet  east  to  tree 

T  road  east  to  ford  on  Wabash  river,  15  feet  east  to  honey  locust  tree. . 

T.  5  S.,  R.  14.  W.,  cor.  sees.  5.  6,  7  and  8,  stone 

Phillipstown,  about  2  miles  south  of,  in  southwest  part  of  Dicli  Pond 
school  house  yard;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  29, 1908, 
Illinois, ' '  elevation  378  feet 

T.  4  and  5  S.,  R.  14  W.,   cor.  sees.  5,  6,  31  and  32,  T  road  south 

Phillipstown,  center  of  T  road  east  at  store  at 

Phillipstown,  1  mile  north  of,  35  feet  west  and  45  feet  south  to  center 
of  cross  roads,  at  northeast  corner  of  cross  roads;  iron  post  stamped 
"Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  30,  1908,  Illinois" 

T.4  S.,  R.  14  W.,  cor  sees.  17, 18,  19  and  20,  sandstone 

Calvin  station,  1  mile  south  and  .3  mile  west  of,  15  feet  north  and  15 
feet  east  to  center  of  T  road,  at  south  side  of  T  road  north;  iron  post 
stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  31, 1908,  Illinois" 

Calvin  station,  140  feet  northeast  of,  north  and  south  road  crossing  Big 
Four  railroad  at 

Joseph  Bumps  farm,  road  crossing  Big  Four  railroad  at 


38  03  26.5 

38  04  05.5 

38  04  57.4 

38  04  58.6 

38  04  57.0 

38  05  40.3 

38  06  54.2 


38  07  07.7 
38  07  46.0 
38    08    35.6 


88  02  44.7 

88  02  27.8 

88  02  27.2 

88  02  27.5 

88  01  12.5 

88  01  00.2 

88  00  45.3 


88  00  44. 
88  00  44. 
88    01     15. 


38 
38 

09 
10 

30.4 
22.1 

88 
88 

01 
00 

21.8 
42.8 

38 

11 

40.2 

88 

01 

20.0 

38 

38 

12 
13 

36.5 
52.4 

88 
88 

01 
00 

02.6 
09.0 

Magnetic  Declination  east  border  3°  41'  east. 


176 


YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908. 


[BULL.   NO.  14 


Albion  Quadrangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  SOUTH  BORDER  OF 
QUADRANGLE. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Grayville,  in  southeast  corner  of  Williamson  hotel  grounds;  iron  post 
stamped  "PrimTrav.  Sta.  No.  21, 1908,  Illinois 

Grayville,  across  the  street  from  Illinois  station  on  east  side  of  Illinois 
Central  railroad;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim  Trav.  Sta.  No.  32,  1908, 
Illinois  " 

Grayville  station.  Big  Four  railroad 

T.3  S.,  R.14W.,  cor  sees.  18  and  19  (westcorner),center  of  T  road  east. 

T.3S.,R.11E.  (fraction,  )cor.  sees.  18  and  19  (east  corner),  center  of  T 
road  west 

Grayville,  3 .5  miles  west  of,  center  of  T  road  south 

T.  3  S.,  R.  10  E.,  cor.  sees.  14, 15,  22  and  23,  center  of  cross  roads,  White- 
Edwards  county  line ' 

T.  3  S .,  R.  10  E .,  cor  sees.  15, 16, 21  and  22,  center  of  T  road  north,  White- 

.    Edwards  county  line 

T.  3  S.,  R.  10  E.,  cor  sees.  9, 10,  15  and  16,  stone,  center  of  crss  roads.. , 

T.3  S.,  R.  10  E.,  cor  sees.  8,  9,  16  and  17 

T.3  S.,  R.  10  E.,  cor  sees.  7,8,  17  and  18,  center  of  T  road  north 

Wayne-Edwards  county  line,  1  mile  north  of  White  county  line,  at 
northeast  corner  of  T  road  east;  10  feet  southwest  and  20  feet  south 
tocorner  sees.  7, 12, 13  and  18,  T.3  S.,  R.9and  10  E.  to  Wayne- 
Edwards  county  line;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  22, 
1908,  Illinois" 

T.3  S.,  R.  9  E.,  cor  sees.  11,  12,  13  and  14. 

T.  3  S.,  R.  9  E.,  cor  sees.  10, 11, 14  and  15,  center  of  cross  roads 

T.3  S.,  R.9  E.,  cor  sees.  9,  10,  15  and  16 

Gum  store,  center  of  cross  roads  at 

T.  3  S.,  R.  9  E.,  cor  sees.  8,  9, 16  and  17,  stone 

T.  3  S.,  R.  9  E.,  1  cor.  between  sees.  17  and  18,  20  feet  east  to  center  of  T 
road  west ■ 

Burnt  Prairie,  .3  mile  north  of,  on  White-Wayne  county  line  at  turn 
of  road;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim  Trav.  Sta.  No.  23, 1908,  Illinois".  . 


38    15    35.1 


38  15  30,7 

38  15  36.9 

38  15  24.9 

38  15  23.5 

38 '15  23.9 

38  15  24.2 

38  15  24.3 

38  16  16.3 

38  16  16.5 

38  .16  16.8 


87    59    29.1 


87  59  26.5 

87  59  29.4 

88  01  36.6 

88  01  36.6 

88  03  26.8 

88  04  32.5 


38.9 
38.4 
44.5 
49.1 


38 

16 

17.7 

88 

08 

58.2 

38 

16 

15.9 

88 

10 

05.1 

38 

16 

19.3 

88 

11 

10.6 

38 

16 

19.1 

88 

12 

16.2 

38 

16 

19.7 

88 

12 

48,8 

38 

16 

20.2 

88 

13 

21.9 

38 

15 

54.9 

88 

14 

29. a 

38 

15 

28.8 

88 

15 

24.4 

Magnetic  Declination  south  border  3°  35'  east. 

Enfield  Quadkangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  EAST  BORDER  OF 
QUADRANGLE. 


Station. 


Burnt  Prairie,  1  mile  south  of,  center  of  T  road  east 

Burnt  Prairie,  2  miles  south  of,  center  of  cross  roads 

T.  3  S.,  R.     E.,  cor  sees.  31  and  36  (south  corner),  T  road  north 

T.  4  S.,  R.  9  E.,  cor  sees.  1  and  6  (north  corner) 

Frasher's  store,  .8  mile  north  of,  center  of  T  road  east 

Frasher's  store,  center  of  T  road  east 

Cross  roads  school  house,  center  of  T  road  west 

Skillet  Creek  Bridge,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  Drainage,  360  feet 

southwest  of,  at  turn  of  road;  iron  post  stamped  "384"  (?)  Elev.  383.6 

Balls  store,  .5  mile  north  of,  T  road  west 

T.4  S.,  R.8  E.,  cor  .sees.  25,  26,  35  and  36,  stone  at  turn  of  road 

Balls  store,  1  mile  south  of,  at  turn  of  road  at  township  line;  6  feet  north 

and  4  feet  east  to  cor.  sees.  35  and  36  (south  corner, )T.  4  S.,  R.  8  E.; 

iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  24,  1908,  Illinois" 

T.  5  S.,  R.  8  E.,  cor  sees.  1  and  2  (north  corner),  T  road  south 

T.5S.,  R.8  E.,  cor  sees.  1,2,  11  and  12,  center  of  T  road  east 

T.5S.,  R.  8  E.,  cor  sees.  11,  12,  13  and  14 

Mile  post  198,  north  and  south  road  crossing  L.  &  N.  R.  R 

T.  5  S.,  R.  8  E.,  cor  sees.  13, 14,23  and  24center  of  T  road  east  at  school 

house  No.  6 

T.  5  S.,  R.  8  E.,  cor  sees.  23,  24,  25,  26,  center  of  cross  roads 

T .  5  S .,  R.  8  E .,  cor  sees.  25,  26,  35  and  36,  center  of  cross  roads 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

o 

, 

„ 

o 

, 

II 

38 

14 

11.0 

f8 

15 

15.3 

38 

13 

31,7 

88 

15 

05,0 

38 

12 

51.7 

88 

15 

37,7 

38 

12 

51,7 

88 

15 

38,2 

38 

12 

37.6 

88 

17 

01.4 

38 

11 

45.3 

88 

17 

02,2 

38 

10 

40,6  ■ 

88 

17 

03,7 

38 

09 

50.6 

88 

17 

04,6 

38 

09 

02,0 

88 

16 

49,1 

38 

08 

30.4 

88 

16 

50,2 

38 

07 

37,8 

88 

16 

51,2 

38 

07 

37,8 

88 

16 

50,2 

38 

06 

45.0 

88 

16 

50,8 

38 

05 

53,1 

88 

16 

51.6 

38 

05 

23.2 

88 

16 

51.7 

38 

05 

01.6 

88 

16 

51,6 

38 

04 

09,5 

88 

16 

52,6 

38 

03 

17,7 

88 

16 

53,6 

HERRON.]  TOPOGKAPHIC   SURVEYS. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  -RIOWW  AY  ^—Concluded. 


177 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  5  S.,  R.  8  E.,  cor  sees.  35  and  36  (south  corner),  10  feet  east  to  cross 
roads 

T.  6  S.,  R.  8  E.,  cor  sees.  1  and  2  (north  corner) 

T.  6  S.,  R.8  E.,  cor.  sees.  1,2, 11  and  12,  stone 

T.  6  S.,  R.  8  E.,  cor  sees.  23,  24,  25  and  26,  stone,  center  of  cross  roads 
at  Ditney  school  house 

Ditney  church,  southwest  corner  of  yard;  30  feet  west  and  30  feet  south 
to  i  corner  between  sees.  19  and  24,  T.  6  S.,  R.  8  E.,  cross  roads;  iron 
post  stamped  '  'Trim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  25,  1908,  Ihinois 

Anna  B.  PoUe's  mail  box,  T  road  east;  21  feet  southwest  to  mail  box.. 


88  16  54.8 

88  16  54.5 

88  16  54.6 

88  16  54.3 


16    53.9 
15    48.4 


Magnetic  Declination  of  east  border  3°  38'  east. 

New  Haven  Quadkangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  NORTH  BORDER  OF 
QUADRANGLE. 


Station. 


Anna  B.  PoUe's  mail  box,  1.3  miles  east  of,  center  of  T  road  west 

T.  6  S.,  R.  9  E.,  cor  sees.  15, 16,  21  and  22 

Storms  post  office,  2  miles  east  and  .8  mile  south  of,  at  southeast  corner 

of  T  road  north;  10  feet  west  and  15  feet  north  to  center  of  T  road; 

iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  26,  1908,  Illinois" 

T.  6  S.,  R.  10  E.,  cor  sees.  17, 18, 19  and  20,  stone 

T .  6  S .,  R.  10  E .,  cor  sees .  16, 17,  20  and  21 

T.  6  S.  R.  10  E .,  cor  sees.  15, 16,  21  and  22;  stone 

T.6  S.,  R.IO  E.,  cor  sees.  14, 15,  22  and  23,  center  of  crossroads 

Rising  Sun  Village,  .33  miles  southeast  of,  under  center  of  st  el  telephone 

tower  on  west  side  of  Wabash  river;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav. 

Sta.  No.  27, 1908,  Illinois" 


37    59 


37 

59 

21.6 

88 

14 

23.8 

37 

59 

47.6 

88 

12 

26.9 

37 

59 

46.2 

88 

08 

33.8 

37 

59 

46.0 

88 

08 

01.0 

37 

59 

45.6 

88 

06 

54.8 

37 

59 

45.5 

88 

05 

49.0 

37 

59 

45.2 

88 

04 

42.9 

01    21.9 


Magnetic  Declination  of  north  border  3°  44'  east. 


ENFIELD 


ALBION 


3°  35' 


CARMI 


3°  44'  east 


NEW  HAVEN 


NEW  HARMONY 


—12  G 


178 


YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908. 


[BULL.   NO.  U 


Bridgeport,  Mt.  Garmel,  Olney  and  Vincennes  Quadrangles — Edwards, 
Lawrence,  Richland  and  Wa^bash  Counties. — The  following  geograpliic 
positions  on  U.  S.  Standard  datum  were  determined  by  primary  traverse 
in  1908  by  J.  E.  Ellis,  assistant  topographer.  The  line  stkrts  from 
Claremont  triangulation  station  of  the  U.  S.  Lake  Survey  and  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey  and  follows  south  along  public  highways  to  Parkers- 
burg  triangulation  station,  thence  to  southwest  corner  of  Bridgeport 
quadrangle,  thence  east  to  point  near  Patton  and  north  along  border 
of  quadrangle  to  primary  traverse  station  No.  11,  1907,  Illinois: 

Bridgeport  Quadrangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


St.  James  church,  center  of  cross  roads  at 

T.  1 N.,  R.  14  W.,  I  corner  between  sees.  20  and  21,  center  of  cross  roads 

Mills  Prairie  school  house  No.  13,  at  northeast  corner  of  T  road  north, 
0.25  mile  east  of,  25  feet  south  and  25  feet  west  to  J  corner  between 
sees.  21  and  22,  T.  1  N.,  R.  14  W.,  elevation  435;  iron  post  stamped 
" Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  13, 1908,  Illinois" 

Edwards-Wabash  county  line,  center  of  bridge  over  Bonpas  creek 

T.  1  N.,  R.  14  W.,  J  corner  between  sees.  23  and  24,  center  of  T  road 
south 

T.  1  N.,  R.  13  and  14  west,  i  corner  between  sees,  19  and  24,  center  of 
T  road  west 

Barney  Prairie  church,  stone  at  T  road  west  at 

Harmony  school  house,  insouthwest  corner  of  yard  at;  35  feet  south  and 
30  feet  west  to  i  corner  between  sees.  20  and  21,  T.  2  N.,  R.  12  W,, 
cross  roads;  elevation  445;  iron  post  stamped  ''Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No. 
17, 1908,  Illinois  " 

T.  2  N.,  R.  12  W.,  I  corner  between  sees.  20  and  21,  center  of  cross  roads 

T.  2  N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  sees.  16, 17, 20  and  21 

T.  2  N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  sees.  8,  9, 16  and  17 

Grant  school  house,  in  southeast  corner  of  yard  at;  elevation  446;  iron 

post  stamped  " Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  18, 1908,  Illinois" 

T.2N.,  R.  12  W..  corner  sees.  4,  5,  8  and  9,  center  of  cross  roads 

T.2  N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  sees.  4  and  5  (north corner),  T  road  south.... 

T.  3  N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  sees.  32  and  33  (south  corner),  T  road  north  . 

Bridgeport,  at  northeast  corner  of  cross  roads  about  3  miles  south  of; 
iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  19,  1908,  Illinois" 

T.  3  N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  sees.  28,  29,  32  and  33,  cross  roads .' 

Bridgeport,  at  northwest  corner  of  cross  roads  2  miles  south  of,  eleva- 
tion 489;  iron  post  stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  20, 1908,  Illinois" 

T.  3  N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  sees.  20,  21,  28  and  29,  center  of  cross  roads. . 

T.  3  N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  sees.  16, 17,  20  and  21,  center  of  T  road  west. . 

T.3  N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  sees.  8,  9, 16  and  17 

Bridgeport,  Main  street  crossing  Baltimore  &  Ohio  railroad 

T.3  N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  sees.  4,  5,  8  and  9,  center  of  cross  roads 

T.  3.  N.,  R.  12  W.,  corner  sees.  4  and  5S(north  corner,)  20  feet  north  to  T 
road  south 

Westport,  5.75  miles  due  south  of;  on  east  side  of  T  road  west  at  Fair- 
view  church,  in!  top  'of  concrete  block  8  by  8  by  20  inches;  aluminum 
tablet  stamped  " Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  11, 1907,  Illinois" 


38 

44 

49.2 

87 

59 

54  4 

38 

30 

15.3 

87 

59 

05.2 

M 

m 

38 

30 

15.2 

87 

57 

57.8 

38 

30 

18.4 

87 

56 

53.2 

38 

30 

14.6 

87 

55 

48.1 

38 

30 

14.5 

87 

54 

41.2 

38 

30 

10.0 

87 

47 

55.0 

38 

35 

26.0 

87 

45 

34.1 

38 

35 

25.7 

87 

45 

34.5 

38 

35 

52.0 

87 

45 

34.0 

38 

36 

44.6 

87 

45 

33.4 

38 

37 

38.2 

87 

45 

33.4 

38 

37 

37.5 

87 

45 

33,1 

38 

38 

34.6 

87 

45 

33.0 

38 

38 

34.6 

87 

45 

34.6 

38 

39 

28.0 

87 

45 

33.8 

38 

39 

27.7 

87 

45 

34.0 

38 

40 

20.7 

87 

45 

34.3 

38 

40 

20.4 

87 

45 

33.9 

38 

41 

13.2 

87 

45 

33.5 

38 

42 

06.2 

87 

45 

33.3 

38 

42 

19.2 

87 

45 

35.3 

38 

42 

59.3 

87 

45 

33.1 

38 

43 

52.6 

87 

45 

33.0 

38 

44 

46.0 

87 

45 

35.3 

Magnetic  Declination  of  east  border  of  quadrangle  3°  50'  east. 
Magnetic  Declination  of  south  border  of  quadrangle  3°  47'  east. 
Magnetic  Declination  of  west  border  of  quadrangle  3°  36.  east. 


HERRON.] 


TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS. 
Olney  Quadeangle. 


179 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  EAST  BORDER  OF 
QUADRANGLE. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

T.  3  N.,  R.  14  W.,  corner  sees.  5  and  6  (north  corner),  center  of  T  road 
south               

38 

38 
38 
38 
38 
38 
38 

38 
38 
38 

38 
38 

38 

38 

38 
38 

38 
38 

38 
38 

38 

43 

43 

42 
41 
40 
39 

38 

37 
37 
36 

35 
34 

34 

34 

34 
34 

33 
32 

31 
30 

30 

56.4 

04.8 
10.2 
16.5 
23.9 
30.9 
37.9 

45.6 
45.4 
52.5 

59.8 
39.9 

40.4 

51.5 

13.9 
13.6 

20.6 
41.2 

34.7 
41.6 

15.3 

88 

88 
88 
88 
88 
88 
88 

88 
87 
88 

88 
88 

88 

88 

88 
88 

88 
88 

88 
88 

88 

00 

00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 

00 
00 
00 

00 
00 

01 

01 

01 
01 

01 
01 

01 
01 

00 

10  4 

T.  3  N.,  R.  14  W.,  corner  sees.  5, 6,  7  and  8,  center  of  cross  roads  at  school 
house           

10  7 

T.  3  N.,  R.  14  W.,  corner  sees  7,  8,  17  and  18,  center  of  cross  roads 

T.  3  N.,  R.  14  W.,  corner  sees.  17,  18,  19  and  20,  center  of  cross  roads.. 
T.  3  N.,  R.  14  W.,  corner  sees.  19,  20,  29  and  30,  center  of  cross  roads. . 
T  3  N.,  R.  14  W.,  stonecorner  secs.29,  30,  31  and  32 

11.0 
11.3 
11.6 
12  0 

T.  2  and  3  N.,  R.  14  W.,  corner  sees.  5,  6,  31  and  32,  center  of  cross  roads 

Whittaker  school  house  and  Methodist  church,  at  northeast  corner  of 

cross  roads;  20  feet  south  and  20  feet  west  to  center  of  cross  roads;  iron 

post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  11,  1908,  Illinois" 

12.2 
12  6 

T.  2  N.,  R.  14  W.,  stone  corner  sees.  5,  6,  7  and  8,  center  of  cross  roads. 
T  2  N.,  R.  14  W.,  corner  sees.  7,  8,  17  and  18,  cross  roads  

12.8 
13  1 

T.  2  N.,  R.  14  W.,  corner  sees.  17, 18, 19  and  20,  cross  roads  at  Oak  Grove 

13  3 

T.  2  N.,  R.  14  W.,  J  corner  between  sees.  29  and  30,  center  of  cross  roads 
T.2N.,R.14W.,  stone  i  corner  west  side  of  sec.  30,  at  T  road  east  at 

Harrison  school  house 

Parkersburg  triangulation  station,  in  fractional  section  30,  T.  2  N., 

fractional  range  11  E .;  stone  post      ...                                

13.6 
26.0 
49  0 

T.  2  N.,  R.  14  W.,  corner  sees.  30  and  31  (west  corner),  T  road  east, 
Richland-Ed wards  county  line 

26  1 

Fractional  R.  11  E .,  corner  sees.  30  and  31  (east  corner) 

26.1 

T.  1  and  2,  N.,  R.  14  W.,  stone  corner  sees.  6  and  31  (west  corner),  cross 

26.2 

Range  Line  road  crossing  Illinois  Central  railraod  .                     

26  1 

T.  1 N.,  R.  14  W.,  and  fractional  R.  11  E.,  cor.  sees.  7, 7, 18  and  18,  cross 
roads        ' .  . 

26  4 

T.  1  N.,  R.  14  W.,  and  fractional  R.  11  E.,  cor.  sees.  18, 18, 19  and  19.:. 

"West  Salem,  at  west  side  of  T  road  east,  at  Schwartzlow's  school  house, 
1  mile  south  of;  20  feet  east  and  10  feet  south  to  center  of  T  road;  iron 
post  stamped  '  'Prim,  Trav.  Sta.  No.  12, 1908,  Illinois" 

26.4 

Magnetic  declination  of  east  border  of  quadrangle  3°  36'  east. 

Mt.  Carmel  Quadrangle. 

geographic  positions  along  highways  near  north  border  of 
quadrangle. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


T.  1  N.,  R.  13  W.,  cor  sees.  19,  20,  29  and  30,  center  of  cross  roads. . . 

Friendsville,  at  southeast  corner  of  cross  roads  3  miles  west  and  5  miles 
south  of;  iron  post  stamped  "  Prim  Trav.  Sta.  No.  14, 1908,  Illinois". 

T.  1  N.,  R.  13  W., cor  sees.  20,  21,  28  and  29,  cross  roads 

T.  1  N.,  R.13  W.,corsecs.21,22,  27,  and  28,  center  of  cross  roads 

T.  1  N.,  13  W.,  stone  cor.  sees.  22,  23,  26  and  27 

T.  1  N.,  R.  13  W.,  cor  sees.  23,  24,  25  and  26,  T  road  west 

T.  1  N.,  R.  12  W.,  cor  sees.  19,  20,  29  and  30,  center  of  T  road  east 

Patton,  on  east  side  of  T  road  west,  1  mile  north  and  .5  mile  west  of: 
elevation  416;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  15,  1908 
Illinois  " '. 

T.  1  N.,  R.  12  W.,  cor  sees.  20,  21,  28  and  29,  center  of  T  road  west. . . . 


29  48.1 

29  47.3 

29  47.4 

29  46.9 

29  46.0 

29  45.2 

29  43.2 


29    42.8 
29    42.8 


87  53  31.1 

87  52  24.1 

87  52  24.4 

87  51  16.8 

87  50  09.9 

87  49  01.2 

87  46  45.3 


87    45    36.5 
87    45    36.8 


Magnetic  declination  of  north  border  of  quadrangle  3°  47'  east. 


180 


YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1908. 

ViNCENNES    QUADEANGLE. 


[BULL.   NO.  14 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  WEST  BORDER  OF 
QUADRANGLE. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Patton,  at  southeast  corner  of  T  road  west,  1.25  miles  north  and  .5 
miles  east  of;  15  feet  north  and  20  feet  west  to  center  of  T  road;  iron 
post  stamped  ''Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  16,  1908,  Illinois" 

o             /                // 

38    29    54.5 
38    30    34.3 
38    31    27.3 

38    32    20.0 
38    33    14.9 
38    33    14.9 

38    34    06.8 
38    35    25.4 

87    44    29  8 

TIN    R  12  W    cor  sees  15  16,  21  and  22 

87    44    30  7 

T.  1  N.,  R.  12  W.,  cor  sees.  9,  10,  15  and  16,  center  of  cross  roads 

T.  1  N.,  R.  12  W.,  cor  sees.  3, 4,  9  and  10,  center  of  T  road  west  at  school 
house                        

87    44    31.8 
87    44    32  6 

TIN    R  12  W    stone  corner  sees  3  and  4  (north  corner) 

87    44    33  4 

T  2N    R  12  W.,  stone  cor  sees.  33  and  34  (south  corner) 

87    44    29  3 

T.  2  N.,  R.  12  W.,  cor  sees.  27,  28,  33  and  34,  Lawrence-Wabash  county 
line                                               

87    44    28  5 

87    44    27  0' 

Magnetic  declination  west  border  of  quadrangle  3°  50'  east. 


OLNEY 


BRIDGEPORT 


3°  47' 


MT.  CARMEL 


VINCENNES 


Baldwin,  Chester,  Renault  and  Sparta  Quadrangles — St.  Clair,  Ban- 
dolpJi  and  Monroe  Counties.— The  following  geograpliic  positions  were 
determined  by  primary  traverse  in  1908  by  J.  R.  Ellis,  assistant  topo- 
grapher. The  line  starts  from  primary  traverse  station  mark  No.  18, 
1907,  and  follows  public  highways  near  the  east  border  of  quadrangles 
to  point  twO'  miles  south  of  Blair,  thence  west  to  point  near  Missouri 
Junction  and  north  via  Marigold,  Ruma  and  Red  Bud  to  primary  tra- 
verse station  mark  No.  31,  1907 : 


HERRON.] 


TOPOGRAPHIC   SURVEYS. 


181 


Baldwin  Quadrangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  SOUTH  BORDER  OF 
QUADRANGLE. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Louis  Krang's  mail  box,  center  of  T  road  east  at 

38    00    43.1 

38    00    30.5 
38    00    30.9 
38    00    03.1 

38    00    19.2 

38    01    11.6 
38    01    41.3 

89  45  52.3 
89     46     5Q  R 

Methodist  church,  T  road  north,  0.2  miles  west  of,  20  feet  north  to  center 
of  bridge      

T.  6  S.,  R.  6  W.,  J  corner  between  sees.  17  and  18,  T  road  south 

T.  6  S.,  R.  7  W.,  cor  sees.  13  and  24  (east  corner)     

89  47  33.2 
89    48    57.8 

89    52    50  0 

Ellis  Grove,  near  center  of  triangle  formed  by  three  large  trees  and 
forks  of  road  at  Joseph  Labririe's  farm,  about  2  miles  east  of;  iron 
post  stamped  ''Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  3, 1908,  Illinois" 

Old  Blufl  Ferry,  at  corner  of  Jeff  Derouse's  garden  at  forks  of  road, 
about  f  mile  west  of;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  4, 
1908,  Illinois" 

89    58    32  'i 

St.  Louis  road  at  fork  of  road  up  bluff 

89    59    19  6 

Magnetic  declination  south  border  of  quadrangle  4°  51'  east. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  WEST  BORDER  OF 
QUADRANGLE. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Ruma.  at  southwest  corner  of  T  road  east  IJ  miles  south  of,  20  feet  east 
and  20  feet  north  to  center  of  T  road  east,  elevation  522;  iron  post 
stamped  " Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  6, 1908,  Illinois 

O              t                 II 

38    07    00.6 
38    08    06.4 

38    08    06.2 

38    11    36.3 
38    11    36.7 

38    12    57.8 

38    12    58  8 
38    13    20.6 
38    14    12.8 
38    14    39.0 

89    59    55  4 

T.  5  S.,  R.  8  W.  cor  sees.  4  and  5  (north  corner),  center  of  T  street  south 

Ruma,  at  soutneast  corner  of  cross  station,  25  feet  north  and  30  feet 

west  to  cor.  sees.  32  and  33  (south  corner)  T.  4  S.,  R.  8  W.,  elevation 

442;  iron  post  stamped  "  Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  7, 1908,  Illinois". 

Red  Bud,  at  southeast  corner  of  cross  roads,  1.5  miles  south  of,  30  feet 
north  and  30  feet  west  to  center  of  cross  roads,  elevation  460;  iron 
post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  9  1908,  Illinois" 

89  59  54.4 
89  59  51.9 
89    59    37  5 

T.  4  S.,  R.  8  W.,  cor  sees.  8,  9, 16  and  17 

89    59    54  4 

Red  Bud,  main  street  crossing  Mobile  and  Ohio  R.  R.  just  east  of 
station     

89    59    38  i 

Red  Bud,  at  west  side  of  main  street  and  just  north  of  M.  &  0.  R.  R., 
elevation  444;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  10, 1907,  Illi- 

89    59    38  8 

Randolph,  St.  Clair  county  line,  gate  post  supporting  iron  gate 

T.  3  S.,  R.  8  W.,  stone  cor  sees.  28,  29,  32  and  33 

89  59  33.3 
89    59    54  6 

Primary  Traverse  Station  No.  21, 1907,  Illinois  . 

89     59    54  8 

Magnetic  declination  east  border  of  quadrangle  4°  57'  east. 
Magnetic  declination  west  border  of  quadrangle  5°  02'  east. 


Chester  Quadrangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSTITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  NORTH  BORDER  OF 
QUADRANGLE. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

New  Palestine,  center  of  T  road  west,  0.5  mile  southwest  of      

O              1                 II 

37    59    37.0 

37    59    38.2 

37    59    32.0 
37    59    13.4 
37    58    43.6 

37    59    09.2 

37    58    59.4 
37    59    07.4 
37    59    51.1 

89    49    14  2 

New  Palestine,  center  of  T  road  east,  0.3  mile  south  and  0.8  mile  west 
of  7  feet  northwest  to  stone  corner 

89    50    19  9 

Guide  board  "ElUs  Grove  li  miles— Preston  8",  T  road  west,  20  feet 
east  to  Whiteoak.    .  .         

89    53    23  6 

T.  6  S.,  R.  7  W.,  icor.  between  sees.  20  and  29 

89    53    57  4 

Reilly  Lake  school  house,  road  opposite 

89    54    53  4 

Reilly  Lake  station,  road  crossing  Illinois  Southern  R.  R.,  0.5  mile 

89    55    39  0 

Reilly  Lake  station,  21  feet  northwest  of  blazed  tree,  about  200  feet 

south  of  Iron  Mt.  R.  R.,  0.35  mile  west  of;  spike  in  top  of  elm  post. . 

St.  Louis  road  at  T  road  east  (center  of)  Reilly  Lake  Ferry,  Okaw  river 

89    55    35.8 
89    57    19.8 
89    57    36  8 

Magnetic  declination  of  north  border  of  quadrangle  4°  51'  east. 


182 


YEAK-BOOK    FOR    1908. 
Renault  Quadeangle. 


[BULL.   KO.  14 


GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  EAST  BORDER  OF 
QUADRANGLE. 


Station. 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

0      /       // 

o 

/    // 

38  02  31.4 
38  02  59.0 
38  04  34.3 

90 
90 
90 

00  57.4 
00  17.2 
00  29.6 

38  04  47.9 
38  05  41.7 
38  06  21.8 

90 
90 
90 

00  23.3 
00  28.5 
00  11.8 

38  09  25.8 

90 

00  07.3 

Glascow  Farm,  T  road  northeast,  23  feet  due  south  to  well 

John  A.  Mudd's  residence,  center  of  T  road  southwest 

T.5  S.,  R.8  W.,  4  cor  between  sees.  20  and  29 

Marigold,  in  southeast  part  of  school  house  yard  at,  elevation  565;  iron 
post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  5,  1908,  Illinois" 

Marigold,  center  of  T  road  west,  1  mile  north  of 

Camp  creek,  center  of  bridge  over 

Buma,  at  T  road  west,  1.75  miles  north  of,  20  feet  south,and  20  feet 
east  to  center  of  T  road  west,  elevation  419;  iron  post  stamped 
" Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No.  8, 1908,  Illinois" 


Magnetic  declination  of  east  border  of  quadrangle  5°  02'  east. 
Sparta  Quadrangle. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITIONS  ALONG  HIGHWAYS  NEAR  WEST  BORDER  OF 
QUADRANGLE. 


Station. 


Latitude. 


Longitude, 


Center  of  crossing  of  north  and  south  and  northwest  and  southeast  roads 

White  Oak  station,  road  crossing  Illinois  Central  railroad 

T.  3  and  4  S .,  R.  6  W.,  cor  sees.  1 ,2, 35  and  36,  St.  Clair-Randolph  county 

line 

Sc  otland  school  house,  center  of  cross  roads,  0.25  mile  north  of 

T.  4  02.,  R.6  W,,cor.secs.ll,  12, 13  and  14 

T.4  S.,  R.  6  W.,  icor.  between  sees.  11  and  14,  T  road  south 

T.  4  S.,  R.  6  W.,  i  cor.  between  sees.  14  and  23  (stone corner),  cross  roads 
T.4S.,  R.  6  W.,  4  cor.  between  sees.  23  and  26,  T. road  east,  15  feet  south 

to  bridge 

Sparta,  at  east  side  of  T  road  west,  1  mile  north  of,  20  feet  west  to  center 

of  sec.  36,  T.4  S.,  R.  6  W.,  iron  post  stamped  "Prim.  Trav.  Sta.  No. 

1, 1908,  Illinois" 

T.  4  and  5  S.,  R.  6  W.,  I  cor  between  sees.  1  and  36,  T  road  east 

Sparta  station,  north  and  south  road-crossing  Mobile  &  Ohio  R.  R. 

about  400  feet  west  of 

T.5S.,  R.6  W.,  cor  sees.  11,  12,  13  and  14 

Cor.  sees.  13, 14,  23  and  24,  center  of  cross  roads,  about  0.3  mile  west  of. 

Blair,  center  of  cross  roads,  2  miles  north  of 

T.6  S.,  R.6  W.,  cor  sees.  26,  27,  34  and  35 

T.  5  and  6  S.,  R.  6  W.,  cor  sees.  2,  3,  34  and  35,  center  of  cross  roads  at 

Blair 

Blair,  at  northeast  corner  of  cross  roads,  2  miles  south  of,  25  feet  west 

and  15  feet  south  to  center  of  cross  roads;  iron  post  stamped  "Prim. 

Trav.  Sta.  No.  2, 1907,  Illinois" 


38 
38 

14 
13 

12.1 
41.1 

89 
89 

43 
43 

16.9 
33.3 

38 

38 
38 
38 
38 

13 
12 
11 
11 
10 

10.1 
17.1 

24.8 
25.0 
32.9 

89 
89 
89 
89 
89 

43 
43 
43 
43 
43 

18.7 
01.4 
18.6 
52.4 
52.1 

38 

08 

40.8 

89 

43 

52.6 

38 
38 

08 
07 

20.6 
56.0 

89 
89 

42 
42 

44.7 
44.9 

38 
38 
38 
38 
38 

07 
06 
05 
04 
03 

14.2 
12.5 
20.2 
27.3 
34.1 

89 
89 
89 
89 
89 

42 
43 
43 
44 
44 

45.0 
18.9 
45.7 
17.6 

28.5 

38 

02 

41.4 

89 

44 

29.3 

38 

00 

59.1 

89 

44 

28.1 

Magnetic  declination  of  west  border  of  quadrangle  4°  57'  east. 


BAINETAL.]  STUDIES   OF    ILLINOIS   COAL.  183 


STUDIES  OF  ILLINOIS  COAL. 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

Introduction;  by  H.  Foster  Bain 185 

Illinois  coal  as  a  type 186 

Statement  of  the  problem 187 

The  Coal  Resources  of  Illinois;  by  Frank  W.  DeWolf —  189 

Geographic  relations 189 

Production  and  reserves 189 

Geologic  relations 190 

Structure 190 

Stratigraphy 191 

General 191 

The  coals 192 

Mining  centers  and  districts 192 

Williamson.  Franklin  and  Perry  counties 192 

Sangamon,  Macoupin,  Christian,  Logan  and  Macon  counties 193 

St.  Clair,  Madison,  Clinton  and  Randolph  counties 193 

Vermilion  county 194 

Saline  county 194 

Fulton  and  Peoria  counties 195 

LaSalle,  Bureau  and  Grundy  counties , : . .  195 

Western  field 195 

The  Sampling  and  Analysis  of  Illinois  Coals;  by  J.  M.  Lindgren 196 

Introduction 196 

Methods  of  sampling 196 

Sampling  stock-piles 196 

Face-sampling 197 

Quartering 199 

Methods  of  keeping  samples 199 

Methods  of  analysis 200 

Air-drying  loss 200 

Oven-drying  loss 200 

Ash 200 

Volatile  matter;  fixed  carbon;  calorific  value 201 

Analysis  of  Illinois  coals 202 

The  Occluded  Gases  in  Illinois  Coals;  by  Perry  Barker 204 

Introduction 204 

Description  of  investigation 204 

Conclusions 210 


184        "  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  NO.  14 

Contents — Concluded. 

Page 

Mining-Wastes  and  Mining-Costs  in  Illinois;  by  George  S.  Rice , 211 

Introduction 211 

Causes  of  mining  waste 211 

General 211 

Cheapness  of  coal  in  place 212 

Low  market  prices 212 

Character  of  seam,  roof,  floor  as  determining  the  method  of  mining '. 215 

The  surface  subsidence  due  to  mining 218 

Interlaced  boundary  ownership 218 

Carelessness  in  mining  operations 219 

Remedies  for  waste  in  mining 219 

Possible  saving 219 

Filling  system 220 

Retreating  long- wall 220 

Estimate  of  costs 220 

Effect  of  introducing  new  system 221 

Legislation  needed •.  222 

Education  needed : 222 

The  Use  of  Illinois  Coals  for  Domestic  Purposes;  by  J.  M.  Snodgrass 223 

The  Smokeless  Combustion  of  Bituminous  Coal;  by  A.  Bement 229 

The  Weathering  of  Coal;  by  W.  F.  Wheeler 233 

Experimental  data 233 

Summary 236 

The  Modification  of  Coal  by  Low-Temperature  Distillation;  by  C.  K.  Francis 237 

Introduction 237 

Nitrogen , . : 237 

Steam 238 

Oxygen 239 

Generation  of  Power  from  Illinois  Coal  and  its  Electrical  Transmission  and  Use  by  The  Illinois 

Traction  System;  by  H.  C.  Hoagland 242 

Introduction 242 

Principal  power  houses 242 

The  Peoria  power  house 242 

The  Riverton  power  house 243 

Minor  power  houses  and  utilities 245 

Summary  and  Conclusions;  by  H.  Foster  Bain 247 

Coal  reserves 247 

Mining  costs  and  conditions '. 247 

Present  methods  of  utilization 247 

Possible  future  improvements 249 

Markets  for  Illinois  coals 249 


BAiN.l  INTEODUGTION   TO    STUDIES    OF   COAL.  185 


INTRODUCTION.! 


(By  H.  Foster  Bain.) 

The  recently  aroused  public  interest  in  the  conservation  of  our  natural 
resources  has  peculiar  importance  to  mining  men,  since  they  deal  with 
resources  which  are  stored  products.  Within  certain  limits,  the  fertility 
of  a  worn-out  soil  may  be  restored,  deforested  areas  can  be  replanted, 
one  year's  wasted  water  supply  is  followed  by  another;  but  coal  and  ores, 
once  taken  out,  cannot  be  mined  again,  and  should,  therefore  be  con- 
served with  especial  care.  This  means,  however,  not  that  mining  should 
be  restricted,  but  that  it  should  be  done  most  economically  and  with  the 
minimum  of  waste. 

As  a  first  step,  we  should  take  stock  of  our  reserves  and  study  our 
methods  of  production.  This  is  peculiarly  true  of  coal,  because  of  the 
intimate  relations  of  fuel  supply  and  industrial  supremacy,  the  speed 
with  which  our  coal-fields  are  being  exploited,  and  the  large  waste  at- 
tending the  mining  and  ultilization  of  coal.  In  1906,  according  to  the 
U.  S.  Greological  Survey,  the  value  of  the  total  mineral  production  of 
the  United  States  was  $1,902,517,565,  of  which  $513,079,809  was  de- 
rived from  the  coal  mines.  In  1907,  notwithstanding  the  unfavorable 
industrial  conditions  of  the  second  half  of  that  year,  the  coal  output 
of  the  country  was  480,450,042  tons,  valued  at  $614,831,549.  It  is  im- 
possible to  determine  exactly  the  waste  of  coal  attending  this  production ; 
but  it  is  perhaps  approximately  accurate  to  say  that,  for  each  ton  mined 
and  marketed,  another  ton  was  lost  in  the  processes  of  handling  and 
preparation,  or  abandoned  underground.  Engineers  know  that  the 
waste  in  burning  the  coal  was  even  greater.  In  short,  only  a  very  small 
proportion  of  the  energy  residing  in  our  coal-beds  is  utilized  under  pres- 
ent conditions. 

Any  effort  to  remedy  these  conditions  must  be  based  upon  careful 
studies  and  much  experimental  work.  The  TJ.  S.  Geological  Survey  has 
taken. the  lead,  so  far  as  relates  to  the  national  coal-researves ;  but  no 
single  organization  can  hope  to  do  all  the  work,  and  the  individual 
states  must  be  prepared  to  take  part  in  it.  In  Illinois  a  beginning  has 
already  been  made.  Through  the  State  Engineering  Experiment  Station 
and  the  State  Geological  Survey,  various  problems  relating  to  the  occur- 
rence, production,  and  utilization  of  Illinois  coals  are  being  studied.  In 
the  papers  which  follow^  some  of  the  results  of  these  investigations  are 


^  Most  of  the  following  papers  were  read  at  the  Chattanooga  meeting  of  the  American  Institute  of  Min- 
ing Engineers,  October,  1908. 


186 


YEAE-BOOK   FOE    1909. 


[BULL.   NO.  14 


given^  supplemented  by  discussions  of  certain  phases  of  the  subject  by 
Messrs.  Eice  and  Bement,  engineers  especially  familiar,  through  private 
practice,  with  the  particular  questions  involved. 

Illinois  has  a  large  interest  in  everything  relating  to'  coal.  Though 
far  behind  Pennsylvania  in  present  production,  it  ranks  second  among 
the  states,  with  an  output  in  1907  of  51,317,146  tons,  valued  at  $54,- 
687,382.  In  the  amount  of  its  coal-reserves  it  undoubtedly  outranks  any 
eastern  or  central  state,  and  its  geographic  position  adds  importance  to 
the  fact. 

Illinois  Coal  as  a  Type. 

The  character  and  composition  of  Illinois  coals  has  been  discussed  in 
some  detail  by  Prof.  S.  W.  Parr,^  who  has  especially  pointed  out  the 
inert  character  of  a  large  amount  of  the  volatile  matter  present.  Table 
I  is  an  average  analysis  based  on  24  analyses,  or  averages  of  analyses, 
of  face-samples,  made  by  the  State  Geological  Survey.  The  individual 
analyses  have  been  weighted  in  proportion  to  the  production  of  the 
various  counties,  and  the  figures  are  all  based  on  the  coal  as  received, 
including  mine-moisture  and  occluded  gas.  Detailed  analyses  are  given 
on  later  pages. 

Table  I. — Average  Analyses  of  Illinois  Coal. 


Moisture. 
Per  Cent. 

Volatile. 
Per  Cent. 

Fixed 
Carbon. 
Per  Cent. 

Ash. 
Per  Cent. 

Sulphur. 
Per  Cent. 

Calorific 

Capacity. 

B.t.u. 

12.60 

35.99 

41.  2 

10.51 

3.22 

11,046 

Table  II  gives  the  composition  of  commercial  deliveries  in  Chicago 
from  a  number  of  representative  Illinois  mines  compared  with  face- 
samples.  The  figures  of  lump,  mine-run  and  screenings  represent  in  each 
case  the  average  of  a  large  tonnage,  as  actually  delivered  and  sampled 
by  the  Fuel  Engineering  Co.  For  comparison,  analyses  of  face-samples 
from  the  same  mines  are  included  in  the  table. 


Table  II. — Average  Composition  of  Illinois  Coals. 

liveries.) 


{Commercial  Be- 


Samples. 

Sulphur. 
Percent. 

Moisture. 
Per  cent. 

Dry  ash. 
Per  cent. 

Cal.cap.  (dry) 
B.t.u. 

Number 
of  mines. 

Face      .  . 

3.35 
3.08 
3.10 
3.90 

12.27 
10.40 
11.60 
13.80 

10.88 
10.7 
15.50 
19.10 

12,779 
12,827 
11,990 
11,319 

22 

Lump                .  .  . 

14 

Mine  run 

Screenings 

14 
19 

i  Bulletin  No.  3,  Illinois  State  Geological  Survey,  pp.  27  to  79  (1906). 


BAIN.]  INTEODUCTION   TO    STUDIES   OF   COAL.  187 

In  making  comparisons  it  should  be  noted  that  both  the  ash  and  the 
B.t.Ti.  values  are  calculated  on  a  "dry-coar^  basis.  In  later  pages  face- 
samples  from  various  parts  of  the  State  are  considered. 

Briefly^  all  Illinois  coals  are  bituminous^  and,  as  contrasted  with 
their  principal  market-competitors,  are  relatively  high  in  sulphur,  ash, 
moisture,  and  volatile  matter.  Moreover,  as  Professor  Parr  has  pointed 
out,  40  per  cent,  of  the  volatile  matter,  or  14  per  cent,  of  the  whole 
coal,  is  non-combustible,  as  contrasted  with  22  and  4.2  per  cent,  respec- 
tively, in  the  case  of  Pocahontas,  Va.,  coal,  and  47  and  21.63  per  cent, 
in  North  Dakota  lignite.  Illinois  coals  are  essentially  free-burning  and 
non-coking.  They  are  mainly  used  for  heating  and  power-generation, 
and  have  no  large  or  direct  use  in  metallurgy.  The  amount  of  suphur 
present  precludes  their  use  for  furnace-coke  and  complicates  the  problem 
of  storage.  The  large  proportion  of  volatile  introduces  a  smoke-problem 
when  the  coals  are  burned  in  cities,  and  the  high  content  in  ash  also  de- 
tracts from  their  value.  Despite  all  these  facts,  they  have  a  high  average 
value  for  miscellaneous  heating  and  for  steam-generation,  and  many 
of  them  are  excellently  adapted  for  use  in  gas-producers.  In  a  general 
way,  it  may  be  said  that  the  Illinois-Indiana  coals  are  not  inherently  as 
valuable  as  the  coals  of  the  Appalachian  basin,  but  more  valuable  than 
those  of  the  Michigan  and  Western  Interior  fields,  excepting  limited 
areas  in  western  Arkansas  and  eastern  WKiahoma. 

Statement  of  the  Probleim. 

To  estimate  the  position  of  Illinois  coals  in  the  markets  of  the  future, 
the  following  topics  must  be  considered:  (1)  the  distribution  and 
amount  of  coal  available  in  the  field:  (2)  the  quality  of  the  coal;  (3) 
mining  conditions  and  costs;  (4)  present  methods  of  utilization;  (5) 
possible  future  methods  of  utilization;  and  (6)  the  relations  of  the 
deposits  to  markets. 

A  complete  discussion  of  all  these  factors  is  at  present  impracticable. 
In  the  present  series  of  papers  the  first  has  been  briefly  considered  by 
P.  W.  DeWolf,  Assistant  State  Grcologist.  Certain  phases  of  the  second 
are  discussed  by  Messrs.  Lindgren  and  Barker  on  the  basis  of  work 
done  under  direction  of  Professor  Parr  for  the  State  Survey  and  the 
Experiment  Station.  The  third  is  discussed  by  G.  S.  Rice,  Consulting 
Engineer.  The  fourth  is  discussed  in  two  papers,  the  first  of  which, 
treating  of  the  domestic  consumption  of  coal,  has  been  prepared  by  J. 
M.  Sno'dgrass  as  a  result  of  work  being  done  under  the  direction  of  L. 
P.  Breckenridge  of  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station.  The  problem 
of  burning  Illinois  coals  without  smoke,  a  most  important  one  in  such 
a  consideration  as  the  present,  is  taken  up  by  A.  Bement,  Consulting 
Engineer.  The  possible  future  methods  of  utilization  of  our  coals  have 
some  light  shed  on  them  through  the  discussion  of  the  weathering  of  coal 
by  W.  P.  Wheeler  and  the  artificial  modification  of  coal  at  low  tempera- 
tures by  C.  K.  Francis.     Both  papers  are  based  upon  work  done  under 


138  YEAB-BOOK   FOE   1908.  [B^^-I-  "»•  " 

Professor  Parr  in  the  laboratories  of  tlie  University  of  Illinois.  Pmally, 
rSve  pointed  out  in  a  general  way  the  relations  of  the  coal-field  to 

*^  WhiStre  are  many  obvious  gaps  in  this  symposium,  it  is  hoped  that 
the  nape^  forrSng  it  will  give  information,  important  no  only  to 
produ  ers  and  user?  of  Illinois  coals,  but  to  many  others  as  well. 


STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


BULL.  NO.  14,  PL.  2. 


JERSE: 


Q//////,GiM&\  lie  Y/y/y//X6'/A/L'Jv//K'^^^-(4o^/ 


RICHL-ANP'Jtawrenc 


-mw^ 


r^ 


mmm0m^-^--^ 


Upper  Coal  :jleasures 
Lower  Coal  Measures        l^ 


^ILLlAMSONj 

UNION  i^i,-ri,l  ^^/^ 

ALEX- 
^ANDERr""-"*S^WAS8ACV 


Lonsitiide  West         90'     from  Gr 


PULASKI, 

Virolj^-  E 


i^^    N 


Oa, 


80- 


Map  Showing  Upper  and  Lower  Coal  Measures. 


DE  WOLF,] 


COAL    RESOUKOES    OF    ILLINOIS. 


189 


THE  COAL  RESOURCES  OF  ILLINOIS. 

(By  Frank  W.  DeWolf.^) 


Geographic  Eelations. 

Coal-bearing  rocks  underlie  three-fourths  of  Illinois^  including  85 
of  its  102  counties.  The  coal  area  may  be  estimated  at  from  36,000  to 
42,000  square  miles — the  largest  area  of  bituminous  coal  within  any 
single  state.  The  unproductive  part,  as  shown  in  PL  2,  includes  the 
northern  one-fifth,  a  narrow  belt  bordering  the  Mississippi  river,  and 
a  half-dozen  small  counties  at  the  southern  extremity. 

Production  and  Keseryes. 

The  production  in  1907,  according  to  the  U.  S.  Greological  Survey, 
was  51,317,146  tons,  with  a  spot  value  of  $54,687,382— the  largest  pro- 
duction so  far  reached,  representing  a  gain  of  23.7  per  cent  over  that  of 
1906.  Illinois  thus  ranks  second  among  producing  states,  a  position 
which  it  has  held  for  twenty-three  years,  except  in  1906,  when  West 
Virginia;  on  account  of  labor  conditions.,  ranked  second.  There  are 
more  than  400  shipping  mines  scattered  through  fifty-two  counties,  and 
thirty-three  other  counties  are  probably  underlain  by  coal,  but  as  yet  not 
commercially  developed. 

Considering  the  production  of  the  State  for  the  past  thirty  years,  in 
five-year  totals,  shown  in  Table  I,  minor  fluctuations  are  lessened  and 
the  rapid  strides  of  increase  are  made  prominent. 

Table  I. — Production  from  1878  to  1907  in  5-year  Totals. 
(Eound  Numbers.) 


Years. 

Tons. 
Production. 

Increase. 

Tons. 

Percent. 

1878-1882 

32,651,000 
59,764,000 
75,247,000 
78,377,000 
131,077,000 
204,646,000 

1883-1887 

27,113,000 
15,483,000 
3,130,000 
52,700,000 
73.569,000 

83.0 

1888-1892 

25.9 

1893-1897 

4  1 

1898-1902 

67.3 

1903-1907 

56  i 

Assistant  State  Geologist. 


190  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908.  Fbull.  no.  14 

While  the  total  production  has  steadily  increased,  the  percentage  rate 
of  increase  has,  on  the  whole,  diminished,  and  this  has  been  interpreted 
by  Parker,  Fleming,  and  others  to  mean  that,  under  present  commercial 
tendencies,  there  will  come,  many  years  hence,  for  every  producing  state, 
a  time  when  the  rate  of  increase  will  be  zero,  and  after  which  the  total 
production  will  slowly  diminish.  Doubtless  many  factors  will  arise  to 
modify  the  operation  of  this  tendency,  and  in  the  case  of  Illinois  the 
exhaustion  of  the  coal-resources  lies  far  in  the  future. 

Estimates  have  recently  been  made  of  the  total  amount  of  coal  orig- 
inally under  the  State,  and  the  amount  still  remaining.  Such  calcula- 
tions are  extremely  uncertain;  but,  assuming  the  exploitation  of  all 
coal-beds  twenty-four  inches  or  more  in  thickness,  and  estimating  ac- 
cording to  present  knowledge  the  thickness  of  each  seam,  the  conclu- 
sions given  in  Table  II  may  be  regarded  as  reasonable  and  prudent, 
though  subject  to  revision. 

Table  II. — Estimate  of  Illinois  Goal-Resources. 
(Round  Numbers.) 


Tons. 

Original  coal      .  .      .                             

136,966,000,000 

Mined  to  close  of  1907                                ....         .            .... 

645,868,309 
245,429,957 

Wasted  to  close  of  1907  (at  62  per  cent  recovery) 

Mined  and  wasted  to  close  of  1907            . .                         

891,000,000 

Total  reserves .                                                              .... 

136,075,000,000 

The  largest  area  within  which  the  amount  of  coal  present  is  uncertain 
occupies  the  east  central  counties,  where  drill-records  are  scattered. 
A  recent  estimate  by  M.  R.  Campbell  of  the  IT.  S.  G-eological  Survey 
includes  beds  twenty  inches  and  more  in  thickness,  and  places  the  orig- 
inal supply  at  240,000,000,000  tons. 

Geologic  Relations. 

The  Illinois  coal-region  comprises  about  three-fourths  of  the  Eastern 
Interior  field,  the  remainder  lying  in  neighboring  parts  of  Indiana  and 
Kentucky.  It  may  once  have  been  continuous  with  the  Appalachian, 
Northern  Interior,  and  Western  Interior  fields.  There  is  great  resem- 
uiance  to  the  stratigraphy  of  the  Indiana-Kentucky  areas;  and  struc- 
turally the  Eastern  Interior  basin  is  a  unit.  The  geology  of  the  coal- 
fields is  now  being  studied  in  detail  by  the  State  and  U.  S.  Geological 
Surveys  in  cooperation.  The  data  here  given  were  obtained  in  the 
course  of  this  study. 

STRUCTURE. 

Generalized  cross-sections  of  the  Illinois  field,  compiled  by  several 
geologists,  show  it  to  be  spoon-shaped,  the  beds  dipping  gently  towards 


DEWOLF.]  COAL    RESOUEOES   OF    ILLINOIS.  191 

a  long  axis  which  lies  a  short  distance  west  of  LaSalle  and  continues  a 
little  east  of  south  to  the  southwest  county  of  Indiana.  The  deepest 
part  of  the  basin  is  in  the  vicinity  of  White  county,  and  from  here  the 
strata  rise  more  rapidly  to  the  south  than  to  the  north,  averaging  over 
a  considerable  distance  forty  feet,  and  locally  100  feet  per  mile.  The 
sides  of  the  ^^spoon"  show  some  minor  longitudinal  folds,  notably  the 
anticline  which  runs  from  LaSalle  through  the  Illinois  oil-field  towards 
Princeton,  Ind.,  a  steep  monocline  at  Duquoin,  and  a  gentle  anticline 
at  Belleville.  The  southern  margin  of  the  basin  shows  numerous  minor 
faults  and  at  least  one  of  consequence,  which  runs  west  and  a  little 
south  from  Shawneetown,  and  has  a  down-throw  to  the  north  of  over 
1,000  feet.  This  separates  the  greater  part  of  the  basin  from  a  narrow 
southern  belt  of  rugged  country,  characterized  by  massive  sandstones, 
but  containing  local  areas  of  thick  coal.  Igneous  dikes  and  other  features 
along  the  southern  margin  of  the  basin  indicate  that  the  structure  of  the 
coal-field  is  in  part  related  to  the  erogenic  movements  of  southern  Illi- 
nois and  western  Kentucky. 

This  structure  has  localized  active  mining  around  the  edges  of  the 
basin,  where  the  coal  is  most  easily  reached.  Since,  in  the  lowest  area, 
the  thick  coal-beds  lie  1,200  feet  or  more  below  the  surface^  they  will 
probably  not  be  utilized  there  for  some  time. 

STRATIGRAPHY. 

General  Btraiigra'phy . — ^The  rocks  of  the  Coal  ivieasures  or  Pennsyl- 
vanian  series  consist  of  alternating  beds  or  lenses  of  shale  and  sandstone, 
with  which  are  mingled  thinner  strata,  of  limestone,  coal,  and  fire-clay 
There  appear  to  be  three  general  divisions  of  the  rocks : 

(1)  A  basal  portion,  composed  chiefly  of  massive  sandstones,  and^ 
aecording  to  David  White,  corresponding  in  age  to  the  Pottsville  form- 
ation of  the  Appalachian  trough.  This  has  a  thickness  of  650  feet 
or  more  in  Johnson  and  Hardin  counties,  but  diminishes  rapidly  to 
the  west  and  north,  being  nearly  or  quite  absent  over  much  of  the  State. 
Coal  No'.  1  of  the  western  counties  lies  near  the  top  of  this  formation. 
Lower  coals  occur  in  southeastern  Illinois  and  western  Kentucky,  and 
some  of  these  were  formerly  mined. 

(2)  The  second  division  extends  from  Coal  No.  2  of  the  western 
and  northern  counties  to  Coal  No.  7,  and  thus  includes  all  the  seams 
mined  for  shipment  in  the  State.  It  is  dominated  by  shale  and  contains 
a  subordinate  amount  of  sandstone.  In  age,  it  corresponds  closely  to  the 
Allegheny  formation  or  Lower  Productive  Measures  of  Pennsylvania, 
since,  on  the  basis  of  plant-fossils,  Coal  No.  7  lies  at  or  near  the  Upper 
Freeport,  and  No.  2  near  the  Kittanning  horizon.  This  formation  ex- 
tends over  nearly  the  whole  coal-area,  but  its  lower  beds  are  not  well 
known  in  the  central  part  of  the  basin.  At  Peoria  the  total  thickness  is 
about  200  feet,  and  at  Mattoon  it  appears  to  be  300'  feet. 

(3)  The  third  and  topmost  division  is  dominated  by  shales,  and  con- 
tains no  coals  of  present  importance,  though  some  are  locally  mixed  on  a 
small  scale.     It  occupies  much  of  the  coal-area,  and  reaches  its  greatest 


192  YEAE-BOOK   FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

thickness  (1,200  feet  or  more)  in  the  vicinity  of  Hamilton  and  White 
coiinties.  From  275  to  350  feet  above  its  base  occurs  the  Carlinville 
limestone,  which,  in  the  earlier  State  geological  work,  was  accepted  as 
a  dividing  line  between  the  Upper  and  Lower  Coal  Measures. 

The  total  thickness  of  the  Pennsylvania  rocks  probably  exceeds  2,000 
feet,,  but  around  the  edges  of  the  basin  much  has  been  removed  by 
erosion,  and  in  a  large  part  of  the  State  the  basal  division  is  thin  or 
absent.  David  White,  who  has  contributed  largely  to  recent  studies  of 
it,  has  shown  that  the  earliest  beds  were  deposited  in  a  restricted  area  in 
the  southeastern  counties,  and  that  the  favorable  conditions  for  deposi- 
tion of  the  Coal  Measures  gradually  spread  over  the  State,  overlapping 
the  eroded  surface  of  the  rocks,  which  are  progressively  older  to  the 
north. 

The  Goals. — In  the  work  of  early  State  surveys  the  Illinois  coals  were 
numbered  from  1,  at  the  bottom,  to  16,  at  the  top,  and  the  same  method 
was  used  in  Kentucky,  where,  however,  additional  beds  of  the  lower  coals 
were  found.  The  numbers,  therefore,  are  confusing;  Illinois  ISTos.  5  and 
7  being  identical  respectively  with  Kentucky  Nos.  9  and  11.  Even  in 
Illinois  the  numbers  have  been  incorrectly  assigned,  and  the  same  bed 
is  now  known  under  several  numbers.  Thus,  Coal  No.  7  of  Saline  and 
Williamson  counties  is  undoubtedly  the  seam  known  as  No.  6  and  7 
at  Duquoin,  and  as  No.  6  in  the  Belleville  region,  and  is  probably  the 
same  as  No.  6  at  Peoria  and  No.  5  south  of  Chatham.  The  tracing  of 
the  Illinois  coals  is  one  of  the  interesting  studies  now  in  progress.  Satis- 
factory work  seems  possible  on  the  horizon  of  Coal  No.  2,  which  White 
has  found  present  from  the  northern  long-wall  district  through  the 
western  belt  of  counties  to  Murph3^sboro ;  and  also  on  the  so-called  ^^Blue 
Band^^  seam,  called  in  different  localities,  as  already  remarked,  Nos. 
5,  6,  and  7.  Other  beds  of  reasonable  persistence  will  probably  be  found ; 
but  most  of  the  Pennsylvania  rocks  seem  to  constitute  "interfingering'' 
lenses  of  comparatively  local  extent.  There  are  at  least  four  coal-seams 
of  wide  distribution,  and  from  3  to  9  feet  thick,  besides  others  of  local 
importance. 

MINING  GENTEES  AND  DISTEICTS. 

The  state  may  perhaps  be  divided  into  natural  districts  on  the  basis 
of  the  varying  fuel-value  of  the  coals ;  and  this  study  is  now  under  way. 
The  following  notes,  however,  relate  to  important  geographical  districts 
or  mining  centers  recognized  by  the  trade.  The  use  of  numbers  does 
not  imply  correct  correlation  of  the  beds. 

Williamson,  FramMin  and  Ferry  Counties. — Williamson  county  led 
the  production  of  the  State  in  1907  with  more  than  5,500,000  tons,  and 
its  coal  has  a  rapidly  growing  market.  No.  7,  the  Blue  Band  seam, 
which  is  from  5  to  10  feet  thick,  averaging  nine  feet  over  a  large 
area,  is  the  greatest  producer.  The  top-coal,  about  twenty  inches  thick, 
is  frequently  left  to  support  the  shale  roof,  and  locally  is  withdrawn  after 
the  rooms  have  been  mined  out.  The  "blue  band"  is  a  clay  or  shale 
parting  from  one  to  two  inches  thick,  and  about  twenty  inches  above  the 


DEWOLF.J  COAL    RESOURCES   OF    ILLINOIS.  193 

floor.  There  is  a  general  northeast  dip^  amounting  to  sixty  feet  per  mile 
in  the  central  part  of  the  county.  Local  faults  occur,  sometimes  with 
from  twenty  to  thirty  feet  displacement.  The  seam  outcrops  near 
Marion,  but  elsewhere  is  reached  by  shafts,  usually  from  100  to  200  feet 
deep.  There  is  no  sharp  line  between  this  field  and  its  neighbors.  The 
same  seam  is  known  in  Perry  and  Franklin  counties  and  in  counties  to 
the  east.  It  maintains  an  approximate  uniformity  in  physical  character 
and  thickness,  but  varies  from  place  to  place  in  fuel-value.  At  Duquoin 
on  the  west  it  is  nearly  horizontal,  but  on  the  east  it  dips  rapidly  and 
becomes  thicker  and  somewhat  better  in  quality.  At  Spillertown,  an- 
other seam,  four  feet  thick,  is  mined  sixty  feet  below  No.  7.  This  seam 
is  probably  equivalent  to  No.  5  of  Saline  county,  and  if  we  may  judge 
from  borings,  may  have  a  wide  distribution  in  the  Williamson  county 
district. 

Sangamon,  Macoupin,  ClirisUan^,  Logan  and  Macon  Counties. — The 
Springfield  district,  extending  into  several  adjoining  counties,  has  long 
been  one  of  the  most  important.  Sangamon  county  produced  more 
than  5,000,000  tons  in  1907.  The  coal  of  the  district  is  commonly 
Known  as  No.  5,  though  recent  work  by  Mr.  Savasje  and  the  writer  tends  to 
confirm  the  suggestion  made  by  Messrs.  Bement,^  Ilice,^  et-al.,  that  there 
are  probably  two  distinct  beds  mined  in  the  district.  No.  5  in  the  area 
north  of  Chatham  and  No.  6  south  of  that  town.  No.  5  is  cut  by  num- 
erous vertical  clay  veins  from  a  few  inches  to  four  feet  in  thickness,  and 
lacks  the  "blue  band^^  which  characteristically  occurs  near  the  floor  of 
No.  6.  Both  beds  may  have  a  limestone  cap-rock  within  a  few  feet  of  the 
coal.  These  coals  are  thought  to  be  of  the  same  age  as  Nos.  5  and  6 
of  the  Peoria  region,  and  the  upper  bed.  No.  6,  is  probably  the  same  as 
No.  6  of  Belleville  and  No.  7  of  Williamson  county.  No.  5  lies  about 
250  feet  below  the  surface  in  the  vicinity  of  Springfield,  at  425  feet  at 
Mount  Olive  on  the  south,  and  at  600  feet  at  Decatur  on  the  east.  The 
average  thickness  is  a  little  less  than  six  feet  at  Springfield,  about  4.5 
feet  at  Decatur,  and  from  six  to  eight  feet  in  Macoupin  county.  There 
are  three  higher  coals,  all  too  thin  to'  be  mined  at  present,  and  lying 
respectively,  50,  100  and  175  feet  above  No.  5.  There  are  likewise  sev- 
eral coals  below  No.  5,  but  drilling  has  not  been,  adequate  to  determine 
meir  commercial  values.  At  Eiverton  to  the  east  a  diamond-drill  record 
reports  two  seams,  each  measuring  about  thirty-two  inches,  lying  125  and 
250  feet,  respectively,  below  No.  5.'  There  are  also  several  other  coals, 
which  locally  may  develop  into  thick  seams.  A  4-foot  bed  is  reported  to 
occur  in  this  vicinity  at  a  depth  of  320  feet  below  No.  5,  but  is  known 
only  from  a  churn-drill  record. 

St.  Clair,  ^,j.aSson,  Clinton  and  Randolph  Counties. — St.  Clair  county 
produced  more  than  4,500,000  tons  in  1907.  This  district,  known  as- 
the  Belleville  district,  is  not  sharply  set  off  from  its  neighbors,  since  the 
same  coal-bed  is  mined  under  similar  conditions  in  adjoining  counties. 


i  state  Geological  Survey,  Bulletin  No.  3,  p.  19. 
2  This  Bulletin,  p.  1127. 


—13  G 


194  YEAK-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

It  is  again  the  "Blue  Band"  seam,  with  its  parting  near  the  base,  and 
its  limestone  caprock,  nsually  above  the  slate,  bnt  in  some  places  directly 
overlying  the  coal  itself.  The  thickness  is  from  five  to  seven  feet  over 
much  of  this  area,  and  the  seam  is  reached  by  shafts  from  100  to  300 
feet  deep.  It  outcrops  west  of  Belleville,  and  is  eroded  from  the  western 
part  of  the  county.  The  general  dip  of  the  beds  in  St.  Clair  county,  as 
demonstrated  by  the  recent  work  of  Dr.  J.  A.  Udden,  is  eastward,  from 
ten  to  twenty  feet  per  mile.  Local  variations  are  frequent,  and  faults 
of  six  feet  displacement  have  been  observed;  but  the  general  conditions 
are  uniform.  As  to  quality,  analyses  of  face-samples  indicate  considerable 
irregular  variation,  so  that  no  average  can  be  given  for  the  entire  dis- 
trict. Borings  indicate  the  presence  of  two  deeper  seams,  one  about 
fifty  and  the  second  from  100  to  150  feet  below  No.  6 ;  but  their  gen- 
eral workability  has  not  been  demonstrated. 

Vermilion  County. — During  1907  Vermilion  county  produced  nearly 
3,000,000  tons.  It  has  long  been  an  important  area,  shipping  princi- 
pally to  the  Chicago  market.  As  described  by  M.  E.  Campbell,^  there 
are  three  persistent  coal-seams,  two  of  which  are  worked.  The  top  or 
Danville  bed  (No.  7)  appears  west  of  Vermilion  river,  and  is  mined 
along  the  outcrop  and  by  shafts  from  75  to  200  feet  deep.  It  is  about 
six  feet  thick  around  Danville,  but  more  nearly  three  feet  ten  miles 
further  south.  A  band  of  bone  or  clay,  lying  from  6  to  20  inches  above 
the  floor,  occurs  in  some  of  the  reported  sections.  The  G-rape  Creek 
coal  (No.  6)  lies  from  20  to  80  feet  below  the  Danville,  and  is  more 
important.  It  becomes  thicker  southward  from  Danville,  and  covers 
many  square  miles  with  a  thickness  of  from  6  to  9  feet.  A  band  of 
shale  or  sulphur  frequently  occurs  about  two  feet  above  the  floor.  Sev- 
eral borings  have  shown  a  seam  from  185  to  220  feet  below  the  Grape 
Creek,  and  from  4  to  8  feet  thick,  but  badly  broken  by  bands  of  shale 
and  limestone. 

Saline  County. — Saline  county  is  one  of  the  newest  and  most  rapidly 
growing  producers.  In  1907  its  output  was  about  2,125,000  tons,  a  gain 
of  125  per  cent  upon  1906.  There  are  two  seams,  Nos.  7  and  5,  underly- 
ing the  northern  two-thirds  of  this  county  and  much  of  Grallatin  on  the 
east,  each  approximately  five  feet  thick,  and  lying  from  90  to  150 
feet  apart  vertically.  The  upper  is  the  Blue  Band  coal,  which  runs  west 
into  Williamson  county  and  north  into  White  and  Hamilton.  The  lower 
seam'  is  free  from  regular  bands  and  has  considerably  higher  heating- 
value,  though  in  this  respect  the  upper  seam  also  is  excellent.  The  seams 
outcrop  to  the  south,  and  have  a  general  northward  dip'  of  from  25  to 
75  feet  per  mile.  Thus,  the  coal  which  outcrops  at  Equality,  in  Grallatin 
county,  is  from  900  to  1,000  feet  deep  in  Hamilton  county,  twenty-five 
miles  north.  Farther  northeast,  diamond-drill  records  in  the  oil-fields 
indicate  the  presence  of  the  same  coals.  An  E.-W.  fault,  with  a  down- 
throw to  the  north  of  more  than  1,000  feet,  crosses  the  middle  of  Saline 
and  Gallatin  counties,  and  is,  perhaps,  related  to  some  minor  faults  and 
igneous  intrustions  in  this  district. 


I  Danville  Folio,  U  S.  Geological  Survey. 


DEWOLF.]  COAL    EESOURCES   OF    ILLINOIS.  195 

Fulton  and  Peoria  Counties. — Fulton  county  produced  more  than 
2^000,000  tons  in  1907^  and  Peoria  about  half  as  much.  No  recent  work 
has  been  done  by  the  Survey  in  Fulton,  but  Peoria  has  been  studied 
carefully  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Udden.  Here  the  principal  seam,  called  No.  5, 
is  from  4  to  4.5  feet  thick,  free  from  persistent  partings,  and  dips  gently 
SE.,  usually  about  five  feet,  and  only  locally  as  much  as  sixty  feet  per 
mile.  Shafts  reach  the  coal  at  from  75  to  150  feet.  In  all,  seven  beds 
are  present  here  within  300  feet  of  the  surface,  but  only  four  have  proved 
thick  and  persistent  enough  to  be  mined.  No;  1,  or  the  Lower  Potts- 
town,  is  about  250  feet  below  No.  5,  and  about  four  feet  thick,  but  is 
divided  by  a  shale-parting,  three  feet  thick,  about  fifteen  inches  below 
the  roof.  This  coal  is  no  longer  worked.  No.  2  is  about  130  feet  below 
No.  5  and  thirty  inches  thick.  It  is  worked  by  the  long-wall  method, 
and,  according  to  the  analysis  of  a  mine-sample,  appears  to  be  a  little 
better  in  quality  than  No.  5,  though  mining  conditions  may  render  the 
commercial  output  inferior.  No.  6  lies  70  feet  above  No.  5,  and  has 
the  characteristic  band  and  roof-materials  of  the  Blue  Band  seam,  var- 
iously named  Nos.  5,  6  and  7.  The  coal  is  a  little  less  than  four  feet 
thick,  but  lies  near  the  surface,  and  has  been  locally  faulted  and  broken, 
so  as  to  render  mining  difiicult. 

LaSalle,  Bureau  and  Grundy  Counties. — The  LaSalle  district  includes 
three  principal  counties  which  produce  together  more  than  5,000,000 
tons.  The  largest  production  is  obtained  by  long-wall  mining  from 
seam  No.  2,  or  the  "Third  Vein."  The  coal  averages  about  three  feet 
in  thickness,  and  is  blocky  and  of  good  quality.  The  method  of  mining 
introduces  considerable  ash  in  the  screenings,  and  washers  are  used.  The 
seam  is  reached  by  shafts  from  125  to  450  feet  deep.  About  140  feet 
above  No;  2  lies  the  seam,  four  feet  thick  (or  more),  called  No.  5  in 
former  reports.  About  forty  feet  above  it  lies  No.  7,  which  is  extensively 
worked  under  the  uplands  of  the  region  by  room-and-pillar  methods. 
The  geological  work  of  the  present  season  should  assist  in  the  correlation 
of  these  upper  beds  with  others  of  the  State,  and  bring  up  to  date  our 
knowledge  of  this  important  field. 

Western  Field. — The  coxmties  along  the  western  edge  of  the  •  State 
are  underlain  by  coals  No.  1  and  No.  2,  recently  traced  by  David  White 
from  LaSalle  and  Eock  Island  counties  on  the  north  to  Murphysboro 
on  the  south.  At  present,  mining  in  these  counties  is  largely  from  No. 
2,  for  local  use.  The  lower  seams  usually  measure  from  2  to  3  feet 
only,  but  the  highlands  contain  areas  of  thicker  upper  coals  also.  In 
view  of  the  present  and  future  development  of  the  clay  industries  of 
this  district,  the  coal  promises  to  be  of  great  importance.  The  clay  lies 
between  No.  1  and  No.  2,  at  the  horizon  of  the  famous  Chelthenham 
clav  of  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


196  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 


THE  SAMPLING  AND   ANALYSIS  OF  ILLINOIS  COALS. 

(By  J.   M.   LiNDGBEN.i) 


Introduction. 

Tlie  importance  of  accurate  sampling  is  evident.  No  matter  how 
careful,  the  analysis,  the  results  are  of  little  value  if  the.  sample  be  not 
truly  representative.  For  example,  if  a  sample  of  100  pounds  of  coal,, 
selected  for  quartering,  contains  a  piece  of  pyrite  larger  than  the  pieces 
of  coal,  and  weighing  three  pounds,  the  inclusion  of  this  pyrite  in  th& 
sample  would  increase  the  ash  by  about  three  pounds,  and  correspond- 
ingly raise  the  percentage  of  ash  shown  by  subsequent  analyses.  Such  a 
piece  of  pyrite  should  have  been  discarded  as  abnormal ;  yet,  had  it  been 
of  average  size  and  presumably  present  in  every  other  100-pound  sample- 
similarly  taken,  it  would  have  been  normal,  and  should  not  have  been 
discarded.  Another  mistake  is  made  in  sampling  when  the  best-looking 
piece  of  coal  is  selected  as  representative  of  the  pile.  Such  samples  are 
too  frequently  taken.  Still  another  improper  method  is  to'  select  por- 
tions from  different  parts  of  the  top  of  the  pile,  disregarding  the  coal 
underneath.  This  leads,  in  many  cases,  to  serious  errors,  because  the 
coal  underneath  is  very  likely  to  be  of  different  character  from  that  on 
the  top. 

•Methods  of  Sampling. 

SAMPLING  stock  PILES. 

Probably  the  most  common  method  of  sampling  coal  is  to  select 
definite  portions  from  different  parts  of  the  pile.  In  the  case  of  a  car- 
load of  coal,  sampled  as  it  is  unloaded,  a  good  method  is  to  select  every 
twenty-fifth  or  thirtieth  shovelful  from  different  portions  of  the  car. 
In  sampling  coal  as  it  comes  from  the  mine,  it  is  customary  to  select 
a  portion  from  each  lot  dumped  into  the  coal-chutes. 

W.  F.  Wheeler  and  Prof.  S.  W.  Parr  have  invented  a  sampler  which 
has  given  satisfactory  results  on  coal  of  small  size,  and  in  the  use  of 
which  it  is  unnecessary  to  handle  the  entire  pile.  It  is  made  in  two 
parts,  one  of  which  consists  of  a  heavy,  galvanized  iron  pipe,  six  feet  long 
and  eight  inches  in  diameter,  having  at  one  end  handles  for  revolving  it, 
and  at  the  other  end,  on  opposite  sides,  two  notches,  slightly  sharpened,. 
so  that,  when  the  pipe  is  revolved,  they  will  cut  into  the  coal.     The 


i  Assistant  Chemist,  Engineering  Experiment  Station. 


I.INDGREN.]        SAMPLING   AND   ANALYSIS   OF    ILLINOIS   COALS. 


197 


second  part  is  an  iron  rod,  slightl}^  longer  than  the  pipe  and  sharpened 
at  one  end,  to  which  end  is  securely  fastened  a  pipe  of  thin  galvanized 
iron  7  feet  by  5  inches  in  size,  which  will  just  fit  into  part  No.  1.  In- 
side this  pipe  is  a  series  of  sectional  shutters,  at  right  angles  to  the  rod, 
which  are  arranged  so  as  to  fold  fan-fashioned  when  operated  in  one 
direction,  but  to  unfold  and  close  the  opening  when  operated  in  the 
opposite  direction  through  the  turning  of  a  lever-arm  at  the  top  of  the 
iron  rod.  Part  ISTo.  2  also  has  handles  for  revolving.  The  apparatus  is 
used  as  follows :  Part  No.  1  is  showed  slightly  into  the  coal,  whereupon 
part  No.  2  is  inserted,  and,  by  revolving,  pushed  further  into  the  coal. 
When  the  interior  pipe  is  filled,  the  bottom  is  closed  by  means  of  the 
lever,  and  the  pipe  is  pulled  out  and  emptied  of  its  load  of  coal.  Part 
No.  1  is  then  pushed  still  farther  into  the  coal  and  a  second  portion  is- 
taken  out;  and  so  on,  until  the  bottom  of  the  pile  is  reached.  By  means 
of  part  No.  2  the  coal  is  removed  just  in  front  of  part  No.  1,  so  that  it 
€an  easily  be  advanced.  Such  a  device,  of  course,  can  only  operate  on 
small  sizes  of  coal. 

Table  I  gives  ash-determinations,  calculated  to  a  dry-coal  basis,  of 
<coal  sampled  in  the  three  ways  just  described. 

Table  I. — Dry  Ash  of  Coul  Sampled  hy  Three  Methods. 


Kind  of  CoaL 


From  coal- 
chutes. 
Percent. 


From  ears. 
Percent. 


From  bins. 
By  pipe 
sampler. 
Percent. 


Sangamon  egg 

■Sangamon  screenings 
Berrinegg , 

IHerrin  screenings 

"Westville  eggi 

Westville  screenings' 


17.87 
17.13 
14.32 
14.13 

10.55 

17.88 


16.63 
17.04 
14.90 
14.37 
13.98 
13.69 


17.45 

17.22 
14.32 
15.66 
14.21 
14.69 


FACE-SAMPLING. 

In  taking  a  sample  of  coal  which  is  to  represent  the  quality  of  coal  in 
the  mine,  it  is  extremely  difficult  tO'  get  a  face  of  coal  which  is  truly 
representative.  Such  a  sample  rarely  represents  the  quality  of  coal 
actually  mined,  principally  because  of  carelessness  in  mining.  The  re- 
sults obtained  at  the  St.  Louis  Exposition  Ftiel-Testing  Plant  showed 
that  the  usual  method  of  mine-sampling  cannot  be  relied  on  to  represent 
ihe  average  commercial  product  of  the  mine.^  In  many  cases,  however, 
it  will  correspond  fairly  with  the  lump  coal. 


^  In  this  case  only  the  car -sample  and  the  sample  taken  by  pipe  sampler  are  comparable,  because 
the  sample  from  the  chutes  was  picked  clean  at  the  top  after  each  dump,  before  a  shovelful  was 
selected  for  a  sample,  leaving  a  portion  about  2  ft.  thick,  which  was  not  cleaned.  Of  course,  when  the 
•car  was  sampled  during  unloading  this  error  was  avoided. 

2  Professional  Paper  No.  48,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  p.  142  (1906). 


198 


YEAE-BOOK    FOR    1908. 


[BULL.    NO.   14 


Table,  II. — Distribution  of  Ash  in  Coal  During  Quartenng  Two-Pound 

Sample  with  Rifjie  After  Crushing  to  One-Eighth  Inch 

Maximum'  Diameter. 

(Ash  equals  percentage  of  dry  coal.) 

(Whole  sample)       2  lb. 


( I/3    sample) 


(1/4   sample) 


(1/8  gample) 


(i/ie  sample) 


(I/32  sample) 


(1/64  sample) 


11.37  per 

cent.  ash. 


.11.4,7  per 
cent,  ash  ^ 


11.49  per 

cent.  asB: 


11.31  per 

cent.  asM 


11.33  per 
cent,  ash^ 


11.07  per 

cent.asht 


ll.J56per 

cent,  ash 


(Vi28  sample)  1/4  oz. 


11.43  per 

cent,  ash 


I/4  oz. 

10.70  per- 
cent, ash 


I/4  oz. 

11.91  per 

cent,  ash 


11.47  per 
cent,  ash 


13.06  per 
cent,  ash 


11.16  per 

cent,  ash 


1/4  oz. 


11. 20  per 

cent,  ash 


*  Calculated  from  two  halves  of  sample 


LINDGREN.]        SAMPLING   AND    ANALYSIS   OF    ILLINOIS   COALS.  199 

A  face-sample  is  taken  in  the  following  manner  by  the  State  Geolog- 
ical Suryey :  A  face  of  coal,  which  represents  as  nearly  as  possible  the 
average  coal  in  the  mine,  is  cleaned  by  taking  off  a  layer  of  2  or  3 
inches,  after  which  all  loose  pieces  are  picked  off  the  face  and  roof.  A 
large  piece  of  oil-cloth  is  then  spread  out  on  the  floor  to  catch  the  coal 
as  it  is  sampled.  A  strip  of  coal  at  least  five  pounds  to  the  foot  is  cut 
down  with  the  pick.  Any  bone,  blue-band,  or  other  impurity  exceeding 
three-eighths  inches  in  thickness  is  discarded. 

QUARTEHING. 

A  sample  of  coal  having  been  selected  by  any  of  the  above  methods, 
is  next  reduced  to  an  amount  suitable  for  a  working-sample  in  the 
laboratory.  If  it  is  in  lumps,  these  are  broken  up  to  about  egg-size, 
pieces  of  pyrite,  clay,  etc.,  being  removed  and  crushed,  and  then 
returned  to  the  pile  and  the  whole  thoroughly  mixed.  After  quartering, 
opposite  quarters  are  kept;  the  remaining  coal  is  crushed  to  about  nut- 
size  and  again  thoroughly  mixed  and  quartered,  and  the  opposite  quar- 
ters, occupying  the  position  of  the  ones  which  were  not  taken  first,  are 
selected.  This  method  is  continued  until  a  sample  of  from  600  to  800 
g.,  and  of  pea-size,  is  obtained.     The  sample  is  then  ready  for  analysis. 

In  order  to  determine  to  what  extent  a  sample  of  coal  could  be  quar- 
tered and  still  retain  its  original  constitution  with  regard  to  ash,  W. 
F.  Wheeler  conducted  the  following  experiment:  A  two  pound  sample 
of  coal,  obtained  in  the  ordinary  manner,  was  selected  and  quartered  in 
the  usual  way,  using  a  riffle  for  obtaining  the  working-sample  for  each 
division. 

Fractional  portions,  representing  14,  1-8,  1-16,  1-32,  1-64,  and  1-128 
of  this  sample,  were  separately  analyzed  for  ash.  The  results,  exhibited 
in  Table  II,  showed  a  marked  accordance,  the  sample  representing  1-32 
being  the  only  exception. 

.     Methods  of  Keeping  Samples. 

Face-samples  are  shipped  to  the  laboratory  from  the  mine  in  cylin- 
drical tin  cans,  conforming  to  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  standard, 
Each  has  a  screw  top  about  which  rubber  tape  is  wound  to  make  it 
air-tight.  S.  W.  Parr  and  W.  F.  Wheeler^  have  shown  that  coals  de- 
teriorate rapidly  after  mining  and  exposure  to  air.  The  nature  of  these 
losses  is  discussed  on  later  pages  by  Messrs.  Barker  and  Wheeler.  Be- 
cause of  this  deterioration  it  is  desirable  that  samples  be  analyzed  as 
quickly  as  possible  after  mining,  and  that  they  be  kept  air-tight.  Coal- 
samples  are  usually  kept  in  the  Lightning  or  Mason  jars.  Parr  and 
Wheeler  have  shown  that  the  Mason  jar  does  not  make  as  perfect  a  seal 
as  the  Lightning. 

In  Bulletin  No.  17  of  the  Engineerino^  Experiment  Station  of  the 
University  of  Illinois,  S.  W.  Parr  and  N.  D.  Hamilton  showed  that  coals 
submerged  in  water  deteriorate  but  little,  and,  while  this  method  ot 
keeping  samples  is  not  customary,  it  seems  to  be  a  very  good  one. 


1  Journal  of  the  American  Chemical  Society  vol.  xxx.,  No.  6,  p.  1027  (June,  1908). 


200 


YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908. 


[BULL.   NO.  14 


Methods  of  Analysis. 


AIR-DRYING  LOSS. 


The  sample  should  weigh  approximately  700  g.  The  air-drying  loss 
is  determined  by  the  loss  in  weight  which  the  sample  suffers  upon  dry- 
ing at  room-temperature  for  from  24  to  48  hours.  It  may  be  explained 
that  air-drying  loss  is  determined  merely  to  bring  the  sample  into 
equilibrium  with  the  surrounding  air  as  regards  moisture,  so  that  it 
can  be  weighed  without  subsequent  loss  or  gain  of  moisture  seriously 
affecting  accuracy. 

OVEN-DRYING  LOSS. 

After  having  determined  the  air-drying  loss,  the  sample  is  ground  to 
buckwheat-size,  quartered  to  about  150  g.,  pulverized  so  as  to  pass  a  60- 
mesh  sieve,  and  placed  in  a  half  pint  Lightning  jar.  It  is  next  thoroughly 
shaken,  and  1  g.  is  weighed  into  a  weighing-bottle  of  about  10  cc.  ca- 
pacity, the  glass  stopper  of  Avhich  fits  closely  over  the  top  of  the  bottle. 
This  bottle,  with  lid  off,  containing  the  coal,  is  heated  at  105°  to  108 °C. 
for  one  hour  ,either  in  a  toluene  or  an  electric  oven,  after  which  the 
stopper  is  replaced  and  the  bottle  transferred  to  a  desiccator,  and  al- 
lowed to  cool,  after  which  it  is  weighed.  The  loss  in  weight  is  called 
oven-drying  loss. 

ASH. 

Either  the  residue  from  the  determination  of  oven-drying  loss  or  a 
fresh  sample  is  used  for  this  determination.  In  either  event  it  is  placed 
in  a  weighed  porcelain  crucible  and  heated  slowly  for  half  an  hour  over 
a  low  Bunsen  flame.  By  this  method  all  the  volatile  matter  is  driven  off 
and  the  coal  does  not  coke.  Next,  the  flame  is  raised  and  the  coal  stirred 
with  a  platinum  wire  to  hasten  the  combustion  of  the  remaining  carbon. 
When  this  is  accomplished,  the  crucible  is  put  in  the  blast  for  half  an 
hour,  with  occasional  stirring  to  insure  complete  combustion,  after  which 
it  is  weighed  and  the  unburned  residue  reported  as  ash. 


Table  III. — Analyses  of  Coal  No.  5,  in  Saline  County.     (7  Samples.) 


' 

As  Received. 

Oven-Dry. 

High. 

Low. 

Aver. 

High. 

Low. 

Aver. 

Moisture 

Per  cent. 
6.64 

36.20 

52.82 

10.89 

3.30 

Percent. 
4.43 

33.48 

47.87 

7.17 

2.19 

1 
Per  cent. 
5.90 

•  34.69 

50.41 

8.98 
2.60 

Percent. 

Percent. 

Percent. 

Vol  matter. 

38.52 
55.25 
11.58 
3.52 

35.66 

50.94 

7.62 

2.30 

36  88 

Fixed  carbon 

53  66 

Ash 

Sulphur 

9.55 

2.77 

B.t.u 

12,883 

12,159 

12,552 

13,700 

12,942 

13,197 

LINDGREN.]        SAMPLING   AND    ANALYSIS   OF    ILLINOIS   COALS. 


201 


Table  IV. — Analyses  of  Coal  No.  6  from-  St.  Clair,  Madison  and  Clin- 
ton Counties.     {21  Samples.) 


As  Received. 

Oven-Dry. 

High. 

Low. 

Aver. 

High. 

Low. 

Aver. 

Percent. 
15.91 

40.80 

45.50 

14.26 

4.59 

Percent. 
9.41 

29.95 

37.43 

9.33 

1.39 

Percent. 
12.30 

35.92 

40.68 

10.84 

3.55 

Percent. 

Percent. 

Percent. 

45.05 

52.75 

16.56 

5.29 

34.72 

42.91 

9.69 

1.65 

40.94 

JFixed  carbon^ 

Ash 

46.46 
11.72 

4.04 

B.t.u.... 

11,523 

9.916 

10,965 

12,982 

11,639 

12,500 

Analyses  of  best  and  poorest  samples,  based  on  B.  t.  u.  as  received. 


As  Received. 

Oven-Dry. 

Best. 

Poorest. 

Best. 

Poorest. 

Percent. 
9.44 

40.80 

39.59 

10.17 

3.96 

Percent. 
14.81 

30.87 

40.21 

14.11 

2.55 

Percent. 

Percent. 

Vol.  matter 

45.05 

43.72 

11.23 

4.37 

36  24 

47  20 

Ash 

16  56 

Sulphur 

2  99 

B.t.u 

11,523 

9.916 

12,723 

11,639 

VOLATILE  MATTER. 

1  g.  of  coal  is  weighed  into  a  tared  platin-um  crucible,  "with  evenly- 
fitting  cover,  placed  on  a  platinum  triangle  and  heated  7  min.  by  means 
of  a  Bnnsen  burner,  having  a  flame  of  20  cm.  high.  The  distance  from 
the  bottom  of  the  crucible  to  the  top  of  the  burner  should  be  about  7 
€m.  After  weighing,  the  volatile  material  is  calculated  by  subtracting 
the  moisture  from  the  loss  in  weight  due  to  heating. 

FIXED  CAKbON. 

The  fixed  carbon  is  determined  by  calculation  and  is  the  result  ob- 
tained by  substracting  the  moisture,  ash,  and  volatile  matter  from  100. 


CALORIFIC  VALUE. 


Determinations  of  the  heating-power  in  terms  of  B.  t.  u.  are  made 
with  a  Mahler  calorimeter  under  carefully  standardized  conditions. 


i  Determined  only  for  18  samples. 


202  YEAE-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Analyses  op  Illinois  Coals. 

The  State  Geological  Survey  has  determined  the  compositioii  and 
heating-value  of. the  Illinois  coals  in  the  seam  for  many  localities  by 
face-sampling  and  analysis,  according  to  the  uniiorm  methods  above 
described.  The  laboratory-work  has  been  done  by  W.  F.  Wheeler  and  J. 
M.  Lindgren  u.nder  the  direction  of  Prof.  S.  W.  Parr.  Most  of  the 
samjales  have  come  from  scattered  localities,  and  are  only  approximately 
representative  of  the  seam  for  particular  districts  because  of  variations 
which  occur,  locally,  from  mine  to  mine.  The  available  results  of  this 
general  study  are  presented  in  Table  V.  More  detaned-  studies  have  been 
made  in  connection  with  quadrangle  surveys  in  the  Saline  county  and 
Belleville  regions.  These  show  great  uniformity  in  the  first  field,  which 
involves  Coal  No.  5  ^  xable  III),  and  considerable  variation  in  the  latter 
field,  which  covers  parts  of  St.  Clair,  Madison  and  Clinton  counties,  and 
from  which  the  Blue  Band  or  so-called  No.  6  coal  is  produced.  (Table 
IV).    . 


LINDGREN.] 


SAMPLING   AND    ANALYSIS    ILLINOIS   COALS. 


203 


Table  V. — Analyses  and  Heat-Values  of  Illinois  Coals. 


County i 


Mine  Sample. 


AS  RECEIVED. 


■Is 

o  p, 

"4 

Perct 

Perct 

35.39 

38.09 

36.10 

49.07 

37.00 

39.33 

35.92 
34.81 
36.88 
38.29 

36.74 
37.32 
40.27 
39.35 

34.06 
35.82 
38.57 
37.48 
36.63 
36.53 
35.79 

43.58 
38.94 
40.04 
40.51 
39.65 
47.65 
47.75 

35.22 
36.75 

45.84 
45.81 

36.74 
36.95 
37.26 
36.92 
aline. 
36.72 
32.11 
32.95 
37.56 
34.38 

39.11 
38.04 
42.79 
42.52 

46.99 
48.96 
48.16 
43.40 
49.00 

35.89 

46.27 

Christian . . . 

Fulton 

Franklin . . . 
Franklin . . . 
Gallatin  — 
Gallatin  — 

Grundy 

Grundy 

Logan 

Macon 

Macoupin . . 
Macoupin . . 
Macoupin . . 

Peoria 

Peoria 

Perry 

Perry 

Perry 

Perry 

Perry 

Perry 

Randolph.. 
Randolph . . 

Saline^- 

Salinei 

Saline 

and 

White 

Sangamon.. 
Sangamon. . 
Sangamon. . 
Sangamon. . 
Sangamon. . 
Tazewell . . . 
Tazewell . . . 
Vermilion . . 
Vermilion . . 

White 

Williamson. 
Williamson. 
Williamson. 
Williamson. 
Williamson. 
Williamson. 
Williamson. 
Williamson. 
Williamson. 


Perct 

11.82 

15.09 

10.62 

14.40 

4.47 

4.30 

14.69 

14.16 

14.80 

13.91 

12.17 

12.75 

12.80 

14.73 

13.45 

10.37 

9.87 

9.31 

11.03 

11.11 

10.49 

9.93 

10.72 

4.89 

4.34 

5.73 

5.98 

6.71 

14.96 

13.71 

13.56 

14.39 

13.14 

14.30 

14.35 

12.96 

12.56 

See  S 

6.29 

9.69 

10.15 

6.12 

6.69 

9.50 

6.80 

9.99 


Perct 
11.90 
10.63 

7.87 

6.90 
10.36 
10.74 

6.97 

5.00 
11.76 

9.76 
10.61 

9.73 
10.40 
12.61 
14.42 
12.48 
12.49 
13.33 
11.33 
14.13 
10.90 
12.08 
13.00 
10.93 
12.12 
11.19 
12.96 
10.73 

9.38 
10.82 

9.29 
11.68 
10.62 

9.85 
10.66 

6.99 

8.00 

10.00 
9.24 
8.74 

12.92 
9.93 
9.16 

11-.  04 
7.63 
6.94 


Perct 
4.15 
3.21 
0.67 
1.02 
3.56 


4.26 
3.78 
3.38 
3.09 
3.52 
2.96 
0.89 
0.90 
3.86 
3.44 
4.83 
4.53 
3.96 
5.85 
3.13 
3.51 
4.16 
3.87 
3.62 
4.13 
3.95 
4.36 
3.34 
3.02 
1.55 
1.23 

3.61 
1.05 
0.95 
4.15 
2.33 
1.02 
2.76 
0.92 
1.71 


Perct 
10,760 
10,573 
11,751 
11,459 
12,645 
12,452 
11,276 
11,531 
10,586 
10,804 
10,805 
10,829 
10,847 
10,451 
10,398 
11,018 
11,051 
11,047 
11,079 
10,542 
11,064 
11,028 
10,694 
12,298 
12,321 
12,177 
11,757 
11,889 
10,747 
10,691 
11,019 
10,534 
10,746 
10,875 
10,709 
11,580 
11,418 

12,251 
11,810 
11,887 
11,698 
12,144 
11,836 
11,918 
11,992 
12,211 


Perct 
4i'68 


37.82 


42.95 


42.13 
40.22 
41.14 
42.46 


38.27 
40.29 
43.09 
41.62 
41.03 
38.41 
37.41 


37.46 
39.39 


42.87 
43.14 
42.80 
42.25 

39.20 
35.56 
36.67 
40.02 
36.83 


38.50 


Perct 


45.80 
'5i'33 


Perct 
13.50 
12.52 

8.82 
8.08 
10.85 


45.72 


43.09 
43.12 
44.94 
43.68 


49.10 
43.82 
44.74 
44.97 
44.42 
50.10 
49.91 


8.17 
5.82 
13.81 
11.33 
12.87 
11.13 
11.90 
14.78 
16.66 
13.92 
13.86 
14.71 
12.63 
15.89 
12.17 
13.41 
14.55 
11.49 
12.68 


48.75 
49.11 


45.64 
44.41 
49.17 
48.60 

50.12 
54.21 
53.60 
46.22 
52.52 


49. ( 


13.79 
11.50 
11.04 
12.61 
10.76 
13.64 
12.23 
11.49 
12.45 
8.03 
9.15 

10.68 
10.23 

9.73 
13.76 
10.65 
10.13 
11.84 

8.48 

7 


Perct 
4.71 
3.79 
0.76 
1.19 
3.72 


12,203 
12,450 
13,148 
13,400 
13,235 


3.62 
1.83 
3.56 
3.82 
5.48 
4.89 
4.33 
3.97 
3.58 
3.93 
3.28 
0.98 
1.01 
4.34 
3.84 
5.36 
5.07 
4.16 


13,217 
13,436 
12,426 
12,549 
12,303 
12,414 
12,440 
12,257 
12,014 
12,293 
12,261 
12,181 
12,453 
11,859 
12,361 
12,245 
11,978 
12,931 


6.12  12,879 


3.73 

4.46 
4.55 
4.19 
4.78 
4.61 
5.03 
3.90 
3.53 
1.78 
1.41 

3.86 
1.16 
1.06 
4.42 
2.50 
1.12 
2.96 
1.03 
1.89 


12,505 
12,744 
12,640 
12,392 
12,749 
12,304 
12,372 
12,690 
12,504 
13,304 
13,058 

13,073 
13,077 
13,229 
12,461 
13,016 
13,078 
12,788 
13,323 
13,475 


742 

1,404 

419,420 

461 

1,092 

361 

733 

734 

720 

il,569 

737 

736,735 

738 

1,410 

1,409 

1,614 

1,615 

421 

1,523 


,591 

,592 

,616 

,610 

,095 

110 

360 

1,120 

1,121 

722 

741,740 

540 

721 

739 

1,412 

1,413 

558 

557 


1,613 
1,611 
1,612 

1,088 
460 

1,567 
459 
462 


i  At  some  distance  from  mines  of  Table  III. 


204 


YEAE-BOOK   FOE    1908. 


[BULL.    NO.  14 


THE  OCCLUDED  GASES  IN  ILLINOIS  COALS. 

(By  Perry  Barker.^  ) 


Ikteoductiok. 

In  connection  with  the  investigations  on  coal-deterioration  conducted 
by  the  State  Geological  Survey  and  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station 
of  the  University  of  Illinois,  some  determinations  of  the  nature  and 
amounts  of  occluded  gases  in  Illinois  coals  have  been  made. 

The  first  facts  of  importance  in  regard  to  these  gases  occluded  or 
mechanically  inclosed  in  the  coals  of  Illinois  developed  when  a  number 
of  fresh  mine-samples  were  left  tightly  sealed  for  ten  months.  Upon 
opening  at  the  end  of  this  time,  the  gases  in  the  containers  ignited  and 
burned  with  considerable  flame.^ 

Desceiption  of  Investigatioi^. 

In  order  to  study  the  composition  of  the  gases  thus  evolved,  several 
samples  were  collected  from  fresh  seam-faces  in  a  similar  manner  and 
allowed  to  stand  for  seven  months.  They  were  then  opened  under  water, 
and  the  gas  surrounding  the  coal  in  the  containers  was  collected  by  dis- 
placement. A  similar  set  of  samples  was  collected  in  jars  which  were 
filled  with  water,  and  whatever  gas  had  been  given  off  at  the  end  of  seven 
months  was  collected.  The  results  of  these  two  sets  of  analyses  are  given 
in  Table  I. 

Table  I. — Occluded  Gases  in  Nlinois  Coals. 


I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

642 
H46 

800 

38.8 

648 
*442 

800 
29.3 

787 
4331 

800 

97.8 

Per  cent  by  volume. 

CO2      

0 
18.50 

0 
81.50 

0 

1.87 
55.97 
42.16 

5.88 

7.64 

0 

86.48 

0 
1.03 
35.39 
63,58 

0.88 

11.83 

87.29 

0 

0 

1.08 

CH* 

90.28 

N             

8.64 

I.  Lebanon,  Lebanon  City  Coal  Co.,  sealed,  dry. 

II.  Lebanon,  Lebanon  City  Coal  Co.,  sealed,  submerged. 

III.  Bennett,  Bennett  Mine,  International  Coal  Mining  Co.,  sealed,  dry. 

IV.  Bennett.  Bennett  Mine,  International  Coal  Mining  Co.,  sealed,  submerged. 
V.  O'Fallon,  Mine  No.  2,  St.  Louis  &  O'Fallon  Coal  Co.,  sealed,  dry. 

VT.  O'Fallon,  Mine  No.  2,  St.  Louis  &  O'Fallon  Coal  Co.,  sealed,  submerged. 


^.Assistant  Chemist  Engineering  Experiment  Station. 

2  Trans.  Amer.  Ins.  Min.  Eng.,  xxxviii,  630  (1908). 

3  At  normal  temperature  and  pressure. 
"  Total  gas  from  containers. 


BARKER.] 


GASES    IN    ILLINOIS   COALS. 


205 


It  is  evident  that  aside  from  the  additioii  of  methane  and  carbon 
dioxide  to  the  ordinary  constitntents  of  air,  a  decrease  in  the  percentage 
of  oxygen  originally  contained  in  the  air  of  the  jars  had  taken  place. 
In  order  to  test  the  extent  of  this  absorption  of  oxygen,  a  number  of 
samples  of  coal  were  placed  in  jars  with  large  volumes  of  air.  These 
samples  were  portions  of  the  series  that  had  been  sealed  for  ten  months 
and  later  had  been  partly  air-dried.  Table  II  shows  the  general  nature 
of  this  change. 

Table  IL — Occluded  Gases  in  Illinois  Coals. 


I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

Weight  of  coal,  grams 

109 

873 

139 

849 

180 
816 

183 
814 

146 
843 

134 

853 

138 
850 

153 

837 

Per  cent  by  volume. 
CO2 


N... 


0.48 

0.94 

0.68 

1.87 

0.25 

1.23 

1,11 

0.16 

0.13 

0 

0 

0.25 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6.28 

0 

2.17 

0 

0 

99.36 

98.93 

93.04 

98.13 

97.33 

98.77 

98.89 

1.62 

1.45 

0 

96.93 


I.  Springfield,  Sangamon  Mine,  Sangamon  Coal  Co. 

II.  Springfield,  Sangamon  Mine.  Sangamon  Coal  Co. 

Ill .  Eldorado ,  Mine  No .  8,  O '  Gara  Coal  Co . 

VI.  Marion,  Chicago  &  Big  Muddy  Coal  Co. 

V.  Herrin,  Squirrel  Ridge  Mine,  Chicago  &  Carterville  Coal  Co. 

VI.  Duquoin,  Greenwood,  Davis  Coal  Co. 

VII.  Belleville,  Suburban  Coal  Mining  Co. 

VIII.  O' Fallon,  Mine  No.  2,  St.  Louis  &  O' Fallon  Coal  Co. 


The  two  sets  of  analyses  in  T'ables  I  and  II  give  some  indication  of 
the  nature  of  the  alterations  that  are  going  on  when  coal  is  exposed, 
but  give  nO'  information  as  to  the  composition  of  the  gas  remaining  in 
the  coal.  Moreover,  the  samples  were  of  various  sizes  of  coal  that  had 
been  broken  from  the  face  of  the  seam,  and  they  had  been  exposed,  even 
if  only  for  short  periods.  In  order  to  get  coal  closely  representative  of 
the  material  as  it  occurs  in  the  seam,  a  set  of  samples  of  drill-dust  were 
collected  in  the  following  manner:  As  the  drillings  fell  from  the  hole, 
they  were  collected  in  an  ordinary  half -liter  fractionating-ilask  fitted 
with  a  stop-cock  at  the  side  tube.  When  the  flask  was  filled,  it  was  sealed 
with  a  rubber  stopper  which  was  coated  with  a  rubber-resin  vacuum 
cement.  These  flasks  were  taken  to  the  laboratory  as  soon  as  possible, 
and  all  the  gases  contained  therein  were  removed  by  means  of  a  mercury 
air-pump,  and  collected  over  mercury.  The  flasks  were  then  allowed  to 
stand  for  several  days,  after  which  they  were  again  connected  with  the 
air-pump,  and  any  gas  that  had  been  evolved  was  removed. 

In  order  to  have  some  extreme  types  of  laboratory-weathered  sam- 
ples to  compare  with  the  fresh  drillings,  a  set  of  coals  that  had  been  used 
for  some  previous  tests  were  evacuated  in  the  above  manner.  These 
were  portions  of  mine-samples  about  two  years  old,  which  had  been  quar- 

^  At  normal  temperature  and  pressure.    Total  gas  from  containers. 


206 


YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1908. 


[BULL,   NO.  14 


Tabl^  III. — Occluded  Gases  in  Illinois  Coal. 

Last  portions  of  air. 


I.         II.       III.      IV 


VI.      VII.    VIII.    IX 


Time  of  standing,  days 
Weight  of  coal,  grams.. 
Volume  of  gas,  cc,i, — 
Cc.  of  gas  per  100  g.,^.  - 

CO2 

O 

CH^ 

N 

Per  cent  by  volume. 
CO2 

O 

CH^ 

N 


7 
261 
141.2 
54.21 
2.12 
2.87 
12.22 
37.00 


9 

209 

96.6 

46.2 

1.91 

2,06 

0 

42.23 


14 

220 
192.1 
87.32 
3.37 
0.94 
19.01 
64.05 


2 

205 

33.5 

16.37 

1.27 

2.54 


13 
244 

287.4 

117.8 

6.55 

■0.58 


0|  38.22 
12.56    72.45 


4 

204 

40.6 

19.91 

1.23 

2.75 

0 

15.! 


13 

217 

160.6 

74.00 

3.27 

0.95 

1.57 

68.21 


204 

63.3 

30.97 

0.54 

5.04 

0 

25.39 


231 
197.2 
85.50 
10.34 
0.95 
19.81 
54.40 


3.92 

4.15 

3.86 

7.80 

5.56 

6.20 

4.43 

5.30 

4.46 

1.04 

15.50 

0.49 

13.80 

1.28 

22.53 

0 

21.79 

0 

32.44 

0 

2.12 

68.25 

91.39 

73.31 

76,70 

61.51 

80.0 

92.17 

1.79 

16.25 

0 

81.96 


12.09 

1.11 

23.17 

63.63 


Gas  removed  by  vacuum. 


III.  I   IV. 


V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

13 

12 

13 

11 

244 

204 

217 

204 

76.4 

5.8 

20.4 

20.5 

31.30 

2.84 

9.4 

10.04 

4.63 

0.69 

3.18 

2.01 

0.29 

0.15 

0 

0 

22.20 

0 

0.09 

0 

4.18 

2.00 

6.13 

8.03 

IX. 


Time  of  standing,  days . 
Weight  of  coal,  grams... 

Volume  of  gas,  cc.,i 

Cc.  of  gas  per  100  g.,^... 
GO, 


CHj 

N.. 


13 

261 

26.9 

10.31 

1.84 

0.50 

6.14 

1,83 


209 
14.9 
7.11 
5.74 
0.10 
0 
1.27 


12 

220 

48.8 

22.18 

1.Q6 

0.14 

19.15 

1.21 


10 
205 
1.9 
0.93 


13 
231 
26.0 
11.26 
3.51 
0.82 
2.17 
4.76 


Per  cent  by  volume. 
CO^ 


CH, 

N.. 


17.85 

4.83 

59.59 

17.73 


80.50 

1.30 

0 

18.20 


7.58 
0.61 
56.37 
5.44 


14.79 
0.92 

13.36 


24.20 

33.84 

20.0 

32.09 

5.90 

0 

0 

7.32 

0 

1.00 

0 

19.26 

69.90 

65.16 

80.0 

41.33 

I.  Springfield,  Sangamon  Mine,  Sangamon  Coal  Co.,  drilUngs. 

II.  Springfield,  Sangamon  Mine,  Sangamon  Coal  Co.,  face-sample,  2yr.  old. 

III.  Herrin,  Squirrel  Ridge,  Mine,  Chicago  &  Carterville  Coal  Co.,  drillings. 

IV.  Herrin,  Squirrel  Ridge  Mine,  Chicago  &  Carterville  Coal  Co.,  face-sample,  2yr.  old. 
V.  Clifford,  Mine  No.  8,  Big  Muddy  Coal  &  Iron  Co.,  drillings. 

VI.  Clifford,  Mine  No.  8,  Big  Muddy  Coal  &  Iron  Co.,  face-sample,  2  yr.  old. 

VII.  Marion,  Mine  No.  3,  Peabody  Coal  Co.,  drillings. 

VIII.  Marion,  Mine  No.  3,  Peabody  Coal  Co.,  face-sample,  2  yr.  old. 
IX.  Westville,  Mine  No.  44,  Dering  Coal  Co.,  drillings. 

X.  Westville,  Mine  No.  44,  Dering  Coal  Co.,  face-sample,  2  yr.  old. 


J-  At  0°  and  760  mm.  pressure. 
2  Figured  to  coal  as  sampled. 


BARKER.] 


GASES   IN   ILLINOIS   COALS. 


207 


tered,  reduced  tO'  buckwheat-size^  and  air-dried.  These  two  series  cor- 
respond as  to  location  of  the  mines,  so  that  comparison  of  the  changes 
in  the  occluded  gases  can  be  made  by  inspection  of  Table  III. 

The  striking  feature  of  the  analyses  in  Table  III  is  the  large  loss  of 
combustible  gases  by  the  fresh  drillings.  While  this  amounts  to  as 
much  as  30  cc.  per  100  g.  in  the  fresh  samples,  no  such  gases  were  de- 
tected in  the  old  lots.  However,  it  must  be  understood  that  the  relative 
amounts  of  gas  in  coal  from  these  various  mines  cannot  be  critically 
judged  from  these  analyses,  as  some  of  the  working-faces  had  been  with- 
in short  distances  of  long-standing  exposures.  (A  universal  shut-down 
in  the  Illinois  coal  mines  during  April  and  a  part  of  May,  1908,  made 
it  impossible  to  get  samples  representative  of  continuous  workings.) 
Some  idea  of  the  rapidity  of  transpiration  of  occluded  gases  from  exposed 
faces  can  be  gathered  from  the  following  data. 

As  a  drill-hole  was  driven,  the  dust  from  the  first  2.5  feet  was  col- 
lected in  one  flask,  while  that  from  the  last  three  feet  Avas  sealed  in  a 
separate  container.  As  can  be  seen  in  Table  IV,  the  sample  farther 
from  the  exposed  face  contained  more  occluded  gas  and  had  less  changes 
produced  in  what  did  remain. 

Table  IV. — Occluded  Gases  in  Illinois  Coul. 


II. 


III. 


IV. 


Time  of  standing,  days 

Weight  of  coal,  grams 

Volume  of  gas  at  0°C.,  760  mm. 

Cc .  of  gas  per  100  g 

CO2 


CH|. 
N... 


7 

182 

174 

95.30 

7.21 

0.59 

11.28 

76.22 


231 
197.2 
85.47 
10.34 
0.95 
19.81 
54.37 


13 

182 
9.6 
5.27 
1.76 
0 
2.30 
1.21 


13 
231 

26.0 
11.26 
3.51 
0.82 
2.17 
4.76 


Per  cent  by  volume. 
CO2 


0.... 
CH^. 

N... 


7.57 

0.62 

11.73 

80.08 

!     • 

12.09 

1.11 

23.17 

63.63 


33.33 

0 

43.74 

22.93 


32.09 

7.32 

19.26 

41.33 


I.  Westville,  drillings  from  first  2.5  ft.  of  hole,  last  air. 

II.  Westville,  drillings  from  last  3  ft.  hole,  last  air. 

III.  Westville,  drillings  from  first  2.5  ft.  hole,  gas  by  vacuum. 

IV.  Westville,  drillings  from  last  3  ft.  of  hole,  gas  by  vacuum. 


In  addition  to  the  loss  of  combustible  gases,  the  drill-samples  showed 
more  extensive  absorption  than  did  the  laboratory-weathered  ones.  From 
this -it  may  be  concluded,  either  that  the  oxygen  has  entered  into  some 
combination  with  the  coal  itself,  or  that  a  reaction  has  taken  place,  re- 
sulting in  the  formation  of  carbon  dioxide.  The  presence  of  consider- 
able amounts  of  carbon  dioxide  in  the  gases  from  the  fresh  samples 


YEAR-BOOK   FOR    190b. 


[BULL.   NO.  14 


seems  to  bear  out  the  latter  conclusion,  altliougli  this  gas  does  not  com- 
pletely replace  the  oxygen  of  the  air.  It  may  also  be  possible  that  the 
carbon  dioxide  formed  and  taking  the  place  of  the  occluded  gases  is  only 
given  off  at  higher  temperatures.  That  this  is  true  to  some  extent  is 
shown  by  the  fact  that  69  per  cent  of  the  gases  removed  from  one  of 
these  fresh  samples  at  100°  C.  consisted  of  carbon  dioxide. 

It  is  certainly  true  that  this  absorption  of  oxygen  takes  place  as  soon 
as  the  gases  escape  from  the  fresh  coal.  A  study  of  some  of  the  stages 
of  this  absorption  or  oxidation  can  be  made  from  Table  V.  In  this 
table  all  samples  were  from  the  same  mine.  Nos.  I  and  II  were  partly 
air-dried  face-samples  about  two  years  old.  From  No.  1  the  surrounding 
air  in  the  container  was  collected  by  displacement  and  analyzed.  No. 
II  was  left  in  one  of  the  sealed  fractionating-flasks  for  two  days.  At 
the  end  of  that  time  both  the  surrounding  air  and  some  of  the  inclosed 
gases  were  removed  by  means  of  the  air-pump.  No.  Ill  is  a  flask  of 
drillings  from  which  the  surrounding  air  and  occluded  gases  were  re- 
moved as  above.  No.  lY  is  the  analysis  of  the  gas  given  off  after  the 
surrounding  air  had  been  removed  and  the  flask  had  stood  in  a  vacuum 
for  twelve  days.  No.  Y  is  the  analysis  of  the  air  that  had  been  ad- 
mitted to  the  evacuated  flask  and  left  in  contact  with  the  coal  for  seven 
days. 

The  preceding  results  give  some  light  upon  the  changes  produced  by 
the  deterioration  of  sealed  laboratory-samples,  but  contain  no  data  as 
to  samples  subjected  to  outside  exposure.  Table  YI  gives  a  comparison 
between  samples  of  fresh  drillings  and  samples  exposed  to  the  weather. 
No.  I  is  a  sample  of  drillings  from  Westville,  while  No.  II  was  collected 
off  the  surface  of  a  pile  of  the  same  screenings  fifteen  months  old,  and 
No.  Ill  is  a  sample  of  the  same  screenings  that  had  been  stored  outside 


Ta]Ble  Y. — Occluded  Gases  in  Illinois  Coal. 


' 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

Weight  of  coal  grams           

146 
843 

20.5 
33.5 

220 
192,1 

220 

48.8 

220 

Volums  of  gas  cc                             

130.4 

Per  cent  by  volume. 

CO2                               

0.25 

0.25 

2.17 

97.33 

7.80 

15.50 

0 

76.70 

3.86 

1.04 

21.79 

73.31 

7.58 

0.61 

86.37 

5.44 

1.63 

0                                    

0.37 

CHi                                       

14,14 

N 

83. 8& 

I.  Old  face-sample  in  contact  with  large  volume  of  air. 

ni .  Old  face-sample  sealed  2  days . 

■III.  Dri .lings,  sealed  14  days. 

IV.  Drillings,  in  vacuum  12  days, 

f-  V.  Drillings,  second  air  in  contact  with  coal  7  days. 


BARKER.]  GASES    IN    ILLINOIS    COALS. 

TabILiE  VI. — Occluded  Gases  in  Illinois  Coal. 


209 


Last  portions  of  air. 


I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

Time  of  standing,  days 

Weight  of  coal,  grams 

Vol.  of  gas,  0°C.,  760  mm 

Cc.  of  gas  per  100  g 

7 
231 
197.2 
85.50 
10.34 
0.95 
19.81 
54.40 

3 

200 

44.2 

22.10 

1.40 

3.25 

0 

17.45 

6 

200 

55.8 

27.9 

0.25 

5.75 

0 

21.90 

13 

217 

160.6 

74.01 

3.27 

0.95 

1.57 

68.22 

19 
224 
134.3 
60.0 
3.38 
0.38 
0.54 
55.70 

261 
141.2 
54.21 
2.12 
2.87 
12.22 
37.00 

3 

200 
240.5 
120.25 

CO^ 

3.03 

0 

22.09 

CHi 

0.66 

N                                       -  -   . 

94.47 

Percent  by  volume. 

CO2 

12.09 
1.11 

23.17 
63.63 

6.34 

14.71 

0 

78.95 

0.90 

20.61 

0 

78.49 

4.43 

1.28 

2.12 

92.17 

5.64 
0.64 
0.54 
93.18 

3.92 

5.30 

22.53 

68.25 

2.51 

0 

18.36- 

CH, 

0.55 

N 

78. 5& 

Gas  removed  by  vacuum. 


I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

'■ 

VI. 

VII. 

Time  of  standing,  days 

Weight  of  coal,  grams 

Volume  of  gas,  0°C.,  760  mm. 

13 

231 
26.0 
11.26 
3.51 
0.82 
2.17 
4.76 

14 
200 
26.9 
13.45 
1.4 
2.8. 
0.15 
9.10    ' 

13 

200 
16.8 
8.4 
2.85 
0.7 
0.6 
4.25 

13 

217 

20.4 

9.40 

3.18 

0 

0.09 

6.13 

7 
217 
19.3 
8.88 
2.99 
0.36 
0.10 
5.43 

13 

261 

26.9 

10.31 

1.84 

0.50 

6.14 

1.83 

13 
200 
23.9 
11  95 

CO.-,                  

2  39 

0                   

0  81 

CH^                   

2  39 

N                           

6  36. 

Percent  by  volume. 

CO-2 

32.09 

7.32 

19.26 

41. S3 

10.41 

20.82 

1.12 

67.65 

33.93 
8.33 
7.15 

50  59 

33.84' 

0 

1.00 

65  16 

33.67 
4.02 
1.05 

61.26 

17.85 
4.83 
59.59 
17.73 

20  oa 

0 

6  7& 

CH, 

20  00 

N           

53  22 

I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 


Westville,  Mine  No.  44,  Bering  Coal  Co.,  drillings. 

Westville,  Mine  No.  44,  Dering  Coal  Co.,  screenings,  15  months  old. 

Westville,  Mine  No.  44,  Dering  Coal  Co.,  screenings,  2  months  old. 

Marion,  Mine  No.  3,  Peabody  Coal  Co.,  drillings. 

Marion,  Binkley,  Miles  Co.,  outcrop  coal. 

Springfield,  Sangamon  Mine,  Sangamon  Coal  Co.,  drillings. 

Springfield,  Sangamon  Mine,  Sangamon  Coal  Co.,  screenings,  2  months  old. 


—14  G 


210  YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  U 

for  two  months.  No.  IV  is  a  sample  of  drillings  from  Marion,  while 
N'o.  V  is  from  an  outcrop  of  the  same  seam  one  mile  from  the  place 
wiiere  No.  IV  was  taken.  This  outcrop  had  been  exposed  for  one  year. 
No.  VI  is  a  sample  of  drillings  from  Springfield,  while  No.  VII  was 
collected  from  the  surface  of  a  pile  of  1.5-inch  screenings  from  the 
same  mine.     These  screenings  had  been  stored  outside  for  two  months. 

I       Conclusions. 

The  conclusions  drawn  from  these  investigations  may  be  summarized 
as  follows: 

1.  Loss  of  combustible  gas  begins  as  soon  as  pressure  upon  the  coal 
in  the  seam  is  released  and  air  is  brought  into  contact  with  the  newly 
exposed  surfaces. 

2.  As  soon  as  the  gases  occluded  by  the  coal  are  released,  an  ab- 
sorption of  oxygen  from  the  atmosphere  begins.  The  oxygen  may  enter 
the  coal  substance  and  combine  with  it  or  may  unite  with  carbon  to 
form  carbon  dioxide. 

3.  Carbon  dioxide  is  undoubtedly  formed  to  some  extent  by  the 
action  between  the  coal  and  whatever  oxygen  it  has  already  absorbed. 

4.  Upon  outside  exposure,  coal  loses  most  of  its  occluded  gases  and 
even  a  large  part  of  the  carbon  dioxide  formed  by  the  "absorption  of 
oxygen. 

Experiments  at  higher  temperatures  will  be  conducted  in  order  to  de- 
termine, if  possible,  more  exactly  the  changes  that  are  produced  when 
coal  deteriorates,  and  to  throw  some  light  on  the  cause  of  spontaneous 
combustion. 


RICE.]  MINING    WASTES    AND    COSTS    IN    ILLINOIS.  211 


MINING- WASTES  AND  MINING  COSTS  IN  ILLINOIS. 

(By  George  S.  Rice.^) 


Introduction. 

In  coal  mining  operations  throughout  the  State  of  Illinois  there  is  a 
greater  range  in  the  amount  of  coal  extracted  from  a  given  volume  of 
coal-seam  than  might  be  expected  from  the  remarkable  uniformity  in 
thickness  of  the  chief  seams.  The  percentage  of  yield  varies  from  about 
50  to  95  per  cent,  or  more.  The  latter  high  yield  is  obtained  in  the 
long-wall  mines  of  northern  Illinois,  embracing  the  Wilmington  and  the 
so-called  "Third  Yein"  fields.  The  coal-seam  mined  in  these  two  dis- 
tricts is  the  same  geologically — the  No.  2  of  the  Worthen  Survey.  The 
lowest  yield  is  from  the  thick,  more  deeply  buried,  "Blue  Band^'  seam 
of  central  and  south  central  Illinois,  in  some  localities  termed  "No.  5,'^ 
in  others  "No.  6,"  and  elsewhere  "No.  7." 

The  variation  in  yield  from  the  total  amount  of  coal  under  a  given 
land-surface  is  still  greater,  for  in  the  thick-seam  districts  there  are 
usually  other  seams  than  the  one  worked  that  it  is  possible,  physically, 
to  work.  These  are,  in  many  cases,  rendered  more  or  less  unworkable, 
when  the  distance  between  the  seams  is  small,  by  being  undermined. 

Causes  of  Mining- Waste. 

GENERAL. 

The  influencing  conditions  causing  the  great  losses  that  are  at  present 
incurred  are : 

1.  Cheapness  of  "coal  in  place;"  that  is,  in  the  seam. 

2.  Low  market  prices,  resulting  from  extreme  competition. 

3.  Character  of  the  seam,  roof,  and  floor  as  determining  the  method 
of  mining. 

4.  Surface-subsidence  due  to  mining. 

5.  Interlaced  boundary  ownerships. 

6.  Carelessness  in  mining  operations. 

The  first  two  factors,  taken  together,  are  the  controlling  ones  in  most 
mining  operations  in  influencing  the  choice  of  a  mining  system.  The 
majority  of  Illinois  operators  are  sufficiently  progressive  to  find  ways 
and  means  to  take  out  practically  all  the  coal  under  a  given  area  if  it 
could  be  made  evident  that  it  paid  to  do  so.  That  many  do  not  do  all 
that  can  be  done  in  this  direction  is  apparent ;  but  if,  without  unusual 
investment,  a  profit  of  operation  could  be  shown  in  taking  out  all  the 


.Consulting  Engineer,  Chicago. 


212  YEAR-BOOK   EOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

coal  over  the  profit  made  by  present  methods,  the  industry  could  un- 
doubtedly find  men  to  accomplish  the  task.  In  other  words,  from  an 
engineering  standpoint  practically  all  the  coal  under  a  given  area  can 
be  taken  out.    It  is  a  question  of  cost. 

CHEAPNEiSS   OE   COAL  IN   PLACE. 

This  is  chiefly  due  to  the  great  abundance  of  coal.  Except  in  the 
barren  northern  one-fourth  of  the  State,  lying  north  of  the  outcrop  of 
the  coal-basin,  the  development  of  a  tract  depends  primarily  not  on  the 
possibility  of  finding  coal  in  that  particular  locality,  but  on  the  question 
whether  it  is  a  suitable  place,  from  a  market  standpoint,  to  open  a  mine, 
the  thickness  of  seam  and  the  quality  of  the  coal  being  considered. 

The  price  of  coal-rights  varies  from  $10.00  per  superficial  acre  in  the 
middle  part  of  Illinois,  away  from  the  mining  centers,  to  $100.00  per 
acre  near  developed  mines.  Or,  in  the  case  of  leasing,  from  two  cents 
per  ton  run-of-mine  hoisted,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  to  five 
cents  in  the  northern  part.  The  cost  of  the  fee  is  relatively  sO'  much 
cheaper  per  ton  than  leasing  that  the  latter  system  is  not  much  used. 
The  ownership  of  the  coal  by  the  operator  is  conducive  to  better  mining, 
but  relative  to  other  items  that  go  to  make  up  the  total  cost,  that  of  the 
"coal  in  place^^  is  so  low  as  to  be  almost  negligible.  In  central  Illinois, 
in  some  cases,  as  a  cost  of  only  $10.00  per  acre,  two  workable  seams, 
from  6  to  8  feet  thick,  are  obtained.  Allowing  only  50  per  cent  yield 
of  the  two  seams,  13,000  tons  would  be  produced  per  acre,  the  purchase 
cost  thus  being  1/13  of  a  cent  per  ton,  or  about  1/1000  of  the  total  cost 
of  production  in  central  Illinois.  In  the  Wilmington  long-wall  field  the 
average  cost  of  the  coal-rights  is  about  $50.00  per  acre.  The  seam 
there,  although  it  averages  a  trifle  less  than  three  feet  in  thickness,  pro- 
duces about  5,000  tons  per  acre.  The  cost  is  therefore  about  one  cent 
per  ton  in  place,  which  is  0.75  per  cent  of  the  total  cost  of  production. 
Hence,  it  may  be  seen  there  is  little  incentive,  from  the  standpoint  of 
the  purchase-price  of  the  coal,  to  save  the  latter  in  mining  operations. 

LOW   MARKET   PRICES. 

The  tremendous  development  of  the  coal-carrying  railroads  and  the 
policy  of  making  low  ton-mile  rates  for  long  hauls  has  resulted  in 
excessive  competition,  both  from  within  and  from  without  the  State. 
The  cheaply  produced  coals  of  the  eastern  states,  and  particularly  West 
Virginia,  resulting  from  favorable  natural  conditions  and  lower  labor- 
cost,  with  through  low  freight-rates,  have  enabled  them  to  enter  the 
natural  coal  markets  of  Illinois  and  sell  at  prices  very  little  above  what 
the  Illint)is  coals  bring.  The  high  quality  of  these  coals,  particularly 
those  that  make  little  smoke,  has  allowed  them  to  set  the  pace  in  mak- 
ing prices. 

The  competition  between  the  Illinois  coals  has  been  even  more  severe. 
This  results  from  the  multiplicity  of  ownerships,  due  mainly  to  the  ease 
of  opening  new  mines.  Each  period  of  unusual  prosperity  in  the  western 
coal  business,  like  that  at  the  time  of  the  anthracite  strike,  is  followed  by 
an  immense  increase  in  capacity.     For  example:     In   1906  and .  1907 


RICE.] 


MINING   WASTES    AND    COSTS    IN    ILLINOIS. 


21B 


railroad  shipping  mines  operated  an  average  of  190  and  195  days^  dur- 
ing the  respective  years,  out  of  300  working  days;  in  other  words,  only 
63  and  65  per  cent  of  the  time  (See  Figs.  2  and  3).  To  a  certain  ex- 
tent this  is  unavoidable,  as  the  markets  are  in  a  climate  of  extreme  cold 
in  winter,  and  as  the  Illinois  coal  stocks  very  indifferently,  the  winter 
demand  tends  to  fix  the  capacity.  This,  in  turn,  makes  the  labor-rates 
high,  to  cover  the  period  of  idleness.  On  the  other  hand,  it  makes 
severe  competition  during  the  spring  and  summer  months,  in  the  effort 
of  each  operator  to  keep  his  mine  running  as  much  as  possible. 


Yearly 
Output, 
Tons. 

1897 
1898 

1    1    1    1    1    1    1    i   1 

Daily 

Capacity. 
Tons. 

45,000,000 
40,000,000 
35,000.000 
30,000,000 
25,000,000 

20,000,000 

15,000,000 

250,000 

225,000 

200,000 

175,000 

150,000 

125,000 
100,000 

; 

/ 

1     / 

1 

/    / 

/    / 
/    / 

/    / 

/    / 

1    1 

^-^ 

1  § 

/ 

-^l^ 

es     [  ;s 

A^ 

1 

(4- 

.4 

h 

'f 

1 

■'f 

h 

1 

1 

1 

1 

M 

/o 

. 

M 

1 

y 

'a 

y^ 

y* 

i»" 

/e" 

/ 

^ 

1 

/ 

4 

/ 

/^^ 

/ 

/ 

\^ 

/ 

• 

\ 

^-' 

• 

^ 

/ 

Fig.  2.— Illinois  Shipping  Mines;  Yearly  Output  of  Coal,  Also  Daily  Capacity  for  a  Period  of  10  Fisca 

Years. 

The  annual  coal  report  of  Illinois  for  1906,  compiled  by  the  Bureau 
of  Labor  Statistics,  gives  as  the  average  value,  or  selling  price,  per  ton, 
of  all  sizes  on  cars  at  the  mines  in  northern  long-wall  districts,  $1.41; 


214 


YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1908. 


[BULL.    NO.  11 


in  the  "shooting-coaF'  districts,  from  $0,866  to  $1.153 ;  and  for  the  whole 
State,  average,  $1,029.  As  the  State  treats  the  individual  mine  returns 
as  confidential,  the  figures  given  are  generally  regarded  by  operators 
as  essentially  correct.  The  average  hand-mining  rates  for  the  long-wall 
districts  are  $0,754  and  $0,784,  and  of  the  "shooting-coaF'  districts  from 
$0,458  to  $0,609.  The  underground  hauling,  timbering,  brushing,  hoist- 
ing, top-labor,  and  supplies  must  be  added  to  the  foregoing  figures  to 
obtain  total  operating  costs.     The  average  total  cost  per  ton  of  coal 


Days  in 
Operation 

1897 
1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 
1907 

Prices. 

225 
200 

175 

150 

$1.25 

1.00 

.75 

.50 
.25 

/ 

y 

/^ 

\ 

/;°^ 

\ 

y.^^ 

^^s 

.--''^^ 

c'-^" 

^\ 

j 

^^ 

0^ 

i\ 

/ 

\ 

^ 

.T       „ 

/ 

N 

^^^--^ 

/ 

\, 

/ 

\, 

/ 

.-rr^Q-^ 

'"> 

.l^^'" 

%^- 

coal 

A""" 

0 

f-Sll-ViJ- 

.--,> 

F-.OM 

'& 

•  6 

^v^ 

«<>' 

^-^^ 

verag 

.'«-■ 



SM] 

pTng- 

■^^^ 

^^1>' 

5.         K 

la-of- 

^'^^^ 

^ 

:^    vi 

* ' 

'" 

-^^^^r  ' 

Fig.  3.— Illinois  Shipping  Mines:    Days  in  Operation,  Average  Value,  and  Pick-Rate,  Yearly,  for  a  Per- 
iod of  10  Fiscal  Years. 

loaded  on  cars,  including  general  and  selling  expense  and  amortization, 
but  not  capitalization  interest  charges,  is  from  $1.20  to  $1.30  for  the 
coal  produced  in  the  long-wall  districts,  and  from  $0.70  to  $0.95  for  the 
other  districts.     It  is  safe  to  say  that  the  average  net  profit  per  ton 


RICE.]  MINING   WASTES    AND    COSTS    IN    ILLINOIS.  215 

throughout  the  State  for  a  whole  year  does  not  exceed  20  cents,  and 
if  the  interest  on  the  capital  be  taken  out,  the  average  profit  will  be  re- 
duced to  10  or  15  cents  per  ton;  actually  the  average  profit  is  probably 
less  than  these  figures. 

It  will  therefore  be  seen  that,  with  the  small  margin  of  profit,  there 
is  little  incentive  for  the  individual  mine  operator  of  either  Illinois  or 
elsewhere  to  conserve,  beyond  customary  good  practice,  the  coal  he  ow^ns 
or  leases. 

CHARACTER    OF    SElAM^    ROOF    AND    FLOOR    AS    DETERMINING    THE    METHOD 

OF  MINING. 

It  is  the  system  of  mining  adopted  that  determines  the  proportion  of 
coal  won  in  a  given  seam.  Where  the  long-wall  system  can  be  physi- 
cally and  commercially  used,  the  problem  is  solved,  for  in  a  well  handled 
long-wall  mine  the  only  loss  of  coal  is  in  the  fine  particles,  which  become 
mixed  with  the  fire-clay  and  roof-dribblings  and  get  shoveled  back  into 
the  gob.    Probably  not  more  than  two'  per  cent  is  lost  in  this  way. 

Under  the  ordinary  long-wall  conditions  of  northern  Illinois,  falls  of 
roof,  especially  during  periods  of  idleness,  local  carelessness  in  leaving 
^'points"  or  projections  of  the  face,  and  abandonment  of  corners  in  the 
ownership  of  the  land  cause  additional  losses.  In  one  mine,  at  which 
a  record  was  kept  for  a  period  of  six  years,  the  total  loss  of  coal  from 
all  causes  was  five  per  cent. 

About  5,300,000  tons  were  produced  in  1906  by  long-wall  mines, 
nearly  all  in  the  Wilmington  and  the  Third  Vein  districts,  at  the  north 
end  of  the  Illinois  field.  The  output  of  these  districts  has  been  practi- 
cally stationary  for  some  years,  owing  to  the  competition  of  eastern  coals 
and  of  the  thick-seam  coals  of  middle  and  southern  Illinois.  Long-wall 
is  the  only  system  that  can  be  successfully  used  in  the  No.  2  seam,  as 
found  in  the  northern  districts.    Briefly,  the  conditions  are  these : 

A  blocky  coal  when  mined  by  undercutting,  but  tender  and  flying 
to  pieces  when  "shot^'  down;  a  ^^soapstone'^  (shale)  roof  without  fissure- 
cracks,  until  such  are  formed  by  the  successive  settlements  caused  by 
the  undercutting;  a  clay  under  the  coal  that  generally  presents  fairly 
easy  cutting;  and  a  harder  sandy  clay  -floor  which  causes  the  coal  and 
under-clay  to  break  or  work,  when  the  roof  ^Veight"  is  properly  thrown 
on  the  long-wall  face,  by  systematic  building  of  pack-walls  and  keeping 
the  faces  aligned.  Finally  ,the  mines,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  are 
dry. 

In  the  larger  part  of  the  Illinois  field  the  ^^advancing  long-walF^  of 
the  northern  "thin-vein"  field  is  not  practicable.  The  roof  is  generally 
too  hard  to  ^'hreak"  properly,  and  there  is  generally  no  "draw-slate" 
to  make  buildings  with.  The  other  conditions,  clay  mining  and  dry 
work,  are  all  right,  but  the  former  are  obstacles  to  "advancing"  long- 
wall,  without  the  extraordinary  expense  of  importing  stone  for  pack- 
walls.     The  several  workable  seams  are  considered  below  in  order. 

No.  1  of  the  Worthen  Survey  is  not  generally  identified  throughout 
the  State.  Coal  worked  in  the  vicinity  of  Rock  Island  is  called  No.  1. 
It  occupies  channels  and  local  depressions  cut  into  the  shale  previously 


216  YEAE-BOOK    FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

laid  down  on  the  Burlington  limestone.  It  seems  likely  that  this  coal 
may  belong  to  a  later  period  than  the  shaly  seam  which  quite  regularly 
underlies  the  No.  2  seam  in  the  Wilmington  and  Third  Vein  districts. 
The  system  of  mining  this  seam,  is  the  ordinary  room-and-pillar  method, 
the  pillars  in  some  cases  being  withdrawn.  The  yield  is  from  65  to  70 
per  cent  of  the  territory  covered  by  the  entries.  The  channels  are  usually 
narrow  and  the  coal  thins  along  the  margin^  so  that  all  coal,  less  than 
about  3  feet  thick,  is  lost.  As  a  whole,  No.  1  seam  has  little  commer- 
cial importance  in  the  State. 

No.  2  is  a  remarkably  persistent  seam,  apparently  extending  through- 
out the  whole  of  the  Illinois  basin.  It  varies  from  1.5  to  4  feet  in 
thickness.  While  a  high-grade  Illinois  coal,  the  cost  of  production  makes 
it  commercially  available  only  in  the  northern  field,  where  it  is  exten- 
sively opened,  as  already  described,  by  long-wall  mines.  Elsewhere  there 
are  large  areas  of  this  seam,  running  from  2  to  2.5  feet  in  thickness.^ 
While  this  is  too  thin  to  work  at  present,  it  is  not  underlain  by  valu- 
able coal,  and  hence  will  not  be  damaged  by  any  mining  operations  be- 
low it,  but  will  remain  as  a  reserve  and  problem  for  future  operatoTS. 

Nos.  3  and  4  seams  are  not  well-defined  horizons  and  are  practically 
negligible,  so  far  as  at  present  known. 

No.  5  is  an  important  seam.  It  has  been  extensively  developed  in 
Pulton  county  and  in  the  Springfield  district,  where  it  shows  great  uni- 
formity. In  the  central  and  southern  part  of  the  coal  basin  it  is  not 
clearly  defined.  Its  characteristic  feature  is  the  presence  of  clay-slips 
running  irregularly  through  the  coal,  and  indicating  shattering,  with  sub- 
sequent filling.  It  has  a  strong  slate  roof,  whi^h  is  more  or  less  sandy, 
and  presents  a  pebbly,  knobby  surface  when  exposed  in  the  roof; 
usually  there  is  a  "draw-slate"  between  roof  and  coal,  which  is  in  some 
places  strong  enough  to  be  held  up  by  timbering.  The  coal  itself  is 
clean.  The  irregular  clay-slips,  "horses,"  and  sulphur-balls  are  frequent 
but  are  separable.  The  floor  is  a  shale,  which  exfoliates  when  exposed 
to  the  air. 

In  the  Fulton  county  field  this  seam  is  from  4  to  5  feet  thick  and 
remarkably  even.  It  is  mined  by  the  room-and-pillar  system.  As  it 
is  shallow,  the  pillars  are  left  very  small,  and,  in  general,  are  not  pulled. 
A  great  deal  of  coal  in  the  vicinity  of  the  outcrops  is  rendered  unwork- 
able by  nearness  to  valleys  filled  with  glacial  drift.  Within  the  work- 
able areas  the  yield  by  the  present  methods  is  from  60  to  65  per  cent  of 
the  coal  in  place. 

In  the  Springfield  district,  No.  5  is  from  5  to  6  feet  thick.  The 
room-and-pillar  system  is  employed.  Some  pillars  are  drawn,  but  gen- 
erally the  clay-slips  and  "horses"  are  so  frequent  that  an  effort  is  made 
to  lay  out  the  pillars  to  include  them.  On  the  whole,  the  yield  is  about 
the  same  as  in  the  Fulton  county  field.  South  of  Springfield,  and  in 
the  Third  Vein  district.  No.  5  coal  is  more  pockety.  As  it  is  from  160 
to  190  feet  above  seam  No.  2,  and  as  the  latter  is  worked  only  long-wall, 
the  unworked  areas  will  not  be  damaged  by  working  out  the  lower  seams. 

No.  6  is  the  great  producing  seam  of  the  State.  Except  for  a  few 
developments  in  northern  Illinois,  in  Bureau  county,  the  mines  work- 

1  Editor's  Note— This  seam  is  commercially  worked  also  at  Murphysboro  in  Jackson  county. 


RICE.]  MINING    WASTES   AND    COSTS    IN    ILLINOIS.  217 

ing  it  are  in  central  and  southern  Illinois.  The  seam  lies  from  40  to  60 
feet  ahove  the  No.  5  horizon.  It  is  characterized  by  a  ^^lue  band/' 
which  occurs  from  2  to  4  feet  above  the  bottom.  The  seam  is  from  5 
to  9  feet  thick.  The  Virden-Mt.  Olive  seam  and  the  Duquoin-Ziegier 
seam  both  belong,  in  my  opinion,  to  the  "Blue  Band''  seam.  The  seam 
in  the  former  district  has  generally  been  called  No.  5,  although  driUing 
indicates  a  pockety  seam  below  it  at  the  No.  5  horizon.  The  State 
Geological  Survey's  recent  investigations,  I  am  informed,  show  that 
the  Herrin  seam  in  Williamson  county,  heretofore  called  No.  7,  also 
belongs  to  the  No.  6  horizon. 

The  main  roof  of  the  "Blue  Band"  seam  is  a  limestone,  usually  with 
a  shale  or  clay  layer,  1  foot  to  4  feet  thick,  between  it  and  the  coal. 
In  some  places  the  limestone  comes  down  to  the  coal,  in  others  it  dis- 
appears entirely.  In  all  cases  the  main  roof  is  very  strong,  and  this  has 
an  important  bearing  on  the  system  of  mining  adopted.  The  coal  is  us- 
ually a  brighter,  cleaner  coal  in  itself  than  the  No.  5  coal,  but  in  central 
Illinois  it  has  a  large  amount  of  "sulphur"  (iron  pyrites)  in  balls,  lenses, 
and  stringers.  The  coal,  and  locally,  the  roof  of  this  seam,  contains 
considerable  marsh  gas  in  the  more  deeply  buried  portions.  The  floor 
is  a  clay  containing,  below  the  mining,  many  "nigger-heads."  This  clay 
readily  "squeezes"  when  subjected  to  pressure,  as  when  pillars  are  too 
small.  The  main  roof  is  very  difficult  to  "break,"  so  that,  when  the  coal 
is  from  350  to  600  feet  or  more  deep,  it  is  very  essential  to  leave  large 
pillars.  Many  mines,  in  other  ways  well  systematized,  have  had  serious 
difficulty  from  "squeezes"  brought  on  by  leaving  too-thin  pillars  or  reb- 
bing  them.  The  older  mines  were  all  operied  on  the  room-and-pillar 
plan.  Lately,  the  majority  of  the  mine's  have  been  changing  to  the 
'^^panel"  system  with  beneficial  results,  but  as  yet  no  systematic  attempts 
have  been  made  to  pull  pillars.  The  result  is,  that  in  the  deeper  mines 
only  one-half  of  the  coal  is  secured,  taking  into  account  barrier  as  well 
as  other  pillars. 

As  a  whole,  there  is  taken  out  of  this  seam  only  from;  50  to  60  per 
cent  of  the  coal  it  contains,  the  gross  quantity  of  which  throughout  the 
State  certainly  exceeds  the  contents  of  any  other  seam,  and  possibly  of 
seams  Nos.  5  and  7  together.  It  is  the  seam  now  most  actively  worked, 
and  will  continue  to  be  the  most  productive ;  but  its  exploitation  involves 
the  largest  losses,  and  hence  calls  for  the  most  earnest  study  in  the  in- 
terest of  great  economy.  The  coal,  when  freed  from  impurity,  is  a 
very  strong  steam-coal,  and  the  seam  tends  to  improve  in  quality  as  well 
as  thickness  in  going  south. 

No.  7  is  not  generally  present  in  northern  Illinois.  If  it  ever  was 
so,  it  has  been  generally  eroded.  Outside  of  the  Danville  district,  it 
certainly  does  not  exist  as  a  thick  seam.  In  that  district  it  is  known  as 
the  "Danville  seam."  The  G-rape  Cteek  seam,  which  is  below  it,  and 
in  which  there  has  been  the  greatest  development,  is  considered  to  be  No. 
6.  The  correlation  of  these  various  seams  by  the  State  Survey  is  looked 
forward  to  with  great  interest.  As  mined  at  Danville,  No.  7  is  from 
5  to  7  feet  thick.  It  has  been  opened  up  by  the  usual  room-and-pillar 
system,  and  the  pillars  are  not  drawn.  Owing  to  the  numerous  slips  and 
poor  roof  the  yield  is  low,  probably  but  little  over  50  per  cent. 


218  YEAE-BOOK    FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

-  There  have  been  no  workable  seams  discovered,  above  the  No.  7. 
Here  and  there  in  the  upper  part  of  the  deep  sections  of  the  measures 
in  the  central  part  of  the  basin,  as  form d  by  drilling,  there  are  seams 
1  to  2  feet  in  thickness^/ but  the  timje  is  very  remote  when  they  can  be 
made  available. 

THE  SUEFACE,  SUBSIDENCE  DUE  TO  MINING. 

The  influence  of  this  fa,ctor  upon  the  yield  results  from  the  high  value 
of  Illinois  lands  for  agricultural  purposes  ,  well  improved,  tiled  land  be- 
ing worth  from  $100.00  to  $175.00  per  acre.  In  mining  coal  by  the 
long-wall  system,  where  the  overlying  surface  is  flat,  the  tile-drains  are 
deranged  and  swampy  places  are  made,  although  the  surface  may  sink 
only  from  1.5  to  2  feet.  This  is  particularly  the  case  in  the  Wilmington 
district.  In  the  La  Salle  district  the  ground  is  more  rolling  and  the 
subsidence  has  little  effect.  Although  the  goaves  in  the  mines  of  these 
districts  are  supposed  to  be  nearly  filled,  in  reality  they  are  not,  and 
the  settlement  is  practically  one-half  the  thickness  of  the  seam.  If  the 
long-wall  system  were  applied  to  the  thick  seams,  when  applicable  at  all, 
it  would  cause  a  considerable  derangement  of  the  surface,  and  where 
the  latter  is  so  nearly  level  as  the  prairie-land  of  central  Illinois,  it  makes 
the  question  of  subsidence  a  serious  one.  It  may  be  solved  to  a  certain 
extent  through  draining  the  sunken  lands  by  pumping,  but  even  with 
such  a  method,  aside  from  the  expense,  there  is  a  serious  difficulty  from 
storm  water.  When  the  subsidence  of  the  surface  is  from  3  to  4  feet  it 
will  render  previously  level  lands  of  little  use  for  raising  crops  until  the 
particular  area  has  come  to  full  settlement  and  has  been  retiled.  The 
same  is  true'  if  all  the  coal  be  taken  out  by  any  other  system,  and  is  even 
more  emphasized  where  no  pack-walls  are  used,  because  then  the  sub- 
sidence is  practically  the  full  thickness  of  the  seam.  If  it  were  possible 
to  systematize  mining  so  that  the  land  nearest  the  water  courses  was 
first  undermined  and  then  in  succession  the  land  further  away,  the 
damage  done  to  farming  would  be  minimized.  However,  until  the  agri- 
cultural land  in  the  United  States  becomes  insufficient  to  fill  the  needs  of 
the  population,  which  would  be  reflected  in  a  continual  increase  of  price 
for  farming  land,  the  money  loss  from  temporarily  destroying  the  sur- 
face in  places  is  relatively  small,  as  compared  with  the  selling-price  of 
the  coal  mined  under  the  seam.  Taking  the  average  value  of  the  sur- 
face at  $125.00  per  acre,  if  80  per  cent  be  rendered  worthless,  the  im- 
mediate money-loss  would  be  $100.00  per  acre.  A  seam  6  feet  thick 
would  contain  per  acre  11,000  tons  of  coal  in  place,  yielding,  at  90  per 
cent,  9,900  tons.  The  damage  done  by  practically  destroying  the  surface 
would  be  only  1  cent  per  ton.  If  the  land  prices  should  rise  two  or  three 
times  above  the  value  stated,  this  loss  would  still  not  prohibit  raining. 

INTEELACED  BOUNDAEY  0V7NEESHIP. 

The  losses  in  mining  arising  from  this  factor  have  been  perhaps  less 
important  in  the  past  than  they  may  be  in  the  future.  I  had  occasion 
some  time  ago  to  examine  a  property  where  there  was  coal  within  a 


RICE]  MINING   WASTES   AND    COSTS    IN    ILLINOIS.  2i9 


quarter  of  a  mile  of  the  shaft  on  either  side^  yet  the  operator  was  obliged 
to  mine  coal  at  a  distance  of  one  and  a  half  miles.  Some  of  that  near 
the  shaft  could  not  be  purchased,  yet  it  lay  in  such  a  way  near  a  geolog- 
ical uplift  that  it  would  not  pay  to  open  another  mine  to  rea>ch  it.  A 
number  of  such  instances  can  be  found.  There  have  been  large  pur- 
chases, by  various  corporations,  of  coal-rights  through  Illinois,  which 
have  been  taken  up  checker-work  fashion,  and  unless  the  State  inter- 
poses its  authority  it  is  conceivable  in  some  cases  that  coal  may  be 
lost  through  improper  development  due  to  adverse  ownership.  Such 
effects,  in  a  number  of  cases,  have  been  avoided  by  adjoining  owners 
getting  together  and  trading  to  form  areas  suitable  for  the  layout  of  in- 
dividual mines. 

OARBLESSNESS  IN  MINING  OPEEATIONS. 

Losses  from  this  source  have  been  very  great.  They  may  be  set  down 
under  these  heads: 

1.  Improper  system  of  mining. 

2.  Carelessness  in  following  any  system  of  mining  by  which  blocks 
of  coal  are  lost,  and,  where  pillars  are  being  pulled,  carelessness  in  fail- 
ings to  systematize  the  work,  so  that  "squeezes^^  will  be  avoided.  The 
same  is  true  of  advancing  work,  where  improper  proportioning  of  pillars 
or  alignment  of  roads  has  brought  on  "squeezes." 

3.  Inadequate  surveys,  records  and  maps,  so  that,  with  change  of 
underground  management,  there  has  been  a,  failure  to  give  proper  notice 
of  pillars  and  blocks  of  coal  that  temporarily  have  been  passed  by. 

4.  An  entirely  inadequate  system  for  filing  maps  and  survey  records 
of  abandoned  mines  with  either  the  county  or  the  State.  The  absence 
of  definite  knowledge  compels  new  adjacent  mines,  as  a  matter  of  safety, 
to  keep  farther  away  from  an  old  abandoned  mine,  which  may  be  full 
of  water  or  gas,  than  would  be  necessary.  At  present  it  is  impossible  to 
find  any  map  of  a  mine  abandoned  some  years  back.  There  is  also  in- 
sufficient attention  paid  to  compelling  operators  of  mines  that  are  about 
to  be  abandoned  to  bring  up  the  mine  Surveys  in  a  careful  manner.  In 
my  opinion,  the  preservation  of  mine  maps  is  properly  a  function  for  the 
State,  as  it  is  now  for  a  county  to  record  deeds,  and  there  should  be  a 
permanent  bureau  established  for  the  proper  recording  of  the  Surveys 
and  maps  of  abandoned  mines.  This  bureau  also  should  take  charge  of 
and  systematically  file  the  maps  of  "going"  mines. 

Eembdies  for  Waste  in  Mining. 

POSSIBLE  saving. 

I  believe  it  is  possible  to  take  out  from  90  to  95  per  cent  of  the  coal 
under  a  given  area,,  even  if  the  character  of  the  roof  is  such  that  pillars 
cannot  be  pulled  and  the  advancing. long- wall  system  is  not  applicable; 
that,  in  general,  this  can  be  done  at  an  additional  cost  which  need  not 
make  it  prohibitive.  In  fact,  taken  over  the  whole  life-time  of  the  mine, 
it  may  be  a  profitable  operation. 


220  YEAE-BOOK    FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Wliere  advancing  long-wall  can  be  nsed^  it  is  plainly  the  most  direct 
system  to  apply,  but,  as  already  observed,  it  is  inapplicable  in  Illinois, 
in  most  cases,  outside  of  the  Ko.  2  seam. 

PILLING  SYSTEM. 

Two  general  systems  suggest  themselves,  one  of  which  is  a  replacement 
with  material  sent  down  from  the  surface.  This  method  is  more  or  less 
employed  in  the  anthracite  district  of  Pennsylvania,  where  the  culm-bank 
is  used  for  the  filling.  It  is  alsO'  used  extensively  in  Silesia.  In  Illinois, 
tlie  substitute  would  have  to  be  surface-sands  and  gravel.  That  this 
would  be  impracticable  in  the  great  majority  of  cases  throughout  the 
State  is  self-evident,  particularly  if  water,  the  usual  vehicle  for  trans- 
poTtation,  is  employed,  inasmuch  as  the  majority  of  the  thick  seams  in 
Illinois  have  clay  unde;r  them  which  water  would  soften  and  thus  tend 
to  cause  a  "squeeze."  Aside  from  this,  much  farm  land  would  be  de- 
stroyed in  getting  the  filling  material. 

RETREATING   LONG-WALL. 

;The  other  system  is  driving  to  the  boundaries  of  the  property  and 
then  using  either  retreating  long-wall  or  semi-long-wall  systems,  such  as 
have  been  extensively  developed  in  England.  One  or  the  other  of  these 
systms,  in  my  opinion,  could  be  applied  in  almost  all  cases,  meeting  the 
obstacles  of  strong  roof  and  clay  floor.  The  difficulties  of  a  retreating 
system  are  these :  The  delay  in  getting  an  output,  the  increase  in  cap- 
italization, and  the  added  cost  in  the  early  stages  of  the  mine,  due  to 
the  increased  capitalization.  The  off-set  would  be  the  saving  of  the 
coal ;  but  this  is  a  minor  item  of  expense,  and  is  balanced  by  the  damage 
to  the  surface. 

Estimates  of  Costs. — ^Taking  a  theoretical  case,  the  figures  would  be 
about  as  follows:  Let  us  assume,  in  the  "Blue  Band"  seam  of  central 
Illinois,  coal  averaging  7  feet  in  thickness  and  400  feet  deep;  shafts  in 
the  center'  of  a  group  of  four  sections  of  land  (2,560  acres)  ;  a  mine 
equipment  costing  $125,000;  townsite,  coal-rights  and  miscellaneous  out- 
lays as  much  more;  making  a  total  capitalization^ of  $250,000.  Assume 
a  pair  of  entries  to  be  driven  to  the  middle  of  one  side  of  the  property, 
thence  to  a  corner,  with  additional  stubs,  making  a  total  of  about  8,000 
yards  of  single  entry.  The  use  of  machinery  for  driving  the  entries  is 
presupposed,  both  for  the  sake  of  speed  and  for  the  advantage  of  the 
under-cutting,  which  allows  the  coal  to  be  blasted  down  with  small 
charges.  Hence,  three  shifts  could  be  used.  Assuming  an  average  ad- 
vance of  five  yards  per  day,  the  cost  would  be  roughly  about  $10.00 
per  yard  in  excess  of  the  value  of  the  coal  produced.  This  would  make 
a  total  charge  of  $80,000  in  excess  of  the  ordinary  cost  of  development. 
At  a  speed  of  five  yards  per  day  it  would  take  about  800  working  days 
to  drive  the  pair  of  entries  the  two  miles  to  the  comer,  plus  some  stubs. 
Allowing  for  the  inevitable  delays  this  would  mean  2.5  years  to  get  to 
the  same  stage  of  development  ordinarily  reached  when  the  main  and 


KICE.]  MINING   WASTES    AND   COSTS    IN   ILLINOIS.  221 

escape  shafts  have  reached  coal  a.nd  have  been  connected  underground, 
xillowing  six  per  cent  per  annum  for  half  the  period  (1.25  years),  the 
interest  on  $80,000  wonld  be  $6,000.  Possibly  the  expenditure  of  $50,- 
000  of  the  entire  plant  and  town-site  investment  previously  mentioned 
could  be  deferred  till  the  final  period  of  development.  If  so,  $200,000 
would  be  drawing  interest  for  two  years  and  six  months — say  at  six  per 
cent  per  annum.    We  then  have : 

Excess  cost  of  8,000  yd.  entry  complete $80,000 

per  cent  interest  on  $80,000  for  1  year  and  3  months 6,000 

per  cent  interest  on  $  200,000  for  2  years  and  6  montlis 30,000 

Total  excess  cost  of  special  development  over  that  of  ordinary  development $116 ,000 

Hence,  this  additional  amount  of  capital  would  be  required.  At  six 
per  cent  the  interest  on  $116,000  will  constitute  an  annual  charge  of 
$6,960.  If  the  theoretical  plant  has  an  annual  average  output  of  300,000 
tons,  which  would  be  normal  for  a  commercial  mine  for  the  investment 
mentioned  ($250,000),  this  fixed  annual  charge  would  amount  to  2.32 
cents  per  ton  hoisted. 

The  cost  of  mining  at  the  face,  under  the  present  labor  contracts, 
would  probably  be  the  same  as  it  is  under  the  prevailing  system.  The 
cost  of  hoisting,  dumping,  and  loading  would  also  be  the  same,  but  at 
the  start  certain  other  items  would  be  greater;  the  "care  of  mine^^  cost, 
due  to  the  keeping  up'  of  the  first  long  roads,  would  be  larger  than  at  any 
subsequent  period.  The  same  would  be  true  of  haulage;  it  has  been  as- 
sumed that  an  electric  haulage  for  the  two  miles  (four  miles  round  trip) 
over  what  would  be  merely  "gathering'^  in  the  conventional  starting 
of  a  mine,  at  the  center  of  the  property,  and  which  would  be  similar  to 
the  development  at  the  corner  of  the  property,  should  be  between  4 
and  5  cents  per  ton,  considering  labor,  fuel,  repairs,  and  sinking  fund  for 
the  haulage  plant. 

During  the  life  time  of  the  mine  this  cost  would  be  constantly  de- 
creasing, instead  of  increasing,  as  in  the  conventional  advancing  mine. 
The  average  over  the  whole  period  would  be  practically  the  same.  In 
the  "care-of-mine"  cost,  however,  the  average  during  the  whole  life 
time  of  the  mine  should  be  considerably  less  than  that  of  the  conven- 
tional advancing  mine.  How  much  less  is  conjectural,  but  that  the  sav- 
ing would  more  than  compensate  for  fixed  charges  arising  from  the 
greater  first-cost  of  the  retreating  mine,  I  ha,ve  no^  doubt.  At  the 
stairt,  the  situation  would  have  to'  be  faced  that  the  cost  of  the  coal 
would  be  still  further  increased  something  like  this : 

Cents 
per  ton- 
Interest  on  additional  capital 2.32 

Additional  cost  of  haulage 4 .  50 

Cost  of  maintaining  and  ventilating  four  miles  of  single  entry,  labor,  timber  and  fuel,  $40  per  day       2 .  60 

Total  additional  cost  at  start 9 .  42 

Effect  of  Introducing  New-  System. — ^Under  present  market  condi- 
tions it  would  practically  wipe  out  all  profits  for  the  average  Illinois 
mine.  This,  together  with  the  deferment  of  the  time  of  getting  the  first 
returns,  which  ordinarily  is  from  1  to  1.5  years,  to  a  total  of  3.5  or  4 
years,  brings  about  a  condition  making  it  virtually  impossible  to  enlist 


222  YEAE-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull,  no,  14 

new  capital  to  open  a  mine  in  this  way.  The  plan  seems  feasible  only  for 
the  largest  companies,  and  these  would  gradnally  change;  that  is,  start 
mines  on  the  retreating  plan  while  operating  their  old  properties  on 
conventional  lines.  Evidently,  large  consolidations  conld  best  effect  this 
purpose.  To  force  an  immediate  change  of  old  as  well  as  new  mines 
by  State  or  national  laws  would  be  too  drastic.  To  make  the  require- 
ment for  all  new  mines,  if  legally  it  can  be  done,  would  undoubtedly 
have  the  effect  of  restricting  new  developments.  If  the  law  were  national 
in  scope  it  would  probably  result  in  such  curtailment  of  new  output 
that  very  soon  there  would  be  a  shortage  of  fuel  and  an  increase  in  price 
until  capital  was  again  attracted.  The  effect  would  be  even  more  severe 
in  the  mountainous  states  than  in  Illinois,  inasmuch  as  the  development 
of  satisfactory  methods  to  meet  the  physical  disadvantages  of  steeply- 
pitching  seams,  or  even  level  ones  running  under  high  mountains,  will 
be  difficult,  and  still  more  so  where  the  seams  are  faulted. 

LEGISLATION   NEEDED. 

Much,  however,  can  be  accomplished  by  voluntary  means  and  by  the 
making  of  such  laws  by  the  State  as  would  require  the  filing  of  proposed 
plans  of  development  for  any  new  mine,  and  their  approval  by  a  board 
of  examiners  before  mining  is  allowed  to  begin,  plans  leading  to  unsafe 
conditions  and  too  wasteful  in  method  not  being  permitted.  This  would 
amount  to  the  giving  of  free  engineering  advice  by  specialists ;  but  if 
it  aided  in  conserving  the  mineral  resources  of  the  State  and  the  country 
it  would  be  worth  more  than  the  relatively  small  cost  of  maintaining 
such  a  bureau,  either  by  the  State,  or  by  the  State  and  the  national 
government  together. 

EDUCATION  NEEDED. 

Much  can  be  done  by  a  campaign  of  education.  This  country  has 
highly  developed  its  coal  mining  machinery,  and  in  this  respect  has 
been  in  the  front  rank,  enabling  it  to  produce  cheap  fuel  with  rela- 
tively high  labor  cost,  but  in  the  manner  of  laying  out  our  mines  under- 
ground and  in  directing  the  work  at  the  face  we  have  been  practically 
stationary  for  years.  When  unusual  conditions  are  encountered  in  a 
mine,  that  part  of  the  mine  is  too  often  abandoned.  We  have  fires  and 
disasters  sometimes  due  to  lack  of  knowledge,  care,  or  thoroughness  on 
the  pai-t  of  the  underground  foremen,  who  are  usually  striving  to  make 
a  record  for  tonnage. 

Having  so  much  easily  mined  coal,  we  have  tended  to  avoid  all  ad- 
verse conditions,  picking  out  the  good  spots.  This  has  not  developed 
our  skill  in  meeting  difficult  conditions,  so  that  we  are  undoubtedly  far 
behind  England  and  Europe  generally  in  our  work  at  the  ^^face"  of  the 
mine.  Our  best  mining  foremen  have  been  trained  abroad  in  a  prac- 
tical way,  even  if  their  schooling  has  sometimes  been  acquired  here. 

We  have  much  to  learn;  and  now  that  the  government  has  started  on 
its  campaign  of  education  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  Illinois  and  other  min- 
ing states  will  awake  to  the  call  for  "the  conservation  of  natural  re- 
sources." 


SNODGRASS.]  DOMESTIC    USES   OF    ILLINOIS   COAL.  223 


THE  USE  OF  ILLINOIS  COAL   FOR   DOMESTIC  PURPOSES. 

(By  J.   M.   SNODGRASS.)^ 

Under  "domestic  purposes;"  it  is  intended  to  include  all  heating, 
cooking,  etc.,  by  the  burning  of  coal  in  stoves,  ranges,  and  furnaces,  or 
under  house-heating  boilers,  in  dwellings  or  other  buiiclings.  The  amount 
of  coal  or  other  fuel  so  burned  is  large,  and  the  question  of  its  efficient 
combustion  without  undue  smoke  and  dirt,  and  without  troublesome  fire 
conditions,  is  directly  important  to  a  large  number  of  consumers  and  to 
the  community  as  a  whole.  A  satisfactory  solution  of  the  problems  con- 
nected with  burning  Illinois  coal  for  domestic  purposes  would  mean  a 
very  considerable  saving  for  the  consumer  and  a  much  better  market 
both  within  the  State  and  throughout  the  territory  naturally  supplied 
with  this  coal. 

Until  recently,  this  subject  has  received  little  consideration  as  com- 
pared with  the  use  of  coal  for  power  and  for  heating  upon  a  large  scale. 
The  manufacturers  of  stoves,'  house-heating  boilers,  and  like  apparatus, 
have  interested  themselves  more  or  less  in  this  phase  of  the  fuel  ques- 
tion; but  the  results  of  their  investigations  are  either  not  available,  or 
are  applicable  to  particular  types  of  apparatus  only. 
•  The  first  settlers  in  the  West,  coming  as  a  rule  from  more  eastern 
states,  brought  with  them  the  apparatus  and  methods  of  heating  and 
cooking  with  which  they  were  already  familiar.  These  were  largely 
adapted  to  the  burning  of  anthracite  coal  and  wood.  Throughout  Illi- 
nois, until  comparatively  recent  years,  the  so'-called  ^n3ase-burner,"  a 
stove  adapted  for  anthracite  coal  only,  was  commonly  used  for  heating 
residences  of  the  better  class.  In  cooking  stoves  and  ranges,  wood  or 
anthracite  coal  was,  and  still  is,  quite  generally  employed,  especially 
where  the  expense  of  these  fuels  is  not  considered  prohibitive.  With 
the  advent  of  hot-air  furnaces  and  house-heating  boilers,  coming  at  first 
largely  from  the  eastern  market,  the  use  of  anthracite  was  still  continued 
to  a  large  extent.  Owing  to  the  constantly  increasing  price  of  anthra- 
cite and  to  the  coal  miners'  strike  of  1902,  with  the  attendant  scarcity 
of  this  kind  of  coal  at  that  time,  the  use  of  soft  coal  for  domestic  pur- 
poses has  now  become  much  more  common. 

The  fact  that  anthracite,  and  apparatus  designed  for  burning  it  were 
first  in  the  field,  was  in  itself  an  advantage  for  that  fuel  over  Illinois  or 
other  soft  coals.  Anthracite  possesses  a  comparatively  high  heating  value ; 


i  Prepared  under  the  direction  of  L.  P.  Breekenridge,  Director  of  the  State  Engineering  Experiment 
Station. 


224  YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

little  of  it  need  be  lost  in  handling;  it  can  be  burned  efficiently  and  but 
a  small  portion  of  it  is  ash  or  inert  matter.  Consequently,  a  smaller 
weight  of  anthracite  than  of  average  Illinois  coal  will  have  to  be  handled 
in  the  generation  of  a  given  amount  of  heat.  Moreover,  anthracite  is 
easily  handled,  comparatively  free  from  dust,  and  has  an  advantage  over 
Illinois  coal  in  the  matter  of  cleanliness  in  the  boiler  room.  It  holds 
fire  well.  The  fire  is  easily  regulated,  does  not  smoke  or  make  soot  to 
an  objectionable  extent,  leaves  little  ash,  and,  ordinarily,  the  coal  does 
not  clinker  badly. 

The  burning  of  Illinois  coal  is  usually  accompanied,  to  a  greater  or 
less  extent  (depending  upon  a  number  of  conditions,  such  as  furnace 
and  boiler  arrangements,  kind,  size,  composition  and  preparation  of  the 
coal),  by  some  or  all  of  the  following  disadvantages :  It  is  dirty,  soiling- 
clothing  or  other  material  with  which,  it  may  come  in  contact.  In  handl- 
ing it,  more  or  less  dust  is  raised.  Fires  are  more  difficult  to  regulate 
and,  under  many  conditions,  do  not  keep  as  well  as  an  anthracite  fire 
Smoke,  soot,  and  noxious  gases  are  given  off  from  the  fire,  and  these 
are  much  more  liable  to  escape  from  the  furnace  into  the  boiler  room 
than  is  the  case  with  anthracite  coal.  The  heating  value  of  the  coal  is 
lower,  and  the  ash  content  is  higher  than  in  anthracite,  and  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  burn  it  with  the  same  efficiency.  These  conditions  necessitate  a 
large  supply  for  a  given  amount  of  heating  tO'  be  done,  more  storage 
space  and  more  handling  of  coal.  The  high  ash  implies  a  correspond- 
ingly large  amount  of  ashes  to  be  moved,  and  the  tendency  to  clinker 
to  a  troublesome  degree  is  more  pronounced. 

For  the  purposes  of  thef  present  paper,  coke  can  best  be  roughly 
classed  with  anthracite.  When  burned  in  stoves  and  heaters  it  possesses 
many  of  the  properties  and  advantages  of  anthracite  coal,  and,  to  a  large 
extent,  is  free  from  the  objectionable  features  incident  to  the  burning 
of  soft  coal.  Like  anthracite,  however,  it  must,  for'  use  in  Illinois  and 
most  other  western  states,  be  transported  long  distances,  or  the  coal 
from  which  it  is  prepared  must  be  so  transported.  Coke  as  a,  by- 
product from  local  gas  plants  is  on  a  somewhat  different  footing  from 
coke  imported  for  fuel  purposes  only,  and  must  be  considered  with  this 
fact  in  view. 

The  great  advantage  of  Illinois  coal  for  the  Illinois  user  and  others 
within  a  reasonable  distance  of  the  field  is  its  low  price.  First-class 
Illinois  coal  for  domestic  purposes  can  be  purchased  for  one-half  or  less 
than  one-half  the  price  of  anthracite.  While  the  heating  poAver  of  the 
anthracite  is  in  general  greater,  the  difference  is  not  so  great  as  to  be 
in  any  sense  commensurate  with  the  difference  in  price.  In  Table  I, 
which  relates  to  some  fuels  tested  under  house-heating  boilers  at  the 
University  of  Illinois,  it  will  be  noted  that  the  B.  t.  u.  (British  thermal 
units)  per  pound  of  the  anthracite  listed  is  12,690  as  compared  with 
a  value  of  12,278  for  a  comparatively  high  priced  Illinois  coal  and  a< 
value  of  10,473  for  a  somewhat  cheaper  Illinois  coal.  In  one  case  the 
Illinois  coal  costs  46  per  cent  of  the  price  of  the  anthracite  coal  and 
contains  96.7  per  cent  of  its  calorific  capacity. 

In  the  other  case  the  Illinois  coal  costs  only  34  per  cent  of  the  price 
of  the  anthracite  and  contains  82.5  per  cent  of  its  calorific  capacity.    This 


SNODGRASS,] 


DOMESTIC   USES   OF    ILLINOIS   COAL. 


225 


Table  I. — Costs  of  Various  Fuels. 

Fuel- tests  with  House-heating  Boilers. 


Kind  of  Fuel. 

Cost  per  ton 
of  2,000  lb.  at 
Urbana,  111. 

Cost  in  per 
cent  based  on 

anthracite 

coal  as  100  per 

cent. 

B.t.u.perlb 
as  fired . 

B.  t.  u.  in  per 
cent  based  on 

anthracite 

coal  as  100  per 

cent. 

Anthracite  coal             

$8.25 
5.50 
5.00 
6.00 
2.75 

3.75 

Percent. 
100 

67 

61 

73 

34 

46 

12,690 
14,753 
12,033 
12,488 
10,473 

12,278 

Per  cent. 

100  0 

Pocahontas  coal 

116.3 

94.8 

98.4 

Illinois  coal  (Christian  county),  nut.. 

IlUnois   coal    (Williamson   county), 
washed  hut .        

82.5 
96.7 

great  discrepancy  in  price  per  heat-unit  suggests  the  need  of  improve- 
ment in  the  methods  of  burning  the  cheaper  fuel.  Evidently,  if  all  other 
conditions  could  be  equalized  or  eliminated,  the  B.  t.  u.  delivered  by  the 
fuel  would  be  the  direct  measure  of  its  value. 

During  the  past  two  years  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  the 
University  of  Illinois  has  made  many  tests  of  different  fuels,  chiefly 
Illinois  coals.  Those  made  upon  fuels  burned  in  the  furnaces  of  house- 
heating  boilers  of  standard  types  and  of  sizes  suitable  for  average  resi- 
dences have  embraced  anthracite  and  Pocahontas  coal,  coke,  a  number 
of  Illinois  coals,  and  briquetted  coal.  These  tests  are  still  going  on, 
and  will  be  reported  in  the  regular  bulletins  of  the  station,  hence  they 
will  not  be  discussed  in  detail  here.  The  relation  of  price  to  heating 
value,  however,  will  be  illustrated  by  a  few  figures  taken  from  the  data 
at  hand. 

Table  III  presents  this  relation,  as  based  upon  evaporative  perform- 
ance, for  several  of  the  best  known  kinds  of  fuel.  The  tests  were  made 
upon  two  house-heating  boilers,  here  designated  as  Di  and  D2 ;  the  former, 
made  of  four  horizontal  cast-iron  sections  (the  base  and  grate  section, 
the  fire-pot,  the  intermediate  section,  and  the  dome),  and  the  latter  of 
vertical  sections,  connected  by  means  of  external  drums  or  headers. 
Table  II  shows  the  dimensions. 

11. — Dimensions  of  Test-Boilers  Di  and  D2. 


sq.  ft. 


Rated  capacity,  radiating-surface 

Area  of  grate-surface 

Sectional  area  of  chimney 

Total  heating-surface 

Total  water  and  steam  space 

'  — 15  G 


800 

4.28 

1.07 

43.7 

Cu.Ft. 
7.38 


1,075 

6 

1.07 

75.87 

Cu.  Ft. 
11.16 


226  YEAK-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

The  height  of  the  chimney  above  the  grate  in  both  cases  is  39  feet. 

Each  boiler  is  supplied  with  special  feed-water  supply  apparatus  and 
a  load-regulator,  as  well  as  with  the  gauges,  thermometers  and  other 
auxiliary  apparatus  necessary  for  test  purposes. 

For  the  tests  here  considered,  the  evaporative  performance  of  the 
boiler  and  fuel  was  deemed  the  best  basis  of  comparison,  and  the  tests 
were  conducted  with  that  as  the  main  item  sought.  The  problems  of 
regulation,  length  of  time  of  holding  fire,  smokelessness,  ash,  fire  con- 
ditions, etc.,  was  not  overlooked  but  necessarily  became  secondary  in  im- 
portance; and  observations  and  results  relating  to  these  questions  are  not 
reported  here. 

Fires  were  started  according  to  the  standard  method  of  the  A.  S.  M.  E. 
code.  The  tests  varied  in  duration,  but  were  approximately  either  8, 
16,  or  24  hours  long.  The  fire  was  drawn  when  the  boiler-pressure 
dropped  below  4  or  5  pounds  on  the  last  firing,  and  did  not  again  rise 
upon  the  opening  of  the  damper  and  the  closing  of  the  check.  The  ma- 
terial drawn  out  at  the  close  of  the  test  was  immediately  put  into  a 
galvanized  can  with  a  close-fitting  cover  to  prevent  further  combustion. 
Analysis  of  this  partly-consumed  or  "residuaP^  fuel  furnished  suitable 
corrections  for  the  determination  of  fuel  actually  burned.  The  ash  was 
kept  separate  from  the  residual  fuel,  being  taken  from  the  furnace  and 
ash-pit  before  the  fire  was  drawn.  The  fuel  was  sampled  in  the  usual 
manner  by  taking  a  small  portion  from  each  firing.  Analyses  of  the 
fuel,  ash,  and  residual  fuel  were  made  at  the  chemical  laboratories  of  the 
University  of  Illinois. 

The  feed-water,  delivered  to  each  boiler  through  measuring  tanks,  was 
the  condensation  from  heating  coils,  and  had  a  temperature  near  180°  F. 
Steam  was  exhausted  to  the  atmosphere,  after  passing  through  a  load- 
regulating  device,  arranged  to  give  a  load  equivalent  to  about  65  per  cent 
of  the  boiler-rating.  A  separator  with  suitable  connections  was  used  to 
determine  the  moisture  in  the  steam;  and  the  usual  observations  con- 
cerning temperatures,  pressures,  drafts,  etc.,  were  made. 

Table  III  shows  results,  which  are,  for  the  most  part  averages  of 
from  three  to  six  tests  with  each  kind  of  fuel.  Columns  1  and  2  give 
the  kind  and  cost  of  each  fuel.  The  samples  were  purchased  mostly 
from  local  dealers,  and  the  prices  are  given  for  quantities  of  from 
1  to  5  tons  only.  Almost  all  these  fuels  can  be  purchased  somewhat 
more  cheaply  in  larger  quantities ;  but  domestic  consumers  are  very  likely 
to)  be  retail  purchasers.  Column  3  gives  the  heating  capacity  per 
pound  for  each  of  the  fuels  listed,  and  column  4  the  cost  of  14,600; 
B.  t.  u.  as  purchased  in  each.  (The  number  of  14,600  B.  t.  u.,  as  the 
calorific  capacity  of  a  pound  of  pure  carbon,  is  taken  as  a  convenient 
unit  for  comparison.  Column  5  shows  that  the  boilers  were  operated  at 
practically  the  same  average  capacity.  The  evaporation  of  0.3  pounds 
of  water  per  hour  from  and  at  212°  F.  is  taken  as  the  equivalent  of 
one  square  foot  of  radiation.  Columns  6  an  7  give  two  of  the  principal 
operating  conditions.  Columns  8  and  9  s^ive  the  cost  of  evaporating 
1,000  pound  of  water  from  and  at  212°  F.,  and  the  fuel  cost  per  liour 


Snodgrass.] 


DOMESTIC   USES   OF   ILLINOIS   COAL. 


227 


Tale  III. — Comparison  of  Fuel  Costs — Data  and  Results — Fuel-Tests 
With  House-Heating  Boilers. 


1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

III 

-2 

1^ 

3 

^  s'^ 

O 

0   i:, 

d-t^ 

► 

1 

>  0 

I-  CD 

KM 

li 

Kind  of  Fuel. 

5 

M 

6 

1| 

to  ^ 

^1 

^1 

!I 

0  ^ 

11 

O 

1 

6 

1? 

&1^ 

H  OS- 

13 

o 

■  i 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Cents. 

Cents. 

Per  Ct. 

,— < 

(-1 

§ 

3 

K 

■* 

o 

1 

6 

o 
o 

o 

Boiler. 

Boiler. 

Boiler. 

Boiler. 

Boiler. 

Boiler. 

D^. 

D,. 

D,.  D5. 

D,.  D,. 

Di- 

D,. 

Di. 

D^. 

D^. 

D2. 

Anthracite  coal 

8.25 

12,690 

0.47 

65.9 

62.3 

5.6 

4.4 

3.6 

2.7 

62.5  53.7 

1.88 

1.62 

50.3 

58.6 

Pocahontas  coal 

5.50 

14,753 

0.27 

63.6 

64.0 

5.2 

4.1 

3.5 

2.7 

40.2  32.6 

1.20 

0.98 

44.9 

55.4 

Coke  (gas-plant  by  product).. . . 

5.00 

12,033 

0.30 

65.4 

62.5 

5.3 

4.2 

3.6 

2.7 

36.3 

31.5 

1.09 

0.95 

55.6 

63.6 

Coke  (Solvay  process) 

fi  no 

12,488 

0  35 

64  4 

60  8 

4  6 

4  0 

3  5 

"^  6 

38  1 

37  1 

1   15 

1  11 

61   1 

62  9 

Illinois  coal  (Christian  county) 

nut - 

?.  75 

10,473 

0  19 

63  5 

6'^  3 

7  8 

7  0 

3  5 

?,  7 

30  1 

'^S  H 

0  91 

0  86 

42.0 

44.4 

Illinois  coal  (Williamson  coun- 

ty) washed  nut 

3.75 

12,278 

0.22 

63.9 

64.8 

6.0 

5.5 

3.5 

2.8 

31.2 

28.7 

0.93 

0.86 

47.4 

51   5 

of  serving  100  square  feet  of  radiating  surface.  Column  10  gives  the 
calculated  efficiency  of  the  boiler,  furnace  and  grate,  operated  under  the 
conditions  of  the  tests. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  cost  of  evaporating,  1,000  pounds  of  water 
from  and  at  212°  F.  varies  from  62.5  cents  for  anthracite  to  28.6  cents 
for  the  cheapest  of  the  Illinois  coals  tested.  If  evaporative  performance 
alone  be  considered,  this  shows  a  saving  of  54.2  per  cent  of  the  cost  of  the 
anthracite  in  producing  the  same  effect.  The  similar  differences  between 
the  same  Illinois  coal  and  the  Pocahontas  coal  and  the  cokes,  while  not 
as  great,  are  sufficient  to  warrant,  other  conditions  being  equal,  the  choice 
of  Illinois  coal  on  the  ground  of  economy.  Certainly  a  possible  saving 
of  from  10  to  50  per  cent  in  the  cost  of  a  material  which  enters  into 
practically  every  home,  and  the  consumptions  of  which  in  Illinois  alone 
is  annually  millions  of  tons,  at  several  dollars  per  ton,  is  an  object  worthy 
of  every  possible  effort. 

The  endeavor  of  manufacturers  to  furnish  stoves  and  furnaces  suit- 
able for  Illinois  coal,  and  that  of  coal  dealers  and  others  interested  to 
disseminate  information  concerning  this  question,  are  evidence  of  a  de- 


228  YEAR-BOOK    FOE    1908.  [BULL.  NO.  14 

mand  for  such  apparatus  and  information^  indicating  that  the  general 
public  appreciates  the  advantage  to  be  gained  by  using  this  coal,  as  soon 
as  some  of  its  more  pronounced  disadvantages  have  been  eliminated.  In- 
deed, by  the  extent  to  which  it  is  already  using  soft  coal  for  domestic 
purposes,  in  spite  of  the  attendant  disadvantages,  the  public  shows  that 
it  is  determined  to  have  the  cheaper  fuel.  In  this  matter,  the  consumer 
is  ahead  of  the  manufacturer,  the  coal  dealer,  and  the  investigator. 


BEMENT.] 


SMOKELESS   COMBUSTION   OF   COAL. 


229 


THE  SMOKELESS    COMBUSTION    OF    BITUMINOUS    COAL. 

(By  a.  Bement.)^ 


The  present  paper  deals  specially  with  Illinois  coal;  but  the  problem 
of  smokeless  combustion  is  the  same  for  all  bituminous  coal,  its  diffi- 
culty being  proportional  to  the  amount  of  volatile  matter  in  the  fuel.  It  is 
to  be  assumed  for  the  present  purpose  that  coal  from  the  Eastern  Interior 
field,  of  which  Illinois  is  a  part,  will  make  practically  as  much  smoke 
as  any  other  bituminous  fuel,  and,  therefore,  that  a  method  or  appar- 
atus adequate  for  the  smokeless  combustion  of  this  coal  will  be  useful  for 
.any  other. 


LONGITUDINAL  SECTION. 
¥iG.  4.— Improved  Form  of  Boiler,  Served  by  Smoke-Proof  Furnace  of  the  Kind  Used  in  Electric  Station 

Shown  in  Fig.  1. 

Many  persons  still  honestly  doubt  the  possibility  of  burning  bitumin- 
ous coal  without  smoke.     But  experience  has  proved  that  it  is  entirely 

i  Consulting  Engineer,  Chicago.  ^ 


2B0  YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1907.  [BULL.  no.  14 

feasible  in  steam-making  to  employ  apparatus  which  will  be,  except  when 
fires  are  first  lighted,  entirely  smokeless,  so  that  a.  photograph  taken  of 
the  chimney  woxild  show  no  smoke  whatever — in  fact,  wonld  give  no 
indication  whether  the  chimney  was  in  service  or  not.  Since,  in  many 
plants,  fires  are  lighted  only  abont  once  a  month,  this  is  practically  a 
continuons  smokeless  operation.  The  achievement  is  dne  entirely  to  the 
inherent  characteristics  of  the  apparatus  itself,  and  is  not  dependent  in 
c^xjty  sense  upon  the  care  or  skill  of  the  attendant.  Chimneys  have  re- 
mained smokeless  even  when  coal  was  being  burned  at  the  rate  of  one 
ton  per  minute. 

Plate  3  is  from  a  photograph  of  the  Harrison  street  electric  gener- 
ating station  of  the  Commonwealth  Edison  Company,  Chicago,  at  which 
plant  originated  the  smoke-preventing  scheme  here  described.  The 
boilers  are  of  the  Heine  type,  served  by  chain-grate  stokers,  and  the  ap- 
plication of  the  tile  roof  originated  with  Mr.  W.  L.  Abbott,  chief  oper- 
ating engineer  of  that  company.  The  principle  of  the  furnaces  iff  illus- 
trated by  Fig.  4,  which  shows  an  improved  form  of  water-tube  boiler, 
devised  by  me,  employing  this  tile  furnace-roof,  which  is  carried  by 
the  lower  row  of  tubes  in  the  boiler,  thus  forming  an  adequate  com- 
bustion chamber. 

The  requirements  for  smokeless  combustion,  simply  stated,  are:  (1) 
That  the  evolution  of  gas  from  the  coal  shall  proceed  uniformly;  (2) 
that  the  gases  distilled  uniformly  from  the  coal  shall  enter  a  fire-brick 
chamber,  either  (a)  of  sufficient  length  to  allow  their  complete  natural 
combustion,  or  (h)  provided  with  such  auxiliary  mixing  and  baffling 
devices  as  will  effect  the  artificial  mixture  and  complete  combustion  of 
the  gases  before  their  exit  from  the  chamber. 

Uniform  evolution  of  the  volatile  gases  of  the  coal  is  the  essential 
feature  of  the  process,  and  it  is  for  this  reason  that  mechanical  stokers, 
as  a  class,  are  more  effective  in  preventing  smoke  than  any  apparatus 
accompanied  with  intermittent  firing.  A  stoker,  however,  which,  through 
abnormal  working  or  incorrect  manipulation,  feeds  irregularly,  has  the 
effect  of  a  hand-fired  furnace.  Hence,  forms  of  stokers  depending  up- 
on gravity  feed  or  having  an  inclined  grate  are  objectionable,  because 
sliding  of  the  coal,  or  disturbance  of  the  fuel  bed  by  the  attendant,  may 
cause  fresh  coal  to  roll  down  in  a  large  mass.  Again,  stokers  which  re- 
quire that  the  fuel  bed  be  disturbed  in  the  removal  of  ash  and  clinkers 
cannot  be  depended  upon  for  uniform  feed  of  the  coal,  except  under 
conditions  of  most  favorable  manipulation  and  suitable  size  and  character 
of  fuel.  The  chain-grate  stoker,  which  operates  with  a.  horizontal  fuel 
bed,  receiving  the  fresh  coal  at  one  end  and  automatically  and  continu- 
ously discharging  ashes  at  the  other,  insures  a  uniformity  in  feed  of  coal 
and  condition  of  fuel  bed  not  attained  hitherto  with  any  other  machine 
of  the  kind.  This  form  of  stoker  is  shown  in  Fig.  4.  In  combination 
with  a  tile  furnace  roof,  it  satisfies  requirements  (1)  and  (2a)  above 
stated.  The  adoption  of  this  form  of  apparatus  is  extending  rapidly. 
The  University  of  Illinois  has  recently  employed  it  in  connection  with 
an  experimental  boiler  in  its  engineering  laboratory. 


Bement.]  smokeless   COMBUSTION   OF   COAL.  2B1 

Present  practice  largely  tends,  however,  to  some  intermittent  form  of 
fuel  supply,  such  as  an  irregularly  working  stoker,  or  hand  firing,  and 
attempts  to  secure  a  smokeless  combustion  are  generally  hampered  by 
such  conditions  of  firing.  In  such  cases,  requirement  (2&),  above  stated, 
becomes  imperative ;  and,  for  this  purpose,  resort  is  often  had  to  various 
fire-brick  walls,  arches,  etc.,  and  other  auxiliary  mixing  devices,  such  as 
steam- jets,  with  or  without  supplementary  air  supply.  These  schemes 
are  never  entirely  successful  unless  there  is  a  large  and  well-distributed 
auxiliary  air  supply  available  in  the  furnace  chamber  immediately  aftei 
firing  and  while  the  volatilization  of  the  coal  is  going  on,  because,  after 
a  fresh  charge  of  coal  is  added,  there  is,  for  the  first  few  moments,  an 
evolution  of  volatile  matter  at  a  rate  enormously  larger  than  that  of  the 
whole  remaining  period  between  firings.  Now,  complete  combustion- 
requires  not  only  a  proper  mixing,  but  a  proportionately  adequate  supply 
of  air.  Consequently,  with  apparatus  of  any  intermittent  type,  unless 
the  rate  of  fuel  supply  approximates  in  uniformity  that  of  a  good  stoker 
(which  means,  by  hand,  almost  continuous  firing),  it  is  necessary  not 
only  to  employ  some  powerful  auxiliary  mixing  device,  but  also  to  fur- 
nish at  times  an  extra  air  supply.  The  latter  may  be  done  by  means  of 
a  steam-jet,  automatically  put  in  service  as  soon  as  the  fresh  coal  is 
added,  and  discontinued  after  the  expiration  of  a  sufficient  interval. 

It  is  thus  evident,  that  the  stoker  which  produces  results  equal  to 
that  of  the  chain-grate  is  the  only  one  which  can  be  depended  upon, 
under  adverse  conditions,  to  insure  a  positively  smokeless  result,  inde- 
pendent of  the  skill,  favorable  disposition,  or  fidelity  of  the  operator. 
Eecently,  a  new  form  of  underfeed  stoker  had  been  employed  in  the 
eastern  states,  which  in  considerable  measure  conforms  to  the  chain- 
grate  in  its  methods  of  disposal  of  the  ash  and  in  the  manner  of  feeding 
the  fuel.  It  has  met  with  considerable  favor  where  semi-bituminous 
coal,  low  in  ash,  is  used.  In  feed  of  fuel  and  ash  removal  it  resembles 
the  well  known  "underfeed"  and  Eoney  types  of  stokers,  having  a  fuel 
bed  sloping  to  the  rear,  at  which  point  are  located  dumping-grates  for 
the  removal  of  the  ash — the  fuel  being  introduced  below  the  fire-bed  at 
the  front.  Air  supply  by  a  forced  draft  entering  the  bed  at  the  bottom 
insures  that  the  volatile  gases  will  become  mixed  with  the  air  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  before  they  leave  the  surface  of  the  fire.  With  favorable 
fuel  this  form  of  apparatus  has  given  satisfactory  results  under  the 
Babcock  &  Wilcox  type  of  boiler,  without  a  tile  roof,  in  those  cases 
where  the  boiler  was  set  high  above  the  fire.  But  thus  far  there  has  been 
no  reason  to  expect  that  with  coal  high  in  volatile  matter  and  containing 
much  ash  it  would  be  possible  to  secure  favorable  results  without  the 
aid  of  a  tile  roof  furnace  or  its  equivalent.  The  ash  would  necessarily 
have  an  important  effect,  because  greater  in  quantity  and  sometimes 
readily  fusible.  Such  large  clinkers  migh  be  formed  that  their  re- 
moval  would  be  difficult  while  the  fire  was  in  action.  Conditions  in 
Illinois,  so  far  as  ash  content  of  the  fuel  is  concerned,  are  quite  serious, 
since  the  usual  stoker  fuel,  under  present  methods  of  preparation,  con- 
tains approximately  16  per  cent  of  ash.     It  is  with  such  fuel  that  the 


232  YEAE-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

result  shown  in  Plate  3  has  been  secured.  The  general  tendency  at 
present  is  toward- the  abandonment  of  hand-fired  apparatus  and  the  cor- 
rection of  stoker  operation  so  as  to  insure  a  uniformity  in  fuel  feed. 

One  of  the  things  which  has  operated  seriously  against  the  installation 
of  many  stoker  applications  is  the  general  prevalence  of  the  fallacy  that 
it  does  not  pay  to  employ  stokers  in  small  plants.  It  is,  however,  coming 
to  be  realized  that  only  through  stokers  is  it  feasible  to  obtain  the  uni- 
formity of  feed  required,  not  only  for  smokeless  burning,  but  for  good 
economy. 


WHEELER.J  WEATHERING   OF   COAL.  233 


THE  WEATHERING  OF  COAL. 

(By  W.  F.  Wheeler. )i 


ExPEiEIMENTAL  DaTA. 

Eor  the  past  two  years  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  the 
Ubiversity  of  Illinois  has  carried  on  experiments  to  determine  the  na- 
ture and  extent  of  the  chemical  changes  taking  place  in  stored  coal.^ 
Storage^  under  varying  conditions.,  has  been  tried  in  order  to  learn  how 
coal  may  be  stored  with  the  minimum  loss  by  weathering.  In  these  ex- 
periments different  portions  of  the  sample  of  coal  were  exposed  to:  (1) 
Eegular  weather  conditions  out-of-doors;  (2)  dry  indoor  storage  at  about 
100°  F.  in  boiler  room;  (3)  the  same,  except  that  the  coal  was  wet 
thoroughly  every  two  or  three  days;  (4)  entire  and  continued  submer- 
sion at  about  70°  F.  Only  the  calorific  value  of  the  ash  and  water-free 
coal  was  made  use  of  in  determining  the  extent  of  the  weathering.  With 
this  factor  determined  for  the  fresh  coal  as  a  basis  of  comparison,  the 
submerged  coal  was  found  to  remain  practically  unchanged  for  a  period 
of  nine  months,  while  the  other  three  portions  of  the  same  samples 
showed  losses  varying  from  2  to  10  per  cent,  with  no  marked  advantage 
in  favor  of  either  the  outdoor  or  indoor  storage,  except  that  the  coal 
with  a  large  amount  of  pyrite  was  not  broken  up  so  much  when  kept  dry 
as  when  wet  often.  The  loss  in  calorific  value  practically  ceased  by 
the  end  of  five  months,  although  a  slight  loss  occurred  during  the  next 
four  months. 

A  new  series  of  experiments  is  now  going  on  under  more  nearly  normal 
storage  conditions.  Car-lot  samples  were  obtained  from  three  Illinois 
mines  working  different  seams  of  coal.  A  car  of  1.25  inch  screenings 
and  a  car  of  1.25  inch  to  3  inch  nut  was  shipped  from  each  mine.  One- 
half  of  each  car  was  piled  out-of-doors  in  an  uncovered  bin  about  3.5 
feet  deep;  the  other  half  was  piled  about  five  feet  deep  in  a  covered  bin, 
and  a  representative  sample  of  each  was  submerged  under  water.  Each 
O'f  these  cars  of  coal  was  sampled  at  the  mine  as  the  car  was  loaded, 
and  again,  about  a  week  later,  when  it  was  unloaded.  The  purpose  of 
sampling  and  analyzing  the  coal  immediately  after  mining  was  to  find 
out  the  composition  of  the  coal  before  it  had  any  chance  to  oxidize  or 
lose  its  occluded  gases.  The  second  analysis,  at  the  end  of  a  week,  was 
to  serve  as  an  indication  of  the  rate  of  loss  for  that  period.  In  Table  I 
the  analyses  of  the  coal  up  to  the  end  of  the  sixth  month  of  storage  are 
jDresented. 

i  Chemist,  State  Geological  Survey. 

2  Bulletin  No.  17  of  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  by  Prof.  S.  W. 
Parr  and  N.  D.  Hamilton,  presents  the  results  of  a  preliminary  series  of  tests  on  small  samples  of  Illinois 
coal.  A  historical  review  of  the  literature  on  weathering  and  spontaneous  combustion,  and  a  summary 
of  the  opinions  of  various  authorities  are  also  given. 


284 


YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908. 


[BULL.    NC.  1* 


The  losses  represented  in  Table  I  range  from  0.4  to  1.3  per  cent  at  the 
end  of  one  week  after  mining,  from  0.2  to  2.2  per  cent  at  the  end  of 
two  months,  and  from  0.7  to  3.0  per  cent  at  the  end  of  six  months.  The 
average  loss  at  the  end  of  one  week  was  0.8  per  cent;  at  the  end  of  two 
months,  1.3  per  cent,  and  at  the  end  of  six  months,  2.0  per  cent. 

Table  I. — Loss  m  Calorific  Value  During   Transit  and  Six  Months'' 

Storage. 

Screenings. 


Coal  from 


Sampled. 


Dry  Coal. 


Ash. 


Sul- 
phur. 


B.t.u. 


o   ,   3 

C3-i3  ft- 


B.t.u. 


Per 
cent. 


Westville,  Illinois    • 


Springfield,  111. 


Herrin,  Illinois. 


Same  day  as  mined 

7  days  after  mining 

2  months  after  mining  ^ 
2  months  after  mining  ^ 
6  months  after  mining  ^ 
6  months  after  mining* 
6  months  after  mining  ^ 

Same  day  as  mined 

4  days  after  mining 

2  months  after  mining^ 
2  months  after  mining* 
6  months  after  mining  ^ 
6  months  after  mining* 
6  months  after  mining  ^ 

Same  day  as  mined . . . 
6  days  after  mining  — 
2  months  after  mining  ^ 
2  months  after  mining* 
6  months  after  mining  ^ 
6  months  after  mining* 
6  months  after  mining  ^ 


17.88 
13.84 
15.21 
15.26 
15.63 
14.51 
13.87 


17.13 
17.04 
17.22 
18.33 
17.02 
17.30 
19.86 


14.13 
14.37 
15.66 
12.62 
13,76 
13.60 
14.38 


2.35 

2.58 
2.72 
2.51 
2.44 
2.25 
2.32 


4.92 
4.47 
5.00 
4.70 
4.54 
4.67 
5.60 


3.17 
3.34 

2.67 
2.98 
2.84 
3.03 
3.54 


11,937 

12,462 
12,068 
12,124 
11,969 
12,081 
12,270 


11,752 
11,684 
11,645 
11,414 
11,526 
11,466 
11,127 


12,426 
12,287 
12,133 
12,608 
12,342 
12,372 
12,262 


14,684 
14,627 
14,392 
14,453 
14,328 
14,247 
14,379 


14,478 
14,351 
14,365 
14,254 
14,154 
14,136 
14,220 


14,658 
14,553 
14,545 
14,602 

14,476 
14,496 
14.528 


57 
292 
231 
356 
437 
305 


127 
113 

224 
324 
342 
258 


0.39 
1.99 
1.57 
2.43 
2.98 
2.08 


0.88 
0.78 
1.55 
2.24 
3.36 
1.77 


0.72 
0.77. 
0.38 
1.24 
1.11 
0.89 


3-INCH  NUT  COAL. 


Westville,  Illinois 


Springfield,  111. 


Herrin,  Illinois 


Same  day  as  mined 

7  days  after  mining 

2  months  after  mining^ 
2  months  after  mining* 
6  months  after  mining^ 
6  months  after  mining* 
6  months  after  niining^' 

Same  day  as  mined . . . 
4  days  after  mining.. . . 
2  months  after  mining^ 
2  months  after  mining* 
6  months  after  mining  ^ 
6  months  after  mining* 
6  months  after  mining^ 

Same  day  as  mined . . . 
6  days  after  mining — 
2  months  after  mining  ^ 
2  months  after  mining* 
6  months  after  mining^ 
6  months  after  mining* 
6  months  after  mining^ 


10.55 
13.98 
14.21 
13.08 
13.53 
11.76 
15.37 


17.87 
16.63 
17.45 
16.83 
16.03 
16.30 
15.90 


13.98 
14.90 
14.32 
14.08 
13.81 
13.06 
15.65 


4.25 
2.65 
2.47 
2.13 
2.10 
2.14 
3.34 


5.75 
5.10 
4.66 
5.02 
4.91 
4.52, 
4.2l| 


12,991 
12.412 
12,265 
12,475 
12,396 
12,571 
12,013 


11,741 

11,800 
11,626 
11,796 
11,798 
11,682 
11,854 


3.75 
3.02 
4.12 
3.84 
3.45 
3.60 
3.12 


12,499 
12,341 
12,409 
12,378 
12,455 
12,469 
12,097 


14,768 
14,586 
14,439 
14,523 
14,456 
14,365 
14,391 


14,655 
14,461 
14,361 
14,452 
14,338 
14,218 
14,338 


14,751 
14,682 
14,727 
14,634 
14,652 
14,551 
14,528 


194 
294 
203 
317 
437 
317 


1.23 
2.23 
1.66 
2.11 
2.73 
2.55 


1.32 
2.01 
1.39 
2.16 
2.98 
2.16 


0.47 
0.16 
0.79 
0.67 
1.36 
1.51 


Outdoor  storage. 


Covered  bins. 


Stored  under  water. 


Wheeler.] 


WEATHEEING   OF   COAL. 


2B5 


The  loss  taking  place  during  the  firs£  week  after  mining  represents 
two-thirds  of  the  total  for  two  months ;  and  since  very  little  coal  can. 
be  used  inside  of  a  week  after  it  is  mined,  not  much  importance  attaches 
to  the  small  additional  losses  of  a  two  months^  storage  period.  It  may- 
be of  interest, to  add  that  the  amount  of  loss  by  each  of  the  three  coals 
in  question  is  in  line  with  their  reputation  in  the  market — the  Herrin 
coal  breaks  up  least,  Springfield  next,  and  Westville  most.  A  small 
sample  taken  from  each  car  is  being  used  to  determine  any  change  in 
weight  which  may  accompany  the  change  in  calorific  value,  but,  as  yet, 
no  results  are  available  from  these  experiments.  It  is  thought,  however, 
that  the  weight  of  the  dry  coal  will  increase,  due  to  the  addition  of  oxygen 
to  the  coal.  A  sizing  test  of  the  coal  is  to  be  made  in  connection  with 
this  series  of  experiments  to  determine  the  amount  of  disintegration 
which  takes  place.  It  seems  probable  that  this  change  in  the  size  of  the 
coal  may  have  greater  economic  importance  than  the  slight  change  in 
its  composition.  The  loss  in  calorific  value  shown  by  the  car-lots  of 
coal  in  a  period  of  two  months  is  smaller  than  was  expected,  judging 
from  the  results  of  the  preliminary  series  of  experiments.  The  discrep- 
ancy is  accounted  for,  most  likely,  by  the  greater  exposure  of  the  early 
samples,  which  consisted  of  but  25  pounds  of  coal  each. 

Two  samples  of  old  pillar-coal  were  also  collected  and  compared  by 
analysis  with  fresh  coal  from  the  same  mine,  to  determine  the  extent  of 
weathering  in  coal  exposed  for  a  long  time  underground.  As  the  an- 
alyses in  Table  II  show,  the  loss  in  calorific  value  is  not  very  great, 
being  in  both  instances  under  three  per  cent. 

The  Edwards  coal  presents  an  extreme  case  of  weathering.  The  second 
sample  was  taken  from  near  an  outcrop  that  had  been  covered  with  soil 
and  forest  on  a  gentle  slope,  and  had  not  been  subject  to  erosion  in  recent 
years.  The  coal  in  this  case  had  become  so  changed  as  to  appear  nearly 
like  lignite,  and  the  analysis  shows  a  corresponding  resemblance.  The 
high  moisture,  nearly  30  per  cent,  is  characteristic  of  the  lignites,  as  is 
also  a  high  percentage  of  oxygen^  and  a  low  calorific  value. 

Another  point  of  importance  in  connection  with  the  weathering  of 
coals  of  the  type  found  in  Illinois  and  our  western  states  is  the  occur- 

Table  II. — Analyses  of  Pillar  Coal  and  Fresh  Coal. 


Total 
mois- 
ture. 

Analysis  of  Dry  Coal. 

Coal  Feom 

Ash. 

Vola- 
tile 
matter. 

Fixed 
Car- 
bon. 

Sul- 
phur. 

Heat. 

Heat  0 
water- 
sulphu 
coal. 

, 

Pillar-coal  exposed  22  yrs. 

Fresh  face,  same  mine 

Pillar-coal  exposed  27  yrs. 

Fresh  face,  same  mine 

Fresh  face  300  ft .  from  out- 
crop  

Perct. 
10.18 

Perct. 
16.21 

Perct.    Perct. 
38.26       45.43 

Perct. 
5.01 

B.t.u. 
11,797 

B.t.u. 
14,472 

Belleville,  111.  \ 

9.76 

15.80 

41.29 

42.91 

4.76 

12,202 

14,785 

f 

4.76 

13.84 

.36.56 

•    49.60 

3.84 

12,514 

14,754 

Equality,  111.    \ 

4.47 

10.85 

47.82 

51.33 

3.72 

13,235 

15,188 

Edwards,  111.  \ 

13.86 

16.25 

40.72 

43.03 

3.91 

12,044 

14,618 

29.81 

16.86 

39.27 

43.87 

0.85 

9,257 

11  164 

236  YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

ence  of  a  loss  in  calorific  value  even  when  samples  are  kept  sealed  np 
away  from  the  air.  The  coal  loses  methane  at  first  and  absorbs  oxygen 
from  whatever  air  may  be  in  contact  with  it.  Each  of  these  processes 
accounts  for  a  part  of  the  loss  of  heat  units.  If  umpire  samples  are  to 
be  kept  in  connection  with  coal  contracts  calling  for  a  specified  calorific 
value,  the  heat  unit  basis,  this  fact  must  be  kept  in  mind,  since  the  loss 
in  this  way  may  become  as  much  as  300  B.  t.  u.  in  a  few  months,  as  was 
shown  in  connection  with  my  paper^  presented  at  the  Toronto  meeting 
of  the  Institute,  July,  1907,  and  again,  with  additional  data,  in  the 
Journal  of  the  American  Chemical  Society,  for  June,  1908. 

Summary. 

The  results  to.  date  on  this  series  of  tests  confirm  the  conclusion  set 
forth  in  the  summary  of  Bulletin  No.  17  by  Prof.  S.  W.  Parr  and  Mr. 
Hamilton,  except  that  4  per  cent  seems  to  be  amply  sufficient  to  cover 
the  losses  sustained  by  Illinois  coals  under  regular  storage  conditions, 
the  larger  losses  indicated  in  the  former  series  being  probably  due  to  the 
small  size  of  the  samples  exposed  as  against  car-load  lots  in  the  present 
series.  In  these  latter  tests,  the  losses  sustained  by  the  submerged  coal, 
though  small  in  amount,  are  only  slightly  less  than  those  indicated  for 
the  exposed  coal. 


1  Pure  coal  as  a  basis  for  the  comparison  of  Bituminous  Coals,  Trans.,  American  Ins    Min.  Eng., 
rxxxviii.,  621  to  632  (1908). 


Francis.] 


LOW    TEMPERATURE   DISTILLATION. 


237. 


THE  MODIFICATION    OF    COAL    BY    LOW-TEMPERATURE 

DISTILLATION. 

(By  C.  K.  Francis. )i 


Introduction. 

Since  1902  the  laboratory  of  applied  chemistry  of  the  University  of 
Illinois^  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  S.  W.  Parr,  has  been  engaged  in 
the  investigation  of  bituminous  coal,  especially  from  Illinois,  with  a 
view  to  such  a  modification  of  it  as  will  permit  combustion  imder  or- 
dinary conditions  without  the  production  of  smoke.  Eecent  investiga- 
tion, directed  primarily  to  the  development  of  fundamental  facts  and 
principles,  has  included  a  careful  study  of  the  chemical  changes  or  re- 
actions that  may  accompany  the  treatment  of  coal  under  varying  temper- 
atures and'  in  different  atmospheres. 

Briefly  outlined,  the  method  is  as  follows:  About  4  or  5  pounds  of 
the  coal  was  placed  in  a  cylindrical  retort,  fitted  with  a  three-quarter 
inch  pipe  at  each  end,  one  pipe  serving  as  inlet  tube  for  the  gas  used  as 
an  atmosphere',  and  the  other  as  an  outlet  for  the  gases  produced.  These 
pipes  also  permitted  the  revolving  of  the  retort  .during  the  operation. 
The  atmospheres  used  in  the  experiments  so  far  have  been  nitrogen, 
oxygen  and  steam.  After  the  air  was  washed  out  of  the  retort  by  the  gas 
to  be  experimented  with,  the  retort  was  heated.  The  period  of  heating 
varied  from  two  to  three  hours,  the  temperature  from  200°  to  425°  C. 

Nitrogen. 
The  results  obtained  in  an  atmosphere  of  nitrogen  may  be  represented 
by  those  from  a  test  in  which  the  coal  was  heated  for  three  hours,  at  an 
average  temperature  of  402°  C.  The  analyses  of  the  coal  and  the 
product,  calculated  for  the  same  amount  of  ash,  dry  basis,  are  given  in 
Table  I. 

Table  I. — Analyses  of  Coal  and  Product. 


Original 

coal. 
Percent. 

Product. 
Per  cent. 

Ash : 

8.30 
36.23 
55.47 

2.24 

8  30 

Volatile  matter .  . 

15  26 

Fixed  carbon        .   . 

51  98 

Sulphur 

1.32 

B.t.u 

B.  t.  u.  (unit  coal)       .... 

13,244 
14,567 

9,819 
14  702 

1  Research  Assistant  in  Applied  Chemistry,  University  of  Illinois. 


238 


YEAR-BOOK   FOE   1908. 


[BULL.   NO.  14 


The  expression  "unit  coal"^  is  used  here  to  represent  the  ash,  water 
and  snlphur  free  material.  The  formnla  for  calculating  the  B.  t.  u. 
to  the  "unit  coal"  basis  may  be  expressed  as  follows: 


B.  t.  u.— (Weight  of  S  X  4,050) 
100—  (Ash  +  H2O  +  5/8  S) 


X  100  =  B.  t.  u.  per  lb.  unit  coal. 


The  gas  evolved  from  the  coal  under  this  treatment  had  the  following 
composition : 


Per  Cent. 


Carbon  dioxide  and  hydrogen  sulphide 

lUuminants 

Oxygen 

Carbon  monoxide 

Methane 

Hydrogen 

Nitrogen . . 

Volume  of  gas 

Weight  of  coal 


17.33 

9.54 

0.0 

7.66 

32.66 
2.37 

29.97 


50  liters. 
2,120  g. 


Steam. 

The  results  after  treatment  in  an  atmosphere  of  steam  for  two  hours 
at  an  average  temperature  of  381°  C.  were  as  follows: 


Original 

coal. 
Percent. 

Product. 
Percent. 

Ash                                                                                                             .... 

8.72 
39.07 
54.19 

2.57 

8  72 

Volatile  matter 

25  78 

Fixed  carbon 

55.79 

Sulphur ■ : 

2.14 

B.t.u 

13,304 
14,605 

11,959 
14,813 

i  Journal  of  the  American  Chemical  Society,  vol.  xxviii.,  No.  6,  p.  632  (May,  1906);  and  Trans. 
xxxviii.,  621  (1908). 


Francis.] 


LOW    TEMPERATURE    DISTILLATION. 


289 


The  gas  evolved  from  the  coal  under  this  treatment  had  the  following 
composition : 


Per  Cent. 


•Carbon  dioxide  and  hydrogen  sulpiride . 

K 

Illuminants 


Oxygen. 

•Carbon  monoxide. 

Methane 

-Hydrogen 

Nitrogen 

Volume  of  gas 

Weight  of  coal 


32.40 
7.30 
0.80 
9.60 

20.60 
0.00 

29.30 


37  liters. 
2,400  g 


The  carbon  dioxide  present  in  this  gas,  and,  probably,  also  that  pro- 
duced when  nitrogen  was  the  atmosphere,  may  have  been  due  to  the 
residual  oxygen  in  the  retort.  Indeed,  the  decrease  in  quantity  of  the 
carbon  dioxide  as  the  process  was  continued  seems  to  indicate  some  such 
-explanation. 

Oxygen. 

The  results  after  treatment  in  an  atmosphere  of  oxygen  for  4.5  hours 
■at  an  average  temperature  of  379°  C.  were  as  follows: 


Product. 
Per  cent. 


Ash 

Volatile  matter . 
Fixed  carbon . . . 
Sulphur 


B.t.u 4- 

33 .  t .  u .  (unit  coal) 


11,588 
14,793 


240  YEAR-BOOK   FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  U 

The  composition  of  the  gas  evolved  from  the  coal  -under  this  treatment 
was  as  follows: 


Per  Cent. 


Carbon  dioxide  and  hydrogen  sulphide . 

Illuminants 

Oxygen 

Carbon  monoxide 

Methane 

Hydrogen 

Nitrogen 

Volume  of  gas 

Weight  of  coal 


12.7a 
3.53 
9.27 
4.74 

13. 6& 
O.OO 

56.05 


50  liters. 
2,000:g. 


In  all  cases  the  product  has  a  lower  heat  value  than  the  coal.  This 
rediiction  is  accounted  for  by  the  hydrocarbon  values  represented  in  the 
gaseous  and  oil  products  of  distillation.  Especial  attention  should  be 
given  to  the  heat  values  calculated  to  the  unit  coal  basis.  These  values 
show  a  consistent  increase  throughout.  A  tentative  explanation  is,  that 
the  oxygen  and  nitrogen  compounds  of  the  volatile  matter  have  been 
more  largely  driven  off  than  the  hydrocarbon  compounds.  If  the  loss  in 
volatile  matter,  as  shown,  had  been  chiefly  that  of  the  marsh-gas  (CH*) 
series,  a  reduction  in  heat  values  for  unit  coal  must  result.  If,  however, 
the  loss  is  made  up  of  water  of  composition,  there  would  be  a  relative 
increase  in  the  heat  value  of  the  residual  coal.  The  weight  of  water 
condensing  in  the  flasks  and  separated  from  the  oil,  showed  in  each  test 
an  excess  over  the  possible  amount  which  could  come  from  the  free 
water  present,  amounting  to  3  per  cent  in  Test  No.  4,  4.5  per  cent  in 
Test  No.  6,  and  a  little  less  than  3  per  cent  in  Test  No.  7.  These  figures 
must  represent  the  percentage  of  decrease  in  the  water  of  composition. 
A  loss  of  2  per  cent  in  this  constituent  would  raise  the  B.  t.  u.  factor, 
referred  to  the  "unit  coal  basis,  from  14,657  to  14,864.  This  seems  to 
warrant  the  conclusion  that  a  loss  of  water  of  composition  occurs,  which 
is  an  important  point  for  further  confirmation,  since  a  fundamental  pur- 
pose of  this  investigation  is  to  develop,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  the  con- 
ditions which  govern  the  various  decomposition  processes. 

Enough  has  already  been  developed  to  indicate  that  the  product  ob- 
tained by  the  treatment  here  outlined,  or  possibly  a  combination  of  two 
atmospheres,  would  have  a  special  value  for  domestic  use  and  for  such 
industrial  operations  as  require  a  smokeless  fuel.  While  much  of  the 
volatile  constituent  remains,  it  has  undergone  a  change  which  makes  it 
not  difficult  to  carry  on  combustion  without  the  production  of  smoke. 
This  fact  is,  perhaps,  suggested  by  the  rather  close  resemblance  in  com- 
position to  the  so-called  smokeless  coals.  Because  of  the  very  fragile 
character  of  this  material,  it  would  need  probably  to  be  briquetted. 


FRANCIS.]  LOW-TEMPEEATURE   DISTILLATION.  241 

The  investigation  of  certain  phenomena  noticed  in  the  preliminary 
experiments  and  in  the  work  just  described^  suggested  certain  specific 
investigations.  For  example^  carbon  dioxide  was  present  in  the  evolved 
gases  when  an  inert  gas^  nitrogen  or  steam^  was  used  as  an  atmosphere. 
In  each  case  the  amount  was  considerable^  ranging  from  13  to  37  per 
cent.  In  several  of  the  tests  an  occasional  rise  of  the  temperature  in 
the  retort  was  noted,  seemingly  independent  of  the  internal  source  of 
heat.  The  first  investigation  suggested  was  the  determination  of  the 
temperature  at  which  oxidation  of  coal  begins,  and  the  actual  ignition 
point  in  different  atmospheres.  The  apparatus  devised  for  this  purpose 
consisted  of  a  purifying  train,  a  heating  chamber,  and  an  apparatus  for 
detecting  carbon  dioxide  when  evolved.  In  the  flask  employed  as  a 
heating  chamber  were  placed  two  thermometers,  one  of  which  indicated 
the  temperature  of  the  gas,  the  other  that  of  the  coal  under  observation. 
Any  difference  in  the  readings  of  the  two  was  due  to  reactions  taking 
place  within  the  coal.  Oxidation  was  said  to  begin  when  carbon  dioxide 
was  detected  at  the  outlet. 

The  results  of  these  tests  may  be  summarized  as  follows :  Finely 
pulverized  coals  in  contact  with  oxygen,  either  pure  or  diluted,  as  in  the- 
case  of  air,  begin  to  oxidize  at  between  120°  and  135°  C.  In  some  in- 
stances, however,  this  temperature  of  oxidation  is  higher,  but  in  none 
of  the  tests  did  it  exceed  155°  C.  The  ignition  temperature  varies  with 
the  type  of  coal  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  also  with  the  fineness  of  division. 
Powdered  bituminous  coals  ignite  in  oxygen  at  a  temperature  of  about 
160° ;  buckwheat  sizes  ignite  at  from  260°  to  300° ;  finely  divided  semi- 
uituminous  coals  at  about  200°;  and  anthracite  at  about  300°  C.  Bit- 
uminous coals  ignite  in  air  at  about  330°  C. 

The  investigations  of  the  phenomena  occurring  under  the  same  condi- 
tions in  atmospheres  of  steam  and  nitrogen  are  not  completed.  It  has 
been  demonstrated  that  an  appreciable  amount  of  carbon  dioxide  is 
formed  in  an  atmosphere  of  pure  steam,  but  at  315°  C.  there  is  an  abrupt 
rise  of  temperature  in  the  coal  of  over  50°,  the  limit  of  the  thermometer 
preventing  an  exact  determination.  Since  no  increased  appearance  of 
carbon  dioxide  accompanied  this  rise  in  temperature,  it  must  be  at- 
tributed to  the  exothermic  character  of  the  decompositions  occurring  at 
that  stage.  Similar  conditions  were  observed  in  a  corresponding  experi- 
ment, using  nitrogen;  but,  since  a  small  amount  of  oxygen  remained  in 
the  nitrogen,  giving  as  a  result  a  moderate  test  for  carbon  dioxide  at  the 
exit  tube,  this  matter  of  temperature  differences  in  nitrogen  must  await 
further  and  more  careful  examination.  Indeed,  the  general  proposition 
here  indicated,  of  a  probable  exothermic  behavior,  is  of  considerable  im- 
portance, and  calls  for  a  carefully  devised  series  of  experiments,  which 
are  now  in  progress. 


-16  G 


242  YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 


GENERATION  OF  POWER  FROM  ILLINOIS  COAL. 

Its  Electrical  TRANSMissioi;r  and  Use  by  the  Illinois  Traction 

System. 

(By  H.  C.  Hoagland.)'- 


Introduction. 

The  Illinois  Traction  System^  otherwise  known  as  the  McKinley  Sys- 
tem, is  an  organization  furnishing  interurban  car  service,  electric  light, 
power,  steam  heat  and  gas  in  central  Illinois.  Since  it  consumes  20,000 
to  25,000  tons  per  month  of  Illinois  coal,  mined  in  the  several  fields  of 
the  State,  and  transmits  the  power  long  distances,  a  description  of  the 
equipment  is  of  interest.  This  growing  practice  of  power  transmission 
promises  large  development  in  the  immediate  future. 

Principal  Power  Houses. 

the  PEORIA  POWER  HOUSE. 

At  the  Peoria  power  house  there  are  installed  eight  400  H.  P.  Stirling 
boilers,  which  are  fired  automatically  with  Green  chain  grates,  receiving 
their  supply  of  coal  from  a  bunker  system  overhead.  The  coal  is  elevated 
into  the  bunker,  system  by  a  grab  bucket  and  crane,  which  takes  it  direct 
from  the  cars  or  from  storage  bins  of  about  600  tons  capacity  located 
under  the  tracks. 

In  the  turbine  room  are  installed  two  2,000  K.  W.  Curtis  turbines, 
two  750  K.  W.  rotary  convertors,  and  the  auxiliary  apparatus  for  the 
operation  of  such  a  plant.  This  power-house  furnishes  through  the 
rotary  convertors  the  650  volts  current  for  the  operation  of  the  Peoria 
Railway.  The  current  is  generated  at  2,300  volts  and  stepped  up  through 
six  700  K.  W.  Westinghouse,  water-cooled,  oil-insulated,  transformers 
to  430  volts,  and  through  a  3-phase,  General  Electric,  self -cooled,  trans- 
former for  the  motor  exciter  set  to  2,300  volts. 

•  To  the  bus  bars  in  this  station  is  connected  a  transmission  line,  which 
carries  the  current  at  33,000  volts  to  two  A.  C.  substations  on  the  Peoria, 
Bloomington  &  Champaign  Traction  Company's  line.  One  of  these, 
located  at  Danvers,  has  a  capacity  of  400  K.  W.  Here  the  current  is 
stepped  down  from  33,000  volts  to  3,300  volts,  or  the  voltage  used  on 
the  A.  C.  trolley.    At  Morton,  111.,  the  substation  has  a  capacity  of  800 


Electrical  and  Mechanical  Engineer  of  the  Illinois  Traction  System. 


HOAGLAND.]  POWEE   GENEEATION   AND   TRANSMISSION.  243 

K.  W.,  and  the  cnrrent  is  also  stepped  down  from  33,000  to  3,300  volts 
for  the  trolley.  These  two  substations  are  run  in  multiple  on  a  single 
phase  trolley.    They  both  receive  their  current  from  the  same  phase. 

This  transmission  line  also  carries  current  to  one  substation  on  the 
Peoria,  Lincoln  &  Springfield  Ey.,  and  two  substations  on  the  Spring- 
field &  Northeastern  Ey.,  which  have  a  capacity  of  400  K.  W.  each. 
These  substations  are  operated  in  multiple  on  the  trolley,  like  those  just 
described,'  except  that  they  receive  their  current  from  a  different  phase 
from  that  furnished  to  the  above  company.  This  line  also  extends  to 
the  Eiverton  power-house,  from  which  current  can  be  supplied  to  the 
substations  on  the  Peoria,  Lincoln  &  Springfield  and  the  Springfield  & 
E'ortheastern  when  desired. 

The  transmission  line  also  extends  from  Danvers  east  to  Heyworth 
where  a  300  K.  W.  rotary  convertor  substation  is  installed  to  step  down 
current  to  the  Chicago,  Bloomington  &  Champaign  Traction  Company's 
line  at  this  point.  The  line  extends  from  here  south  to  Clinton, 
Emery  and  Decatur.  A  portable  substation  of  300  K.  W.  capacity  is 
installed  at  Clinton  and  at  Emery.  At  Decatur  the  transmission  line 
enters  the  substation  through  an  oil  switch  and  is  connected  to  a  common 
bus  bar.  From  this  the  two  300  K.  W.  rotary  converters  in  the  Decatur 
substation  and  a  300  K.  W.  motor  generator  set,  used  for  day  lighting 
during  the  summer,  may  receive  their  supply  of  current. 

THE  RIVEETON  POWER-HOUSE. 

At  the  Eiverton  power-house,  which  is  located  about  six  miles  east  of 
Springfield,  there  is  installed  eight  400  H.  P.  Babcock  &  Wilcox  boilers, 
four  of  which  are  fired  by  Babcock  &  Wilcox  stokers,  and  four  by  Green 
chain  gates.  These  stokers  receive  their  supply  of  coal  from  a  storage 
bunker  overhead,  to  which  the  coal  is  delivered  by  a  conveyor  system 
from  a  steel  hopper  in  a  track  outside  of  the  power-house.  The  ashes 
are  taken  by  the  same  conveyor  system  to  a  bunker  in  the  front  end  of 
the  boiler-room  and  on  the  same  level  with  the  coal  bunker.  From  this 
the  ashes  are  fed  through  a  spout  to  a  car  on  the  same  track,  used  for 
unloading  coal. 

In  the  engine  room  at  Eiverton  is  installed  one  28"  x  56"  cross  com- 
pound condensing  Hamilton  Corliss  engine,  direct  connected  to  a  1,000 
K.  W.  2,300  volt  General  Electric  generator.  There  are  also  installed 
one  1,000  K.  W.  Curtiss  turbine,  and  one  2,000  K.  W.  Curtiss  turbine. 
These  generators  are  all  connected  to  a  common  bus  bar  through  remote 
control  oil  switches,  electrically  operated. 

Ftom  this  power-house  a  transmission  line  extends  east  thirty-five 
miles  to  Decatur,  and  here  connects  to  the  common  high-tension  bus  bar 
in  the  Decatur  power-house.  There  is  also  a  transmission  line  extending 
north  from  Eiverton  over  the  line  of  the  Springfield  &  Northeastern 
Traction  Company,  and  the  Peoria,  Lincoln  &  Springfield  Traction  Com- 
pany, and  power  can  be  furnished  from  this  power-house  to  the  single 
phase  A.  C.  substations,  as  above,  noted. 


244  YEAK-BOOK   FOR   1908.  [bull.  no.  i^ 

The  third  transmission  line  extends  from  Eiverton  to  Stallings^  a  dis- 
tance of  about  ninety  miles.  In  this  line  300  K.  W.  substations  are 
located  at  Chatham,  Yirden,  Anderson,  Emerick,  Gillespie,  Staunton, 
Haniel,  Edwardsville  and  Stallings.  There  is  also  a  transmission  line 
running  across  country  from  G-illespie  to  Litchfield,  a  distance  of  about 
ten  miles,  where  another  300  K.  W.  substation  is  installed.  From  Litch- 
field, current  is  supplied  both  to  the  St.  Louis  &  N"ortheastern  Traction 
Company^s  lines  running  from  Staunton  to  Hillsboro,  and  to  a  storage 
battery  at  Hillsboro. 

The  substations  on  the  main  line  from  Eiverton  south  furnish  power 
to  the  St.  Louis  &  Springfield  Traction  Company's  lines  between  Spring- 
field and  Staunton,  and  to  the  St.  Louis  &  Staunton  Traction  Company's 
lines  from  Staunton  to  G-ranite  City.  From  Granite  City  the  cars  run 
over  the  East  St.  Louis  and  Suburban  tracks  to  their  terminal  near  the 
Eads  bridge.  At  Granite  City  the  company  is  building  a  bridge  across 
the  Mississippi  Eiver  to  carry  its  cars  directly  into  the  city  of  St.  Louis. 
This  will  be  completed  in  about  two  years. 

Going  back  to  Decatur,  a  transmission  line  runs  east  from  Decatur 
over  the  line  of  the  St.  Louis,  Decatur  &  Champaign  Traction  Company 
to  Champaign,  a  distance  of  fifty  miles,  and  supplies  current  to  300 
K.  W.  substations  located  at  Oakley,  Bement  and  White  Heath.  This 
line'  terminates  in  the  power-house  at  Champaign,  where  the  current  is 
stepped  down  from  33,000  volts  to  15,000  volts.  At  Champaign  there  is 
a  500  K.  W.  double-ended  generator,  direct  connected  to  a  Eussell  engine, 
which  furnishes  three-phase  current  through  step-up  transformers  to  a 
transmission  line  running  to  Danville.  There  is  also  a  500  K.  W.  Bullock 
direct  current  generator,  direct  connected  to  an  Allis- Chalmers  engine, 
which  supplies  the  city  lines  in  Champaign  and  the  interurban  lines 
running  out  of  Champaign  to  Decatur  and  to  Danville.  There  is,  in 
addition,  a  540  K.  W.  General  Electric  generator,  direct  connected  to  a 
Fulton  Corliss  engine. 

From  this  power-house  a  15,000  volt  transmission  line  runs  along  the 
tracks  of  the  Danville,  Urbana  &  Champaign  Ey.  Co.  to  Danville,  a  dis- 
tance of  thirty-five  miles,  furnishing  power  to  300  K.  W.  rotary  con- 
vertors  located  at  St.  Joseph  and  Fithian.  The  line  terminates  in  the 
Danville  power-house  and  is  connected  to  a  bus  bar  through  solenoid 
operated  oil  switches.  A  transmission  line  running  south  from  the  Dan- 
ville power-house  to  Georgetown  furnishes  current  to  a  300  K.  W.  rotary 
at  the  latter  place,  and  also  to  the  shops  of  the  Danville  Car  Company. 
The  Georgetown  substation  operates  the  line  to  Georgetown  and  Eidge- 
farm,  a  distance  of  eighteen  miles.  The  Catlin  line,  extending  a  dis- 
tance of  five  miles,  is  also  supplied  from  the  D'anville  power-house. 

In  the  new  addition  to  the  Danville  power-house  is  installed  a  pair  of 
36"  X  60"  Hamilton-Corliss  twin  engines,  direct  connected  to  a  2,000 
K.  W.  6,600  volt  General  Electric  generator.  This  generator  works  on 
the  transmission  line  between  Danville  and  Georgetown,  and  also  between 
Danville,  Champaign  and  Decatur.  There  are  installed  in  the  boiler- 
room  ten  400  H.  P.  Stirling  boilers  and  two  500  H.  P.  Stirling  boilers, 
makino-  a  rated  capacity  of  5,000  H.  P. 


HOAGLAND.l  POWEE   GENEEATION   AND    TRANSMISSION.  245 

In  the  old  engine  room  at  Danville  are  installed  one  300  K.  W.  250 
Yolts  three  wire  Western  Electric  generator,  direct  connected  to  a  T'andon 
compound  Eussell  engine;  one  26"  x  52"  cross  compound  Hamilton 
engine  to  which  is  direct  connected  an  800  K.  W.  2,300  volts  General 
Electric  generator;  one  28"  x  48"  Hamilton-Corliss  engine,  to  which  is 
direct  connected  a  600  volt  G-eneral  Electric,  direct  current  generator 
for  railway  use.  There  are  also  six  engines  from  150  to  500  H.  P. 
capacity,  to  which  are  belted  generators  from  100  K.  W.  to  300  K.  W, 
capacity  each,  for  day  service.  There  are  also  in  this  station  two  300 
Iv.  W.  rotary  convertor  equipments  that  receive  their  initial  power  from 
the  transmission  line. 

Minor  Power  Houses  and  Utilities. 

At  Edwardsville  is  installed  a  500  K.  W.  generator,  direct  connected 
to  a  cross  compound  engine,  which  works  in  multiple  with  the  generators 
in  the  Kiverton  power-house,  supplying  current  to  the  transmission  lines 
at  33,000  volts.  At  Bloomington  the  company  owns  a  power-house  in 
^vhich  are  installed  eight  400  H.  P.  Stirling  boilers  and  two  300  H.  P. 
Heine  boilers.  This  plant  furnishes  electric  lighting,  steam  heat- 
ing, hot  water  heating  and  street  railway  service.  At  Danville,  the 
company  furnishes  electric  lighting,  steam  heating,  gas  and  street  rail- 
way service.  At  Urbana  a  power-house  of  700  H.  P.  capacity  supplies 
electric  lighting  and  steam  heat.  At  Champaign,  electric  lighting,  gas, 
steam  heating  and  street  railway  service  are  maintained.  At  Decatur, 
the  company  provides  electric  lighting,  steam  heating,  gas  and  street 
railway  service.  The  Decatur  power-house  also  has  a  capacity  of  200 
H.  P.  of  Stirling  boilers.  At  Peoria,  the  company  furnishes  street  rail- 
way service  only,  at  Edwardsville,  electric  lighting,  and  at  Granite  City, 
electric  lighting  and  street  railway  service.  At  Jacksonville,  another 
power-house  is  operated  from  which  is  furnished  electric  lighting  and 
street  railway  service.    Gas  is  provided  from  these  properties  also. 

The  interurban  system  comprises  about  450  miles  of  interurban  rail- 
way as  well  as  the  several  city  lines  mentioned.  Several  extensions  to 
the  interurban  system  are  proposed.  The  company  not  only  handles  a 
passenger  business,  but  operates  sleeping  cars  and  chair  cars  between 
Springfield  and  East  St.  Louis  and  points  north,  and  from  Danville  to 
points  south.  It  owns  and  operates  several  refrigerator,  express 
and  freight  cars,  and  several  hundred  coal  cars.  The  coal  for  the  several 
power  houses  on  the  system  is  largely  handled  by  electric  locomotives 
on  the  company^s  own  tracks,  as  well  as  a  large  quantity  of  coal  for  com- 
mercial purposes. 

All  of  the  cars  signaled  over  the  company^s  private  telephone  lines, 
by  dispatchers  located  at  Staunton,  Decatur,  Mackinaw  and  Danville. 
Duplicate  telephone  lines  for  the  commercial  use  of  the  company  in 
handling  its  enormous  business  are  also  being  installed.  The  cars  are 
protected  by  Blake  signals  operated  by  the  dispatchers,  and  the  Peoria, 
Bloomington  and  Champaign  Traction  Co.  has  recently  been  equipped 
with  McClintock  automatic  block  signals. 


246  YEAE-BOOK  FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

The  Purchasing  Department  of  the  Company  is  located  at  Decatnr, 
where  the  supplies  are  stored  for  use  along  the  lines.  The  general  re- 
pair shops  are  also  at  Decatur.  These  are  equipped  with  elec- 
trically driven  wheel  lathes,  boring  mills,  planer  lathes,  pipe  cutting 
machines,  etc.  Car  barns  are  provided  at  Danville,  Champaign,  Decatur, 
Bloomington,  Peoria,  Lincoln,  Staunton  and  Jacksonville,  where  in- 
spections and  minor  repairs  are  made. 

The  office  of  the  electrical,  mechanical  and  operating  engineers  is  at 
Decatur.  The  general  accounting  offices  are  in  Champaign  and  the 
general  manager  has  offices  at  Danville  and  Springfield. 


BAIN.]  SUMMARY   AND   CONCLUSIONS.  247 


SUMMARY  AND  CONCLUSIONS. 

(By  H,  Foster  Bain.) 


Coal  Ebsbrves. 

In  the  section  of  this  paper  written  by  Mr.  DeWolf,  the  amount  of 
available  coal  in  Illinois  is  shown  to  be  so  large  as  to  warrant  a  feeling 
of  security  for  the  fntnre.  It  is  not  likely  that  any  scarcity  will  be  felt 
in  this  field  for  several  generations  to*  come.  While,  as  indicated  by  Mr. 
Lindgren  in  the  analyses  submitted,  the  grade  of  the  coal  is  not  the 
highest,  this  is  more  than  offset  by  the  abundance. 

Mining  Costs  and  Conditions. 

It  has  been  shown  by  Mr.  Eice  that  there  are  large  losses  in  the  present 
methods  of  mining  employed  in  this  field,  but  that  the  remedy  for  these 
may  be  easily  found  so  far  as  technical  performance  is  concerned.  The 
difficulties  lie  in  the  financial  and  industrial  situation,  and  until  the 
average  price  of  coal  increases  or  the  rate  of  interest  falls,  only  minor 
improvements  are  to  be  expected.  Certain  changes  which  are  possible 
even  under  present  conditions  are  pointed  out. 

Present  Methods  or  Utilization. 

Illinois  coal  is  now  largely  used  for  domestic  heating,  power  genera- 
tion and  locomotive  consumption.  For  the  first  purpose  the  most  im- 
portant limiting  factor  is  its  supposed  lower  heating  value  as  compared 
with  competing  eastern  coals.  This,  Mr.  Snodgrass  shows,  is,  price  con- 
sidered, fictitious;  and  it  is  suggested  that  with  the  development  of 
proper  apparatus  such  actual  difference  as  does  occur  may  be  decreased, 
if  not  entirely  wiped  out.  It  is  therefore  to  be  expected  that  the  domestic 
market  'for  Illinois  coal  will  in  the  future  not  only  expand  with  the 
population  but  at  an  increasing  rate,  both  by  actually  displacing  com- 
peting coals  and  by  the  capture  of  a  larger  share  of  the  new  market. 
While  this  phase  of  the  subject  has  not  been  discussed  here,  it  may  be 
pointed  out  that  the  increased  use  of  wa-sheries  in  preparing  coal  for 
the  market  will  aid  this  movement  by  furnishing  to  domestic  users  a 
cleaner  and  lower  ash  coal. 

For  power  generation  in  stationary  plants  a  smokeless  coal  is  becoming 
increasingly  important,  and  Mr.  Bement  shows  that  it  is  entirely  possible 
to  bum  the  worst  of  the  Illinois  coals  with  extremely  satisfactory  re- 


248 


YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1908. 


[BULL.   NO.  14 


suits  as  regards  smoke.  This  removes  one  of  the  large  handicaps  iinder 
which  Middle  Western  coal  has  heretofore  labored.  One  of  the  develop- 
ments of  the  future  will  undoubtedly  be  as  suggested  by  Mr.  Hoagland 
toward  larger  central  power  plants  and  the  distribution  of  energy,  prob- 
ably as  electricity. 

One  other  development  which  is  likely  to  influence  the  future  market 
of  Illinois  coal  is  the  larger  use  of  the  gas  engine.  It  is  to  be  regretted 
tnat  specific  data  on  this  point  could  not  be  included  in  this  symposium. 
The  reports  of  theFuel  Testing  Plant  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey^ 
show  that  Illinois  coals  are  excellently  adapted  to  such  use;  and  as  a 
matter  of  fact  they  are  now  being  so  used  at  one  or  two  points.  The 
large  installation  of  gas  engines  in  the  steel  plant  at  Gary  is  one  of  the 
significant  signs  of  the  times.  It  cannot  be  doubted  that  there  will  be  an 
increasing  use  of  gas  engines;  and  since  the  gas  producer  tends  to  some 
extent  to  wipe  out  the  margin  between  high  grade  and  low  grade  coals, 
in  the  long  run  this  change  will  be  to  the  advantage  of  the  coal  fields  of 
the  interior. 

It,  is  somewhat  difficult  to  get  at  the  amount  of  coal  used  for  locomo- 
tive purposes.  In  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1907,  Illinins  pro- 
duced 46,700,608  tons  of  coal.  For  the  corresponding  term  the  locomo- 
tive consumption  for  the  State  of  Illinois,  as  given  by  the  State  Eailway 
and  Warehouse  Commission,  was  as  follows: 


Lo'ComoUve 

Consumption  of  Coal  in 

.  Illinois. 

Passenger 
service. 

Freight 
service. 

All  service,  in- 
cluding switch- 
ind     and    con- 
struction. 

39,183,431 
2,140,199  . 
109.34 

50,167,137 

4,590,916 

183 

113,584,275 

9,220,119 

138.01 

These  figures  are  representative  only.  While  most  of  the  coal  came 
from  the  Illinois  mines,  a  minor  portion  was  from  Indiana  and  eastern 
states.  On  the  other  hand,  a  very  large  tonnage  of  Illinois  coal  goes  to 
supply  locomotives  running  in  other  states.  At  present  it  is  impossible 
to  give  figures  covering  this  tonnage,  though  ixiey  are  being  collected. 

The  performance  figures  given,  representing  as  they  do  a  very  large 
engine  mileage,  may  safetly  be  assumed  as  averages  in  computing  future 
consumption  with  increased  railway  activity.  The  average  number  of 
engine  miles  per  ton,  including  switching  and  all  kinds  of  sendee, 
amounted  to  12.85.  Corresponding  figures  for  September,  1907,  for 
various  roads  in  the  Middle  West  using  Illinois  coal  were,  13.38,  12.2, 
14.7,  17.18,  13.69.  The  figure  is  probably  a  little  low  rather  than  the 
reverse.  It  will  be  noticed  that  approximately  20  per  cent  of  the  coal 
output  was  used  for  locomotive  purposes  in  the  State.  In  1905,  the 
corresponding  figure  was  25  per  cent.     About  half  of  this  is  used  in 


i  Bulletins  Nos.  261  (1905),  290  (1906),  332  (1908),  and  Profesional  Paper  No.  4S  U.  S.  Geological  Sur- 
vey, pp.  981  to  1325  (1906). 


BAIN.]  SUMMARY   AND   CONCLUSIONS.  249 

the  freight  service,  and  it  may  be  roughly  computed  that  1,000,000  tons 
are  burned  in  hauling  to  place  of  consumption  the  remaining  50,000,000 
tons  of  output. 

Possible  Future  Improvements. 

One  great  hindrance  to  a  wide  use  of  Illinois  coals  is  the  poor  shipping 
quality.  They  do  not  stand  rehandling,  and  in  storage  they  are  subject 
to  deterioration  and  spontaneous  combustion.  For  this  reason  they  do 
not  enter  distant  markets,  except  by  all-rail  routes  and  at  the  season  of 
maximum  demand.  This  not  only  limits  the  total  output  of  the  mines, 
but  adds  to  the  normal  cost  per  ton  the  expense  of  idle  plants  and  men 
for  some  30  or  40  per  cent  of  the  time,  it  being  necessary  in  order 
to  meet  maximum  demands  to  have  a  capacity  in  large  excess  of  the 
average  demand.  For  these  reasons  studies  of  the  weathering  and  deter- 
ioration of  our  coals  are  of  peculiar  interest.  Different  phases  of  this 
subject  are  brought  out  by  Messrs.  Barker  and  Wheeler,  while  Mr. 
Francis  gives  some  of  the  fundamental  facts  regarding  the  decompos- 
ition of  coal  and  its  oxidation  at  low  temperature.  The  weathering 
studies  now  going  on  are  too  incomplete  to  permit  the  drawing  of  general 
conclusions.  It  is  shown  that  submerged  coal  does  not  deteriorate,  except 
by  loss  of  the  occluded  gas;  and,  since  it  is  also  protected  from  spontan- 
eous combustion,  such  a  storage  plant,  where  commercially  feasible,  may 
be  best.  It  is  hoped,  however,  that  a  more  satisfactory  solution  of  the 
difficulty  may  be  found.  In  this  connection  Mr.  Francis'  work  on  what 
might  be  called  ^^nthracitizing  coal"  offers  some  suggestions  though  not 
as  vet  any  conclusions  commercially  available. 

Markets  for  Illinois  Coals. 

The  coal  production  and  consumption  for  1906,  the  last  year  for  which 
figures  are  available,  may  be  estimated  as  shown  in  the  tabulated  state- 
ment on  the  following  page. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  railways  are  the  largest  users  of  Illinois 
coals.  N"ext  to  them  stand  the  cities  of  St.  Louis  and  Chicago.  On 
the  face  of  the  figures  St.  Louis  is  much  the  larger  user.  These  figures 
are  slightly  deceptive,  since  it  is  impossible  to  separate  the  eastern  coal, 
aside  from  anthracite,  from  the  Illinois  coal  handled  by  the  roads  run- 
ning into  St.  Louis.  In  1906,  in  Chicago,  2,961,926  tons  of  Indiana 
coal  were  also  used.  In  the  year  studied  4,265,528  tons  were  used  at 
or  near  the  mines  and  did  not  enter  the  general  competitive  market.  It  is, 
apparently,  safe  to  conclude  that  at  least  half  the  coal  mined  is  used 
within  the  State.  If  the  quantity  of  coal  shipped  from  the  mines  to  local 
dealers  were  known  it  is  probable  that  this  portion  would  be  found  to  be 
larger.  In  other  words,  Illinois  derives  not  only  tne  benefit  of  mining 
hut  the  profit  from  burning  half  its  output. 


250  YEAE-BOOK   FOE   1908,  [bull,  no.  U 

Production  and  Consumption  of  Illinois  Goal  for  1906. 


Tons. 


Tons. 


Total  production 

Consumpfon: 

Used  by  railways  within  the  State  (estimated  by  percentage) . 

Shipped  to  Chicago : 

Shipped  to  St.  Louis 

Used  at  mmes 

Sold  to  local  trade  and  to  employees 


41,480,104 


Shipped  to  railways  outside,  and  to  local  consumers  within  and 
outside  the  State 


Total. 


9,333  OOO 
H,  968, 102 
26,600,216 
31,374,308 
^2, 891, 220 

n6,313,158 


41,480,104 


Of  the  local  markets,  that  of  Chicago  is  the  most  important  and  can 
l3e  studied  in  most  detail.  The  receipts  and  shipments  at  this  point  in 
1906  are  oiven  below.  '  ' 


Coal  Receipts  and  Shipments  at  Chicago'  in  1906. 

(Chicago  Bureau  of  Coal  Statistics.) 


Receipts. 

Tons 

Tons. 

Anthracite: 

By  lake          -          

781,751 
744,531 
403,976 

By  rail                                              

stock  Jan  1st                                

Total 

1  930  258 

Pennsylvania  hituminous 

925,237 
856,833 
914,420 
342,919 

West  Virginia 

Coke 

3,039,409 

lUinoi  s  coal: 

Northern  field 

1,100,915 

3,153,956 

270,456 

442,775 

Southern  field     

Central  field          

Eastern  field         - 

Total  niinois 

4.968.102 

1  Chicago  Bureau  of  Coal  Statistics. 

2  St.  Louis  Coal  Traffic  Bureau.    These  figures  include  eastern  coal  received  by  railway. 

3  According  to  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

*  By  difference,  assuming  no  stock  carried  over. 


STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


BULL.  NO.  14,  PL.  4. 


Geological  Structure  at  Duquoin,  showing  the  easterly  dip  by  50  foot  contours  which  indicate  the 
elevation  above  sea  level  of  Coal  No.  6. 


BAIN.] 


SUMMARY   AND   CONCLUSIONS. 


251 


Coal  Receipts  and  Shipments  at  Chicago  in  1906 — Concluded. 

Receipts. 

Tons. 

Tons. 

Inriiana  coal: 

Brazil  block 

165,075 
2,796,851 

Total  Indiana 

2,961,926 

Total  Western  coal 

7,930,028 

Total  coal  and  coke 

12,495,719 

Shipments: 

Anthracite 

542,554 

Bituminous ... 

2,772,204 

Coke 

258,316 

Total  shipments 

3,573,164 

Corresponding  figures  for  a  series  of  years  show  that  in  this  important 
market  the  use  of  Illinois  and  Indiana  coal  has  been  increasing  at  the 
expense  of  eastern  coals.  That  at  the  present  ratiO'  of  prices  they  may 
well  be  expected  to  continue  to  do  so-,  is  shown  by  the  following  tabula- 
tion, in  which  the  Chicago  price  is  an  average  of  the  Black  Diamond 
weekly  quotations  for  January  and  February  of  1907  (a  period  of  normal 
demand),  and  the  fuel  value  is  based  on  large  commercial  deliveries 
lor  one  year  with  semi-monthly  sampling  and  analysis  by  the  Fuel  En- 
gineering Co.  For  convenience  in  further  discussion  the  freight  rate  to 
Chicago  is  added.  While  it  is  probable  that  only  a  portion  of  the  coal 
marketed  in  Chicago  actually  sold  at  the  prices  indicated,  much  being 
delivered  under  long-time  contracts,  the  prices  none  the  less  fix  the  ratio 
of  competition,  since  they  are  the  quoted  prices  for  the  excess  coal' reach- 
ing out  for  a  market. 

Competing  Gouls  in-  Chicago  MarTceis. 


Coal. 


Chicago  Price. 


Freight-Rate. 


Thousand 

B.t.u. 
for  a  cent. 


Franklin  county  (Ul.)  screenings 
Clinton  county  (Ind.)  mine-run. 

Springfield  (111.)  mine-run 

Pittsburg  (No .  8  Ohio) 

Carterville,  111.,  washed  No.  2. . . 

Pocahontas 

Hocking  (Ohio) 

Indiana  block 


$1  59 
1.77 

1  75 

2  91 

2  90 

3  46 
3  54 
3  20 


$1  00 

0  70 
0-75 

1  60 

1  00 

2  05 
1  65 
0  80 


140 
124 
122 
90 


70 


The  average  for  the  five  western  coals  gives  107,000  B.t.u.  for  a  cent, 
and  for  three  eastern  coals,  80,000  B.t.u.  It  will  be  noted  that  con- 
sumers using  eastern  coals  and  Indiana  block  pay  on  an  average  64 
per  cent  greater  coal  bills  as  a  penalty  for  not  adapting  their  furnace.? 


252 


YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908. 


[BULL.    NO.  14 


to  the  burning  of  the  local  coals.  At  these  prices  the  producer  of  Car- 
terville  washed  coal  is  able  to  spend  49  cents  a  ton  more  on  his  product 
than  the  miner  of  Pocahontas  coal,  and  yet  deliver  the  same  number 
of  heat-units  for  a  dollar  to  his  Chicago  customers.  It  is  evident  that 
Pocahontas,  the  best  of  the  eastern  coals,  can  never  be  delivered  in  Chi- 
cago at  existing  freight  rates  in  competition  with  Illinois  coals  when 
consumers  adapt  their  furnaces  to  economical  and  smokeless  burning  of 
the  latter. 

This  leads  to  an  inquiry  regarding  existing  and  future  freight  rates. 
As  is  well  known,  coal  freight  rates  generally  are  very  low  and  the  rate 
per  mile  dacreases  rapidly  with  distance.  The  following  are  a  few  coal 
freight  rates  per  ton  per  mile. 

Illinois  Coal  Freight  Rates. 


Approximate 

rate  per 

ton-mile. 

Cents. 


Northern  Ulinois  to  Chicago 

Central  Illinois  to  Chicago 

Southern  Illinois  to  Chicago 

Chicago  and  Northern  Illinois  to  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis 

Central  Illinois  to  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis 

Southern  Illinois  to  St.  Paul  and  MinneapoUs 

Peoria  to  Omaha 

Central  Illinois  to  Omaha 

Southern  JUinois  to  Omaha 

Pittsburg  district  to  Chicago 

Pocahontas  to  Chicago 


While  these  figures  show  some  difference  between  local  and  long  dis- 
tance shipments  it  must  he  remembered  that  a  minimum  initial  charge  is 
to  be  taken  into  account,  and  if  they  be  plotted  it  will  be  seen  that  there 
is  small  likelihood  of  the  local  rates  decreasing  much  relative  to  the  dis- 
tant rates  unless  the  whole  system  be  changed.  It  is  to  be  expected, 
therefore,  that,  so  far  as  freight  rates  are  concerned,  competition  will 
remain  substantially  as  it  is  at  present. 

The  decrease  in  the  rate  per  ton  per  mile  with  distance  gives  a  marked 
advantage  to  higher  grade  coals  in  the  distant  m^arket.  If,  for  example, 
two  coals  differ  in  original  price  25  cents,  selling  for  $1.00  and  $1.25 
respectfully,  the  difference  is  equivalent  to  20  per  cent  of  the  price  of  the 
better  coal.  If  now  an  initial  freight  rate  of  50  cents  be  paid,  the  differ- 
ence amounts  to  only  14  per  cent,  and  with  each  increase  in  freight  the 
original  difference  in  cost  decreases  until  when  a  $2.00  rate  is  paid  it 
amounts  to  only  7,6  per  cent.  This  is  the  explanation  of  the  fact  that 
screenings  are  used  near  the  mine,  and  only  washed  coal  and  lump  are 
exported  to  a  distance.  Indeed,  lump  coal  has  a  fictitious  value  within 
the  mining  regions  and  finds  a  local  market  for  special  purposes  only. 


BAIN.]  SUMMARY   AND   CONCLUSIONS.  253 

Practically  no  Illinois  coal  moves  eastward.  This  is  due  not  only  to 
competition  based  on  the  quality  of  the  eastern  coals,  but  to  the  present 
organization  of  freight  traffic,  which  makes  it  difficult  to  get  cars.  Such 
coal  as  goes  east  from  this  coal  field  is  supplied  by  Indiana.  To  the 
west,  Illinois  coal  dominates  the  markets  of  Missouri  and  Iowa  almost 
to  the  eastern  margin  of  their  own  coal  fields,  and  has  a  scattering  trade 
beyond.  To  the  southwest,  coal  is  furnished  to  the  railways  to  a  point 
about  half  way  between  St.  Louis  and  Kansas  City,  and  to  a  few  supply 
stations  beyond.  Directly  south,  there  is  very  little  coal  movement  except 
to  supply  certain  connecting  railways.  The  larger  markets  are  domi- 
nated by  eastern  coal  shipped  by  river,  a  traffic  practically  closed  to  Illi- 
nois operators  for  the  present,  owing  to  lack  of  terminals  within  the 
State,  and  the  poor  stocking-qualities  of  the  coal.  To  all  intents  and 
purposes  the  only  Illinois  coal  delivered  to  the  rivers  is  that  used  by  the 
local  steamboats. 

To  the  north  and  west,  the  coal  goes  in  large  quantities  into  south- 
western Wisconsin,  northern  Iowa,  southern  Minnesota,  and  eastern 
South  Dakota.  On  the  one  hand  it  must  meet  the  competition  of  the 
nearer  Iowa  fields,  and  on  the  other,  of  the  lake-shipped  eastern  coal. 
The  size  of  this  lake  trade  may  be  illustrated  by  the  figures  for  1907. 


Lake  Shipments  of  Coal  in  1907. 

Tons. 

Western  Pennsylvania  coal 

8,306,143 

Ohio  coal      .  .  . 

3  703  322 

West  Virginia  coal 

3,343,752 

Total 

15,353,217 

The  lake  coal  dominates  the  market  as  far  south  as  Milwaukee,  and  it 
is  only  of  recent  years  that  Illinois  coal  has  begun  to  go  in  any  quantity 
as  far  northwest  as  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis.  In  the  territory  between 
these  points  there  is  much  debatable  ground,  and  if  methods  of  storage 
can  be  devised  so  that  the  coal  may  be  shipped  in  the  summer,  large 
increases  in  trade  may  be  looked  for.  The  same  is  true  of  western  Iowa 
and  eastern  Nebraska,  where  at  present  there  is  only  a  moderate  trade. 
If,  in  addition  to  finding  a  solution  of  the  storage  problem,  water  trans- 
portation be  made  available,  Illinois  coal  may  become  a  dominant  factor 
in  the  Northwest.  It  must  be  admitted,  however,  that  this  is  far  from 
being  accomplished,  and  for  the  present,  in  extending  the  markets,  reli- 
ance must  be  placed  mainly  on  a  campaign  of  education  in  the  proper 
burning  of  high  volatile  coals. 

The  purchase  of  coal  on  specifications  is  also  to  be  commended.  This 
not  only  leads  to  closer  studies  of  coal  bills  and  conditions  of  burning, 
but,  by  means  of  the  inspection  system,  improves  the  mining  and  cleaning 
of  the  coal.  While  doubtless  criticism  can  be  fairly  made  of  particular 
specifications,  it  is  believed  that  the  system  itself  will,  in  the  long  run, 
commend  itself  both  to  buyers  and  sellers. 


254  YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 


COAL     DEPOSITS    AND    POSSIBLE    OIL    FIELD 
NEAR    DUQUOIN    ILLINOIS. 

(By  Jon  Udden.) 


CONTENTS. 


Introduction 255 

Rocks  or  stratigraphy -. r 255 

Coals ....:.. 257 

Structure - 258 

Coal  production 259 


UDDEN.]  COAL   AND   OIL   STUDIES   AT   DUQUOIN.  255 


INTRODUCTION. 

Perry  county  is  situated  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State,  and 
has  an  area  of  440  square  miles.  The  adjoining  county  on  the  north  is 
Washington,  on  the  west  Eandolph,  on  the  south  Jackson,  and  on  the 
€ast  Franklin  and  Jefferson.  The  region  under  consideration  is  situated 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  county,  where  Duquoin  is  the  most 
important  coal  center.  Very  little  has  been  written  on  the  local  geology, 
the  most  important  contribution  being  that  of  A.  H.  Worthen  in  his 
Geology  of  Perry  County.^  J.  M.  Nickles  published  a  geological  section 
extending  from  St.  Louis  to  Shawneetown,^  which  crosses  the  extreme 
northeast  corner  of  the  county.  Later,  Prof.  Frank  Leverett  contributed 
to  our  knowledge  of  the  glacial  geology  as  well  as  to  that  of  the  water 
resources,  giving  complete  data  of  the  deep  salt  well  put  down  b}' 
the  Illinois  Central  Coal  and  Coke  Company.^  The  reports  of  the  State 
Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  giving  very  interesting  data  on  mining  and 
labor  conditions,  equipment  and  complete  statistical  data  on  coal  produc- 
tion. Many  other  publications  touching  in  a  general  way  on  the  field 
could  be  mentioned.  Ashley's^  and  DeWolf^s^  contributions  being  per- 
haps the  most  important  ones  of  recent  dates. 

The  Eocks  or  Steatigraphy. 

The  country  rock  belongs  to  the  Pennsylvanian  series,  and  in  places 
where  the  mantle  covering  has  been  removed  by  erosion,  outcrops  of 
shale,  sandstone  and  limestone  may  be  noted.  These  are,  however,  very 
limited  on  account  of  the  general  presence  of  the  drift  cover.  The  sur- 
ficial  deposits  are  variable  in  thickness  and  usually  show  near  the  base 
the  presence  of  buried  portions  of  trees.  Whether  this  buried  vegetation 
occurs  between  two  drift  sheets  cannot  definitely  be  determined  on 
account  of  the  meagerness  of  detail  in  the  records. 

Ftom  deep  explorations  it  is  possible  to  ascertain  the  relation  and 
thickness  of  some  of  the  underlying  formations.  In  this  neighborhood 
some  fifty  tests,  from  45  to  500  feet  in  depth,  have  been  made  for  coal, 
besides  two  deep  holes,  one  about  1,000  feet  and  the  other  3,600  feet. 


1  Geol.  Surv.  of  111.,  vol.  III.,  pp.  84-103,  1868. 

2  Rep.  111.  Board  World's  Fair  Commissioners.    P.  169,  1893. 
a  111.  Glacial  Lobe,  U.  S.  Geo.  Surv.    Mon.  38,  pp.  771-773. 

t  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  18tli  Ann.  Rept.,  pt.  3,  pp.  202-283.    1902. 
=s  Trans.  Amer.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  pp.  1100-1169.    October,  1908. 


256 


YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1908. 


[BULL.    NO.  14 


The  record  of  the  deepest  boring  made  by  the  Illinois  Central  Coal  and 
Coke  Coanpany  at  St.  Johns,  kindly  furnished  by  Mr,  John  E'orrester  has 
been  interpreted  by  the  writer  and  is  as  follows: 

LOG  OF  DEEP  BORING  AT  ST.  JOHN'S,  ILLINOIS. 


Thick- 
ness. 
Feet. 


Depth. 
Feet. 


Recent  and  Pleistocene- 
Glacial  drift 

Pennsylvanian— 

Lime  rock 

Sandy  shale 

Shale  and  coal 

Sandy  shale 

Clay  shale 

Sandy  shale 

Sand  rock 

Sandy  shale 

Fire  clay  and  shale 

Shale  with  partings 

Sand  rock,  fresh  water 

Mississippian — Chester,  Cypress  and  Ste.  Genevieve 

Lime  rock 

Sand  rock,  15  per  cent  salt ., . 

Sandy  shale 

Sand  rock - 

Sandy  shale 

Lime  rock 

Sand  rock 

Shale 

Sand  rock 

Lime  rock 

Sand  rock 

Clay  shale 

Sandy  shale 

Mixed  shale 

Lime  rock 

Shale 

Lime  rock 

Clay  shale 

Lime  rock 

Sandy  shale 

Clay  shale 

Sandy  shale 

Lime  rock 

Sand  rock 

Lime  rock 

Sandy  shale 

Sand  rock 

Sandy  shale 

Lime  rock 

Red  marl 

Sand  rock 

Sandy  shale 

Sand  rock 

Soft  shale 

Sand  rock 

Blue  lime 

.  Sand  rock 

Shale 

Sand  rock 

Shale 

Red  marl 

Shale 

Lime  rock 

Shale 

Sand  rock 

Lime  rock 

Sand  rock 

Lime  rock 

Shale  with  partings 

Lime  rock 

Shale 


42 


0-      42 


3 

42-   45 

16 

45-   61 

10 

61-   71 

25 

71-   96 

3U 

96-  126 

80 

126-  206 

15 

206-  221 

23 

221-  244 

12 

244-  256 

55 

256-  311 

178 

311-  489 

31 

489-  520 

15 

520-  535 

28 

535-  563 

15 

563-  57& 

32 

578-  610 

8 

610-  618 

25 

618-  643 

13 

643-  656 

10 

656-  666 

3 

666-  669 

10 

669-  679 

30 

679-  709 

35 

709-  744 

35 

744-  779 

16 

779-  795 

20 

795-  815 

25 

815-  840 

15 

840-  855 

5 

855-  860 

15 

860-  875 

40 

875-  915 

67 

915-  982 

20 

982-1,002 

20 

1,002-1,022 

10 

1,022-1,032 

22 

1,032-1,054 

13 

1,054-1,067 

20 

1,067-1,087 

20 

1,087-1,107 

4 

1,107-1,111 

39 

1,111-1,150 

40 

1,150-1,190 

90 

1,190-1,280 

10 

1,280-1,290 

10 

1,290-1,300 

5 

1,300-1,305 

5 

1,305-1.310 

10 

1,310-1,320 

10 

1,320-1,330 

14 

1,330-1,344 

4 

1,344-1,348 

4 

1,348-1,352 

16 

1,352-1,368. 

7 

1,368-1,375 

14 

1,375-1,389 

10 

1.389-1,399 

15 

1,399-1,414 

6 

1,414-1,420 

20 

1,420-1,440 

35 

1,440-1,475 

23 

1,475-1, 49a 

UDDEN.]  COAL    AND    OIL    STUDIES    AT    DUQUOIN.  257 

Log  of  Deep  Boring  at  St.  Johns,  Illinois — Concluded. 


Depth. 

Feet. 


Mississippi— Chester,  Cypress  and  Ste.  Geneyieve^  Concluded. 

Sand  rock 

Shale,  mixed . .  .^ 

Lime  rock 

Sandy  shale 

Lime  rock 

Shale 

St.  Louis,  Salem  and  Warsaw- 
Lime  rock,  38  per  cent  salt 

Shale 

Lime  rock,  38  per  cent  salt 

Fire  clay  or  shale 

Lime  rock  with  partings 

Shale 

Osage  and  Kinderhook — 

Lime  rock  with  partings 

Sandy  lime  rock 

Light  gray  lime  rock 

Spar,  calcite  crystals : 

Devonian- 
Light  gray  lime  rock,  hard 

Light  gray  hme  rock,  soft 

Silurian — Cincinnatian  and  Galena-Trenton — 

Mainly  limestone  to  3,600  feet 


1,498-1,518 
1,518-1,537 
1,537-1,541 
1,541-1,549 
1,549-1,589 
1,589-1,604 

1,604-1,696 
1,696-1,699 
1,699-1,949 
1,949-1,969 
1,969-2,026 
2,026-2,036 

2,036-2,148 
2,148-2,208 
2,208-2,271 
2,271-2,275 

2,275-2,773 
2,773-3,000 

3,000-3,600 


Another  boring,  1,000  feet  deep>  near  the  above,  was  pnt  down  by  the 
same  company. 

The  deeper  parts  of  these  two  records  present  a  rather  puzzling  geo- 
logic section.  As  shown  in  them  and  in  some  fifty  other  records,  the 
Pennsylvanian  series  has  a  maximnm  thickness  of  about  500  feet,  consist- 
ing principally  of  shales,  sandstones,  some  limestone  and  coal.  The 
Mississippian  series  is  represented  by  abont  1,700  feet  of  sediments. 

From  3,063  to  abont  3,150  there  is  a  shale  which  contains  some  thin 
ledges  of  limestone.  At  3,100  feet  this  shale  is  black  and  contains 
bituminous  material.  It  lies  about  the  same  distance  below  the  red 
marls  of  the  Chester  that  a  similar  shale  does  in  a  well  at  Mascoutah — 
about  1,700  feet.  In  the  Mascoutah  well  this  shale  lies  500  feet  above 
the  St.  Peter's  sandstone,  which  formation  does  not  appear  to  have  been 
reached  by  the  St.  Johns  well,  and  which  probably  lies  here  at  a  depth 
of  3,800  feet  below  the  surface. 


Coals. 

As  has  already  been  stated,  the  principal  sediments  consist  of  shales, 
sandstone  and  limestones.  Associated  with  these  are  coal  beds  of  vari- 
able thickness,  but  the  only  seam  mined  in  this  area  is  the  Blue  Band 
or  No.  6.  Besides  this,  two  other  coals  are  of  interest,  one  occurring 
above  the  No.  6,  coal,  and  one  below  it,  possibly  No.  5.  The  topmost 
coal  occurs  from  -15  to  120  feet  above  the  No.  6  seam,  having  a  thick- 
ness varying  from  a  few  inches  to  a  couple  of  feet.  It  is  not  workable 
on  account  of  being  so  thin  and  irregular  in  its  occurrence. 

Below  No.  6  coal  should  occur  No.  5  coal,  but  the  records  that  have 
been  studied  from  this  vicinity  do  not  as  a  rule  extend  below  No.  6.     It 

—17  G 


258  YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

is  possible  that  No.  5  may  occur  under  this  region  as  it  does  further  west 
in  the  county,  but  presumably  it  is  too  thin  tO'  be  worked  profitably. 
Elsewhere  it  has  beeen  found  some  60  to  70  feet  below  the  Blue  Band 
coal,  and  in  one  test  hole  northeast  of  Duquoin  it  has  been  found  64  feet 
below  No.  6,  where  it  had  a  thickness  of  only  one  foot. 

The  Blue  Band  coal,  or  Ko.  6,  is  found  at  depths  ranging  from  45  to 
470  feet  (see  table  No.  1).  It  varies  in  thickness  from  5  to  13  feet  B 
inches,  averaging  about  6  feet  2  inches  as  shown  by  measurements  made 
in  the  mines.  It  is  characterized  chiefly  by  the  development  of  a  band 
of  shale  or  clay  that  is  highly  impregnated  with  sulphide  of  iron,  in 
places  being  nearly  pure  iron  pyrites.  This  has  been  called  the  Blue 
Band,  and  from  it  the  coal  derives  its  name.  The  band  varies  in  thick- 
ness, but  as  a .  general  rule  seldom  measures  less  than  1  inch  or  more 
than  2  inches.  Its  position  is  also  somewhat  variable,  but  it  generally 
lies  about  18  inches  above  the  fire  clay  fioor.  There  is  another  band  that 
occurs  about  24  inches  from  the  top  of  the  coal,  and  generally  consists 
of  iron  pyrites. 

These  two  bands  divide  the  coal  seam  into  top,  middle  and  lower 
benches  which  differ  somewhat  in  physical  character  as  well  as  in  the 
amount  of  sulphur  and  in  B.  t.  u.  values. 

Over  the  coal  there  is  usually  a  band  of  shale  known  as  draw  slate. 
This  varies  in  thickness,  bu.t  seldom  exceeds  10  inches.  Above  this 
occurs  a  shale  usually  light  grayish  in  color,  fine  textured,  and  very 
hard.  Its  thickness  is  very  irregular;  in  places  it  is  entirely  absent,  and 
it  may  attain  a  thickness  of  30  feet. 

Above  the  shale  occurs  a  ledge  of  limestone,  dark  grayish  in  color,  and 
containing  numerous  fossils.  It  varies  in  thickness,  and  is  reported  in 
places  to  be  as  much  as  18  feet.  This  limestone  may  be  entirely  absent 
over  small  areas!  It  often  happens  that  in  the  same  mine  the  limestone 
may  occur  above  the  coal  with  or  without  an  intermediate  shale.  It  is 
known  locally  as  the  roof  limestone,  or  '^'^cap  rock.^^ 

Structuee. 

An  unusual  structural  feature  for  this  part  of  the  State  occurs  at 
Duquoin,  and  its  true  character  has  beeen  misunderstood  by  many.  West 
of  the  Illinois  Central  main  line  the  coal  lies  at  shallow  depths  beneath 
the  surface,  but  to  the  east  it  is  reached  only  by  deep  shafts.  This  condi- 
tion and  the  fact  that  the  coal  is  thicker  to  the  east  has  lead  to  the 
erroneous  idea  that  two  distinct  coals  are  mined  on  the  east  and  west. 
There  now  seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  the  two  are  identical,  and  that  the 
difference  in  the  depth  to  the  coal  near  Duquoin  is  due  to  a  dip  of  quite 
unusual  magnitude  for  this  part  of  the  State. 

The  accompanying  map  is  based  on  some  sixty  records  of  shafts  and 
bore  holes  furnished  by  local  operators.  Levels  were  run,  in  the  course 
of  this  study,  to  each  of  the  locations  so  as  to  determine  the  elevation 
above  sea  level  of  coal  No.  6.  The  contours  are  lines  of  equal  elevation 
and  the  arrows  indicate  the  direction  of  dip. 


UDDEN.]  COAL    AND    OIL    STUDIES    AT    DUQUOIN  259 

As  near  as  tlie  geologic  structure  can  be  made  out  from  the  explo- 
rations thus  far  made,  it  may  be  described  as  an  irregular  monocline, 
caused  by  the  sinking  of  the  formations  on  the  east  side  of  Duquoin. 
South  of  Duquoin  there  is  a  rapid  dip  of  the  coal  to  the  east,  and  in  a 
distance  of  two  miles  the  coal  had  descended  from  about  400  feet  altitude 
to  sea  level.  North  of  town  the  dip  to  the  east  appears  to  be  at  a  greater 
rate  than  that  observed  south  of  town — about  250  feet  in  less  than  a 
quarter  of  a  mile.  This,  however,  may  be  due  to  faulting.  The  dip 
northward  from  Duquoin  is  very  gentle,  averaging  about  12  feet  to  the 
mile.  Nothing  definite  is  known  about  the  amount  of  the  dip  westward 
but  it  seems  more  than  likely  that  there  is  a  very  slight  dip  for  some 
distance  to  the  west.  Thus  in  and  around  Duquoin  a  small  irregular 
domelike  structure  has  developed  and  is  represented  by  the  400-foot 
contour. 

Some  faulting  has  taken  place  in  this  area.  A  northwest-southeast 
fault  occurs  in  the  Queen  mine  and  probably  occurs  under  the  west  prop- 
erty of  the  Paradise  mine.  Outside  of  the  immediate  area  other  faults 
are  known  to  occur.  At  the  White  Walnut  mine  one  has  been  encoun- 
tered crossing  the  east  and  west  entries  about  1,500  feet  from  the  shaft. 
It  is  a  normal  fault  with  a  throw  of  32  feet  to  the  east,  the  strike  being 
nearly  north  and  south. 

The  domelike  structure  and  the  high  monoclinal  are  suggestive  of 
conditions  favorable  for  the  accumulation  of  oil.  From  the  drill  records 
it  appears  that  the  sandstones  necessary  for  holding  oil  are  also  present. 
But  it  may  be  that  the  faulting  which  has  taken  place  is  extensive 
enough  to  allow  the  escape  of  such  accumulation.  The  extent 
to  which  the  sands  are  full  of  water  is  unknown.  The  heavy  Pottsville 
sand  running  down  311  to  489  feet  in  depth  in  the  drill  record  quoted, 
is  reported  to  carry  fresh  water,  which  is  so  far  unfavorable.  Salt  water 
is  reported  in  several  of  the  lower  sands.  From  the  map  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  boring  already  done  was  not  at  the  highest  point  on  the  dome 
and  there  is  perhaps  some  encouragement  to  be  derived  from  this  fact. 
In  general  the  area  has  not  been  adequately  tested  for  oil  and  gas. 

Coal  Production". 

In  Perry  county  there  are  twenty-one  mines  and  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood  of  Duquoin  there  are  eleven,  as  shown  by  the  map  and 
table.  Those  most  modern  in  their  equipment  and  having  the  largest 
tonnage  are  Paradise  Coal  &  Coke  Co.,  Duquoin  Operating  Co.,  Majestic 
Coal  &  Coke  Co.,  and  Brilliant  Coal  &  Coke  Co. 


260 


YEAE-BOOK    FOE    1908. 


[BULL.    NO.  14 


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UDDEN.] 


COAL    AND    OIL    STUDIES    AT    DUQUOIN. 


261 


With,  one  exception  the  coal  is  hoisted  to  the  surface  through  shafts. 
The  Kew  Moon  Mining  Company  operates  a  slope.  The  shafts  are  of 
clonble  compartments,  usually  varying  in  width,  but  most  commonly 
either  9  by  14  feet  or  9  by  18  feet.  The  mines  are  laid  out  on  the  room 
and  pillar  plan,  with  modifications  permitting  the  mining  of  coal  most 
economically.  Shooting  off  the  solid  prevails,  althougli  one  mine  has 
equipment  for  machine  mining.  Mule  haulage  is  most  general,  but  one 
mine  has  electric  and  another  gasoline  haulage.  All  large  mines  are 
-equipped  with  shaker  screens,  and  a  number  have  a  revolving  screen  for 
rescreening  the  smaller  sizes.     One  mine  is  equipped  with  a  washery. 

The  chemical  character  and  heating  value  of  the  coal  is  indicated  by 
the  accompanying  figures.  These  are  derived  from  careful  samples  col- 
lected by  the  Survey  from  three  typical  mines.  They  represent  the  full 
thickness  of  the  seam  and  include  the  total  moisture  present.  For  com- 
parison, similar  figures  are  given  for  this  same  coal  bed  as  mined  in  the 
Belleville  region  to  the  northwest  and  in  Williamson  county  to  the 
southeast. 


Locality. 


Total 
moisture . 


Dry  Coal. 


Ash. 


Sulphur. 


B.t.u. 


Duquoin^ 

Belleville  district^ . 
Williamson  county 


10.42 
12.30 

8.67 


13.47 
11.72 
10.23 


2.74 
4.04 
2.17 


12,336 
12,500 
13,057 


Coal  has  been  mined  in  this  country  for  many  years,  and  as  early  as 
1863  it  was  shipped  over  the  Illinois  Central  to  points  north  of  Duquoin 
into  Champaign  and  Chicago.  No  accurate  data  on  production  is  to  be 
had  for  these  early  years,  but  since  1882  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics 
has  collected  the  data,  and  David  Eoss,  secretary,  has  kindly  furnished 
the  figures  below.  The  total  coal  production  for  Perry  county  to  the 
present  year  amounts  to  20,447,349  tons,  valued  at  $16,160,306.00.  It  is 
interesting  to  note  that  the  aggregate  value  of  the  coal  has  incr-eased 
with  the  total  tonnage  each  year,  with  two  exceptions.    In  1895  and  1905 


i  Average  of  3  samples . 

a  Average  of  21  samples.    111.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  8  p.  254. 

5-  Average  of  11  samples.    111.  Geol.  Surv.    Report  in  progress. 


262 


YEAK-BOOK   FOE    1908. 


[BULL.   NO.  14 


the  aggregate  value  fell  below  the  tonnage,  intermpting  the  relative  rate 
of  increase.  During  this  period  the  average  value  of  lump  coal  has 
increased  90  cents  to  $1.19. 


Year.i 

Total  tons 
produced 
all  grades 

Average 
value  at 
mines  of 
lump  coal 
per  ton. 

Aggregate 

values 
total  tons 
all  grades. 

1882 

276,845 

299,305 

255,868 

259,375 

213,112 

319,552 

306,235 

381,347 

497,768 

604,152 

461,068 

860,151 

530,490 

587,444 

726,507 

689,921 

845,329 

879,422 

680,653 

664,278 

789,625 

1,031,751 

1,250,174 

1,26  ,718 

1,443,926 

1,743,922 

1,610,411 

$0.90 
.98 
.98 
.979 
.934 
.877 
.942 
.945 
.880 
.88 
.87 
.95 
.94 
.80 
.72 
.679 
.765 
.782 
.84 
.956 
.95 
.956 
1.213 
1.173 
1.123 
1.194 
.875 

$    249,160 
293,319 
250,750 
253,928 
199,047 
280,471 
288,473 
360,648 
438,396 
459,129 
340,182 
679,484 
417,966 
373,809 
523,085 
410,071 
522,637 
537,085 
462  965 

1883 

1884       

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896      

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901                  

539,866 
656,078 
977  140 

1902 

1903                            

1904  

1  152  660 

1905 

1  111  867 

1906  

1,347,235 
1,625,217 
1,408,763 

1907 

1908  

20,477,349 

.783 

$16,160,306 

^-  Fiscal  year  ending  June  30. 

2  Average  value  per  ton  of  total  produ 


BAGG.]  CARBONIFEROUS  FORAMINIFERA.  .  263 


CASTS  OF    FORAMINIFERA   IN   THE    CARBONI- 
FEROUS OF  ILLINOIS. 

(By  RuFUS  Matheb  Bagg,  Jr.,  Instructor  in  Geology,  University  of  Illinois.) 

CONTENTS. 

Page. 
General  description 264 

Conditions  of  deposition  of  glauconite 266 

Origin  and  composition  of  the  carboniferous  granules 268 

Probable  conditions  of  deposition 269 

Summary 270 


264  YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [BULL.  NO.  14 


GENERAL  DESCRIPTION. 

While  investigating  some  Co'al  Measure  clays  of  the  Upper  Carhonifer- 
ons  at  Georgetown^  Illinois,  the  writer  discovered  that  at  least  two  of 
the  clay  strata  subjacent  to  the  coal  seams  contained  a  fair  sprinkling 
of  glauconite-like  grains.  It  appears  strange  that  these  greenish  grains 
have  never  before  been  observed,  since  they  are  visible  to  the  unaided 
eye  and  are  scattered  rather  abundantly  though  irregularly  through  the 
clay  beneath  the  coal  seams,  designated  as  Nos.  6  and  7  of  the  Illinois 
series.  These  greenish  granules  are  perfect  casts  of  foraminifera,  chiefly 
of  Bndothyra  baileyi  (Endothyra  bowmani,  Phillips)  and,  while  the 
original  shell  substance  is  entirely  removed,  the  septation  of  the  forms 
has  been  preserved  in  detail. 

N'ot  only  are  many  of  these  casts  duplicates  of  the  Endothyra  bowmani, 
Phillips,  but  in  addition  there  are  several  other  planospiral  types  resem- 
bling the  Nonionina  group  of  recent  oceans  but  which  presumably  rep- 
resent either  Lituola  or  Trochammina. 

Since  Ostracoda  are  common  in  the  upper  Paleozoic  of  the  middle 
west  it  is  quite  probable  that  some  of  the  casts  represent  this  group,  but 
they  would  be  difficult  to  recognize  owing  to  the  unchambered  condition 
of  the  original  organism. 

These  grains,  when  seen  under  the  microscope  in  cross  section,  possess 
either  calcific  nuclei  or  iron  pyrite  (Marcasite?)  centers  of  irregular 
form.  These  nuclei  effervesce  in  cold  hydrochloric  acid  and  leave  a 
cavernous  structure  in  the  interior  which  represents  in  part  the  original 
shell  chambering. 

Where  the  material  is  marcasitic  a  very  dark,  almost  greenish  border 
encloses  the  nucleus  (Ferrous  sulphate  ?)'  and  the  outer  margin  is 
of  olive  green  color  like  the  New  Jersey  green  sand. 

It  is  supposed  that  these  pseudomorphs,  at  least  where  the  iron  has 
replaced  the  shells,  were  formed  in  situ  and  that  the  replacement  of  the 
foraminiferal  substance  was  very  gradual  after  the  entombment  of  the 
organism  in  its  final  resting  place. 

This  central  nuclear  replacement  in  the  case  of  calcite  is  quite  in 
contrast  with  that  of  the  ISTew  Jersey  cretaceous  glauconite  which  shows 
an  olive  green  center  and  a  darker  exterior.  We  infer  therefore  that 
these  particles  in  the  Carboniferous  formed  very  slowly  and  steadily 
after  the  entombment  of  the  organism.  The  segregation  of  the  calcitic 
or  iron  material  forming  a  portion  of  the  original  test  was  in  some 
cases  protected  from  ultimate  decay  bv  the  encasing  ferrous  sulphate 
( ?)  border  which  is  insoluble  in  cold  hydrochloric  acid.  In  this  case 
the  shell  was  removed  probably  by  percolating  waters  at  a  subsequent 


STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


JiULL.  NO.  14,  PL.  5. 


Enlarged  Views  of  Endothyra  baileyi. 
(Indiana  Geological  Survey. ) 


BAGG.]  CAEBONIFEEOUS  FOEAMINIFERA.  265 

date  or  was  entirely  replaced  by  the  infilling  substance.  The  Carboni- 
ferous glauconitic  pseudomorphs  differ  from  the  New  Jersey  greensand 
in  that  they  have  not  been  subsequently  enlarged  by  accretion.  There  is 
a  remarkable  uniformity  in  the  size  of  the  granules  and  the  Carboni- 
ferous material  was  never  rolled  like  the  New  Jersey  glauconite.  An 
analysis  of  the  New  Jersey  greensand  grains  selectecl  and  analysed  by 
T.  Sterry  Hunt  gave  the  following : 


SiO... 
FeO-,. 
MgO. 
CaC. 
AI2O. 
KO3.. 
NaaO. 
N,0.. 


50.70 
22,50 
2.16 
1.11 
8.03 
5.80 
0.75 
8.95 


100.00 


The  Silurian  glauconite  analysed  by  Hunt  contained  less  iron  and 
more  alumina  than  that  of  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous. 

In  discussing  the  New  Jersey  cretaceous  glauconite  beds  Bagg  states '} 
^Tt  is  an  interesting  fact  bearing  on  the  origin  of  greensand  that  the 
writer  has  frequently  found  shells  of  f oraminif era  filled  with  glauconite. 
This  is  especially  noticeable  in  Polymorphina  communis^  which  in  some 
cases  where  the  shell  is  broken  away,  shows  the  interior  filled  with  light 
green  glauconite  still  bearing  upon  its  outer  surface  the  smooth  impress 
of  the  shell.  Many  Cristellariae  are  partially  filled  with  a  light  brown 
clay  suggesting  the  early  stage  in  the  formation  of  the  glauconite  grain.^' 

The  important  data  of  the  New  Jersey  cretaceous  which  bears  upon 
the  present  report  is  contained  in  the  next  paragraph:  "It  is  perhaps 
rather  remarkable  that  among  so  many  grains  of  glauconite  sO'  few  per- 
fect casts  of  foraminifera  are  found  and  so  sm'all  a  number  of  inter- 
mediate stages,  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  shell-wall  of  the 
form  is  always  thin  and  easily  destroyed  through  solution  in  the  per- 
colating waters  of  such  porous  beds."  *  *  *  "From  the  size  of  the 
glauconite  grains  and  the  peculiarity  of  their  shape  it  is  probable  that 
the  glauconite  has  grown  by  accretion  around  an  original  nucleus,  so  that 
the  outline  of  the  delicate  shells  is  only  exceptionally  preserved.  Trans- 
verse sections  of  the  glauconite  grains  show  a  difference  in  color  and 
texture  between  the  internal  and  external  parts,  the  inner  portion  being 
of  a  light  olive  green  and  softer  than  the  dark  green  irregular  border." 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  therefore  that  in  both  these  points, 
namely  the  lack  of  secondary  enlargement  and  the  absence  of  erosive  ac- 
tion upon  the  grains  at  the  time  of  their  deposition  the  carboniferous 
material  differs  from  the  greensand  of  the  cretaceous  series. 


i  The  Cretaceous  Foraminifera  of  New  Jersey.   Bulletin  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  88,  1898.   p.  13. 


266  YEAE-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

The  carboniferous  foraminifera  were  enibedded  in  very  fine  silt-like 
clay  where  the  decomposition  of  the  test  went  on  so'  slowly  that  the  snb- 
stitntion  of  the  psendomorph  iron  compound  had  sufficient  time  to  fill 
the  entire  shell  before  the  superstructure  was  removed  in  solution. 

The  upper  stratum  of  clay  beneath  the  so-called  No.  7  coal  seam 
lis  massive,  plastic  and  where  measured  was  over  six  feet  in  thick- 
ness. The  giauconitic  like  granules  do  not  appear  toi  be  confined 
to  any  given  layer  of  this  clay.  The  lower  clay  nearly  one  hundred  feet 
beiow  is  five  feet  in  thickness,  is  darker  in  color,  full  of  slip  planes  and 
carbonaceous  matter  and  is  more  indurated.  It  is  heavier,  but  it  contains 
the  same  types  of  granules  found  in  the  series  above.  This  lower  clay 
looks  more  like  a  fire  clay  than  the  upper  stratum,  though  it  is  not 
highly  refractor}^ 

The  water  in  which  these  foraminiferal  shells  were  deposited  must 
have  been  very  quiet  and  sufficiently  out  from  shore  to^  escape  wave 
action  or  the  delicate  granules  would  have  been  abraided  and  in  such 
erosion  the  septal  markings  of  the  test  would  have  disappeared. 

Conditions  op  Deposition  op  Glauconite. 

Glauconite  is  supposed  to  represent,  an  off-shore  deposit  of  considerable 
depth.  It  forms  today  in  limited  amount  in  the  marine  waters  off 
Cape  Hatteras  as  shown  by  Prof.  J.  W.  Bailey^  where  the  greensand 
fills  the  shells  of  Ehizopods  and  corals  at  depths  of  from  forty  to  fifty 
fathoms. 

Grlauconite  is  moreover  deposited  near  the  mud  line  adjacent  to  coasts 
and  is  usually  found  along  the  higher  portions  of  continental  slopes 
where  land  derived  materials  are  available  and  are  deposited  in  percep- 
tible yet  small  amounts.  According  to  Murray  and  Eenard,^  greensand 
covers  about  one  million  square  miles  of  the  sea  floor  and  while  gener- 
ally occurring  at  from  one  to  two  hundred  fathoms  has  been  noted  at 
depths  ranging  down  to  900  fathoms. 

Ehrenberg,^  the  father  of  microscopical  science,  was  the  first  to  point 
out  the  connection  of  glauconite  to  foraminifera. 

Murray  and  Eenard  in  the  challenger  reports  above  referred  to,  offer 
the  following  well  known  explanation  of  the  origin  of  greensand  on  the 
supposition  that  the  chambers  of  the  organism  first  become  filled  with 
a  muddy  sediment. 

"If  we  admit  that  the  organic  matter  enclosed  in  the  shell,  and  in  the 
mud  itself,  transforms  the  iron  in  the  mud  into  sulphide,  which  may  be 
oxidized  into  hydrate,  sulphur  being  at  the  same  time  liberated,  this 
sulphur  would  be  oxidized  into  sulphuric  acid  which  would  decompose 
the  fine  clay,  settling  free  colloid  silica,  alumina  being  removed  in  solu- 
tion, thus  we  have  colloid  silica  and  hydrated  oxide  of  iron  in  a  state 
most  suitable  for  their  combination.'^ 

Glauconite  does  not  form  where  sedimentation  is  rapid  and  it  is  sup- 
posed that  its  formation  is  favored  by  considerable  changes  in  temper- 
ature. ' 


1  J.  W.  Bailey  "  On  the  Origin  of  Greensand  and  its  Formation  in  the  Oceans  of  the  Present  Epoch," 
Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  Vol.  V,  1856,  pp.  364-368. 

2  Challenger  Reports,  Deep  Sea  Deposits,  see  pp.  167-172. 

2  Abhandlung  d.  k.  Akad.    Wissensch.  zu  Berlin,  1855,  pp.  85-176. 


BAGG.]  CARBONIFEROUS  FORAMINIFERA.  267 

Dr.  W.  B.  Clark^  very  briefly  discusses  the  origin  of  greensand  in  a 
paper  entitled,  "Origin  and  Classification  of  the  Greensands  of  New 
Jersey/^  Eegarding  the  conditions  of  deposition  of  the  New  Jersey 
greensands,  Clark  states  that  these  glauconite  formations  were  probably 
laid  down  at  a  distance  of  from  fifteen  to  thirty  miles  off  shore  and  at 
very  moderate  depths.  Clark  points  out  that  greensand  is  not  an  orig- 
inal  deposit,  but  requires  both  inorganic  rock  constituents  and  the  pres- 
ence of  foraminifera. 

The  rock  making  minerals  mentioned  include  quartz,  magnetite,  feld- 
spar, hornblende,  augite,  zircon^  epidote,  tourmaline  and  garnet.  In  the 
carboniferous  clays  the  clay  constituent  predominates  but  we  note  in 
addition  to  minute  quartz  fragments,  magnetite,  and  other  massive  rock 
constituents. 

The  pseudomorphs  of  iron  resembling  glauconite  of  the  carboniferous 
seldom  exceed  one  millimeter  in  diameter  and  the  average  will  probably 
be  much  less  than  this.  From  the  addition  of  a  phosphatic  cement  the 
grains  may,  however,  attain  a  diameter  of  several  centimeters.  The 
carboniferous  material  possesses  a  nearly  uniform  dark  green  color  which 
persists  throughout  the  entire  mass  save  for  the  calcite  or  marcasite 
nucleus.  A  section  of  the  locality  where  this  material  was  discovered  is 
given  on  the  following  page. 

G-lauconite  occurs  in  many  formations  such  as  the  Cambrian  of  Wis- 
consin and  Eussia,  the  Calcaire  Grossier  (Middle  Eocene)  of  France,  in 
the  Tertiary  Zeuglodon  beds  of  Alabama,  but  it  is  particularly  developed 
both  in  Europe  and  in  America  in  the  Upper  Cretaceous.  In  England, 
the  Lower  Cretaceous  greensand  overlying  the  Weald  clay  is  from  250 
to  450  feet  thick.  The  New  Jersey  Upper  Cretaceous  greensand  series 
have  a  maximum  thickness  of  over  200  feet  and  if  we  include  the  clay 
marls,  which  are  partly  glauconitic,  attain  a  total  of  about  500  feet  in 
the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain  belt. 

While  conditions  may  have  re-occurred  again  and  again  throughout 
past  epochs  in  which  glauconite  could  have  been  developed  it  seems  to 
be  rare  in  Paleozoic  time  if  we  expect  the  Cambrian  and  perhaps  Pre- 
cambrian  deposits  of  the  iron  region  north  of  Lake  Michigan. 

Prof.  C.  K.  Leith,^  in  his  paper  on  the  "G-enesis  of  the  Lake  Superior 
Iron  Ores^^  described  the  hydrous  iron  silicate  resembling  glauconite 
under  the  term  Greenalite.  Leith  states,  "The  greenalite  granules,  be- 
lieved to  have  constituted  the  bulk  of  the  original  Mesabi  iron-bearing 
formation,  are  similar  in  physical  and  optical  properties  to  glauconite  or 
greensand,  but  differ  in  almost  lacking  potash.  "They  have  been  called 
glauconite  by  Spurr,^  who  argues  that  the  absence  of  potash  may  be 
due  to  secondary  alteration  and  that  in  any  case  the  composition  of  glau- 
conite, as  far  as  determined,  is  so  variable  and  uncertain  as  to  warrant 
the  application  of  the  name  to  the  Mesabi  granules,  so  similar  to  glau- 
conite in  physical  and  optical  properties." 


i  Journal  of  Geology  Vol.  II.,  1894,  p.  161. 

2  Economic  Geology,  Vol.  I,  No.  1, 1905.    p.  64. 

a  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Minn.  Bull.  X.    (See  also  Amer.  Geol.  Vol.  xxix). 


268 


YEAR-BOOK   FOR    1908. 


[BULL,    NO.  14 


Origin  and  Composition  of  the  Carboniferous  Granules. 

The  composition  of  the  pseudomorphic  material  which  has  substi- 
tuted the  foraminiferal  shell  in  the  carboniferous  was  thought  at  first 
to  be  a  form  of  glauconite.  Since  tests  for  potassium  failed  to  reveal 
this  element  which  is  essential  in  glauconite  it  was  thought  that  the 
substance  might  be  similar  in  composition  to  the  greenalite  of  the 
mesabi  iron  district  as  described  by  Dr.  C.  K.  Leith. 

The  carboniferous  material  was  therefore  analyzed  in  the  chemical 
laboratory  of  the  University  of  Illinois  and  was  found  to  have  the  fol- 
lowing composition : 


Per  Cent. 


FeSa 

Fe^Og 

!»' 

AI3O3 

SiC, 

CaO 

MgO 

Loss  on  ignition 


10.84 

54.10 
2.20 
3.80 

trace. 
1.80 

33.69 


106.43 


In  the  analysis  given  by  Dr.  Leith  on  the  Mesabi  Greenalite  the  min- 
eral is  shown  to  be  mainly  silica,  ferrous  iron,  magnesium  oxide  and 
water.  The  ratio  of  four  analyses  calculated  on  the  basis  of  100  is 
given  on  page  114  of  the  Monograph  No.  XLIII  the  Mesabi  iron-bearing 
district  and  is  as  follows: 


1 

2 

3 

4 

«.! 

43.7 

47.7 

40.2 

42.1 

47.7 

44.6 

50.9 

2.8 

8.8 

7.8 

8.9 

Average. 


SiOa 
FeO 
MgO 


46.8 

46.3 

7.1 


From  this  the  theoretical  proportion  of  the  ferrous  iron  to  the  silica 
would  be  silica  45.62  and  ferrous  iron  54.38  per  cent. 

If  we  assume  from  the  above  that  the  ferrous  iron  should  approximate 
o4.38  per  cent  we  find  the  amount  checks  closely  with  the  carboniferous 
pseudomorphs  fro^m  Illinois,  but  in  Greenalite  the  granules  show  only 
0.56  per  cent  of  alumina  and  a  high  content  of  silica.  In  the  car- 
boniferous grains  FeSa  must  represent  the  marcasitic  nucleus  and  the 
ferrous  iron  which  surrounds  this  center  is  darker  colored  from  organic 
matter  and  presumably  this  matrix  contains  iron  in  ferrous  sulphate 
form.  The  protoxide  of  iron  would  largely  account  for  the  greenish 
color  of  the  entire  granule.  The  substance  would  not  appear  then 
to  be  greenalite  since  it  differs  from  that  mineral  in  its  silica  content. 


BAGG.] 


CAKBONIFEEOUS  FOEAMINIFERA. 


269 


It  agrees  with  it  in  lacking  potash^,  in  having  a  corresponding  amount  of 
magnesia  and  in  containing  only  a  trace  of  calcium.  It  differs  from 
glaiiconite  in  lacking  potash  and  in  possessing  a  low  alumina  and  silica 
content. 

Were  these  greenish  particles  as  well  rounded  as  the  New  Jersey  glan- 
conite,  which  show  no  septal  markings  we  might  argue  that  they  had 
been  formed  by  a  redeposition  of  the  oolitic  material  containing  Endo- 
thyra.  This  conld  be  explained  by  supposing  the  shells  to  be  rapidly 
filled  with  clayey  substance  at  the  time  of  their  deposition  and  the  altera- 
tion into  concretionary  form  to  have  occurred  at  a  later  date. 

In.  the  case  of  oolitic  limestone  we  do  not  have  a  rock  which  would 
redissolve  and  be  transported  from  Mississippian  beds  into  carbonifer- 
ous clays  of  the  coal  strata.  It  is  more  probable  that  the  foraminifera 
lived  in  the  shoal  carboniferous  ocean  and  that  after  the  deposition  of 
their  shells  the  iron  compounds  replaced  the  original  substance. 

It  is  not  difficult  to  imagine  the  continued  existence  of  microscopic 
Proto'zoan  life  from  the  Lower  into  the  Upper  Carboniferous  epoch, 
since  the  poAver  of  locomotion  is  well  developed  in  Protozoa  and  the 
rapidity  of  reproduction  would  enable  the  forms  to  survive  a  few  adverse 
conditions. 

Probable  Conditions  of  Debosition. 

The  reappearance  of  the  glauconite-like  granules  subjacent  to  two  coal 
seams  nearly  100  feet  apart  reveals  a  similarity  of -conditions  which  were 
repeated.  The  intervening  time  was  sufficiently  extended  to  allow  about 
one  hundred  feet  of  thin  bedded  shale  to  be  laid  down. 

section  west  of  georgetow^n. 


Material. 

Thickness. 

Feet. 

Inches. 

Soil 

2 
8 
129 
3 
6 
80 
5 
5 
5 

Glacial  clay 

Calcareous  shale 

Coal  (No  7) 

10 

Plastic  clay,  with  pseudomorphs  resembling  glauconite 

Calcareous  shale,  fine  bedded 

8 

Thin  shale  and  coal  seams 

Coal  (No  .6) 

6 

Slip  clay,  with  pseudomorphs 

Total 

245 

From  the  section  alread}^  given  it  will  be  noted  that  above  the  clays 
containing  the  pseudomorphs  resembling  glauconite  there  are  two  coal 
seams,  the  lower  one  51/2  feet  thick  and  correlated  with  "No.  6"  and  an 
upper  bed  3  feet  10  inches  thick,  some  100  feet  higher  up  in  the  section. 
The  base  of  these  two  coals  is  sharply  defined  by  a  definite  plane  from 


270  YEAE-BOOK   FOR   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

the  subjacent  clays.  There  is,  therefore,  no  gradual  transition  from  the 
clay  intO'  the  coal  strata,  and,  while  we  infer  that  the  conditions  were 
similar  in  each  deposit,  the  interval  required  for  the  deposit  of  the  lower 
coal  bed  was  almost  double  as  long. 

Again  it  is  not  necessary  to  suppose  that  the  ocean  was  at  this  period 
of  great  depth.  As  bearing  on  this  point  it  is  interesting  to  note  that 
John  Murray^  states :  "I  am  inclined  to  the  view  that  in  Paleozoic  times 
the  ocean  basins  were  not  so  deep  as  they  are  now,  that  the  ocean  then 
had  throughout  a  nearly  uniform  high  temperature,  and  that  life  was 
either  absent  or  represented  only  by  bacteria  and  other  low  forms  at 
great  depths,  as  is  now  the  case  in  the  Black  Sea,  where  life  is  practically 
absent  beyond  100  fathoms^  and  where  the  deeper  waters,  are  saturated 
with  sulphuretted  hydrogen." 

Even  if  we  assume  a  depth  of  100  fathoms  during  the  deposition  of 
these  carboniferous  clays  we  should  require  a  movement  of  over  600 
feet  downward  after  the  formation  of  the  No.  6  coal  seam  and  that  in 
comparatively  short  time  which  was  again  followed  by  an  almost  equal 
elevation  in  order  to  elevate  that  100  fathom  clay  where  glauconite  was 
being  deposited  to  near  the  sea  level  in  order  that  coal  plants  could  again 
develop  profusely. 

It  seems,  therefore,  much  more  plausible  to  assume  that  the  foramini- 
fera  were  living  like  the  Textularise  of  today  near  sea  bottom  at  very 
shallow  depths  and  that  the  fine  silt-like  sediments  washed  in  near  shore 
a  number  of  the  Endothyra  types,  where  they  were  rapidly  buried  in 
the  clay  strata  close  to  the  margin  of  the  sea  shore. 

Under  this  theory  a  slight  increase  in  submergence  immediately  prior 
to  each  coal  formation  is  possible,  and  this  would  be  followed  by  a  some- 
what longer  period  of  stationary  sea  border  adjacent  to  a  base-level  conti- 
nent over  which  an  epicontinental  sea  was  very  slowly  encroaching. 

Summary. 

The  conclusions  we  reach,  therefore,  regarding  the  formation  and  dep- 
osition of  the  glauconite-like  material  is  as  follows : 

1.  Foraminifera  of  Subcarboniferous  (Mississippian)  types  continued 
their  existence  in  Upper  Carboniferous  time. 

2.  These  genera  existed  in  shallow  waters  and  were  preeminently 
bottom  types  of  subarenaceous  species  which  lived  near  the  margin  of 
sea-coasts  in  only  a  few  fathoms  of  depth. 

3.  Their  shells  were  deposited  contemporaneously  with  the  clay  strata 
in  very  quiet  water  below  tidal  action  bordering  a  base-leveled  region. 

4.  The  marcastic  and  ferrous  sulphate  infiltration  in  the  tests  of  the 
foraminifera  was  subsequent  to  their  deposition  in  the  clays  and  the 
process  was  both  gradual  and  the  infilling  complete  within  the  shell 
cavity. 

5.  .  Subsequent  removal  of  the  external  shell  either  by  solution  from 
the  percolating  waters  or  a  partial  replacement  of  the  shell  substance 
which  was  largely  of  the  arenaceous  foraminifera  type. 


1  Scottish  Geographical  Mag.  Vol.  xv.    p.  514. 


BAGG.]    •  CAEBONIFEROUS  FORAMINIFERA.  271 

6.  Immediate  elevation  of  the  land  above  sea  level  as  evidenced  by 
the  sharp  demarkation  of  the  coal  strata  overlying  these  clays  and  which 
elevation  was  of  sufficient  time  length  to  allow  in  the -lower  seam  5  feet 
6  inches  of  coal  to  form  and  in  the  npper  la^^er  3  feet  10  inches  of  coal 
to  originate. 

7.  Eetnrn  of  submergence  conditions  after  deposition  of  some  100 
feet  of  thin-bedded  shale  between  the  two  coal  seams. 

8.  A  gradual  deepening  of  the  sea  followed  by  a  redeposition  of  for- 
aminiferal  forms  which  had  again  migrated  to  near  the  border  of  the 
sea  shore  after  a  time  interval  represented  by  from  90  to  100  feet  of 
sedimentation. 

These  conclusions  are  only  suggestive  from  a  general  survey  of  the 
above  outlined  data  and  it  is  thought  that  further  study  upon  additional 
material  from  other  localities  may  throw  additional  light  upon  the  distri- 
bution of  the  foraminiferal  life  in  Illinois  during  the  Carboniferous 
period  and  perhaps  upon  the  formation  of  glauconite.  With  the  freshen- 
ing of  Carboniferous  waters  during  the  coal  bed  formation  it  is  likely 
that  a  withdrawal  took  place  of  the  Foraminiferal  types  into  deeper 
waters  which  would  more  nearly  resemble  those  of  existing  oceans.  Still 
we  must  not  forget  that  the  Endothyra  and  other  Eotaline  types  in  the 
Paleozoic  epochs  were  more  usually  arenaceous^  the  calcareous  porcel- 
laneous and  perforate  calcareous  types  developing  more  fully  in  Mesozoic 
oceans. 


272  YEAK-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [BULL.  NO.  14 


NATURAL  GAS  IN  THE  GLACIAL  DRIFT  OF 
CHAMPAIGN  COUNTY. 

-      (By  Carl  F.  Knirk.^) 


In  Champaign  county ;,  as  elsewhere  in  the  State,  the  occnrrence  of 
gas  in  comparatively  shallow  wells  is  reported  so  frequently  as  to  arouse 
much  curiosity.  The  State  Geological  Survey  is  continually  receiving 
queries  as  to  the  sources,  extent,  distribution  and  value  of  the  gas.  With 
a  view  to  answering  these  questions  this  work  was  undertaken  by  the 
writer  and  considerable  information  was  collected  during  the  summer 
of  1908.  The  city  of  Champaign  is  in  Champaign  county,  in  the  east 
central  part  of  the  State,  about  128  miles  south  of  Chicago.  All  points 
visited  in  this  work  are  within  fifteen  miles  of  Champaign,  and  nearly 
all  of  them  are  south  of  an  east-Avest  line  drawn  through  the  city. 

The  most  striking  feature  of  the  topogTaphy  of  the  region  is  its  level- 
ness,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  Uirbana  and  Mahomet  contour  maps.  The 
extreme  relief  is  less  than  200  feet,  and  the  average  elevation  above. sea- 
level  is  about  700  feet.  The  absolute  monotony  of  the  topography  is 
broken  by  the  small  glacial  moraine  which  extends  from  northw:est  to 
southeast  across  the  area.  This  moraine  can  be  seen  to  the  northwest 
of  Champaign  where  it  is  known  as  the  Yankee  range.  It  passes  to  the 
east  of  Champaign  as  a  narrow  belt  of  irregTilar  hills,  thence  to  the  south- 
east and  south  of  the  city,  where  it  bends  abruptly  to  the  east.  Just 
south  of  the  city  the  University  farm  and  Urbana  cemetery  are  located 
on  it.  From  the  cemetery  it  takes  a  direction  a  little  tO'  the  east  of 
south  and  leaves  the  Urbana  quadrangle  at  Philo,  where  it  is  again  known 
as  Yankee  Eidge.  To  the  east  of  Urbana  a  medial  moraine  or  spur 
was  developed,  which  extends  toward"  the  east  of  north  through  the  gravel 
beds  north  of  Urbana,  thence  some  21/2  miles  east  of  Leverett,  and  on 
past  Thomasboro,  some  two  miles  east  of  town.  Aside  from  the  moraines 
mentioned  the  land  is  so  level  that  it  has  to  be  artificially  drained  be- 
fore it  can  be  used  for  agricultural  purposes. 

A  large  number  of  wells  that  yield  more  or  less  gas  are  located  on  the 
southern  slope  of  the  moraine  or  on  the  outwash  area  beyond  it.  The 
well  on  Senator  Henry  M.  Dunlap'^s  farm,  the  best  known  and  most 
important  well  in  the  area,  is  located  on  the  outwash  plain.  Mr.  Walter 
Hall  has  a  well  thus  located  on  his  farm  2  miles  north  and  three-quarters 
of  a  mile  west  of  Savoy.  In  Sommers  township  a  well,  with  a  reported 
gas  pressure  of  fourteen  pounds,  is  located  near  the  medial  moraine. 


J-  The  University  of  Illinois;  Department  of  Geology. 


KNIRK.]  OCCURRENCE   OF   GAS   IN   DRIFT.  278 

Other  wells,  similar!}^  located  ,are  as  follows :  One  three  miles  southeast 
of  Mahomet  on  the  W.  Eayborn  farm,  where  gas  was  found  at  a  depth 
of  150  feet;^  one  five  miles  northw^est  of  Champaign,  where  gas  was 
found  at  a  depth  of  135  feet  ;^  and  ,one  two  miles  south  of  Boonville  on 
the  N'orton  farm,  which  struck  gas  100  feet  below  the  surface.  •  Other 
Avells  occur,  some  of  them  on  or  near  the  moraine,  while  other  seem  to 
bear  no-  relation  to  surface  topography.  One  well,  located  away  from 
the  moraine,  2  miles  east  and  li/o  miles  south  of  Sidney,  has  yielded  a 
little  gas  for  a  number  of  years.  Strange  to  say,  this  is  the  only  well 
in  this  neighborhood  that  has  ever  given  out  any  gas,  although  many 
others  are  equally  deep.  It  is  not  probable  that  the  gas  occurrences 
bear  any  direct  relation  to  the  surface  features,  although  many  of  the 
wells  are  so-  situated  as  to^  suggest  an  indirect  relation. 

The  gas  is  encountered  in  many  wells  drilled  (or  dug)  for  water,  but 
there  is  no'  certainty  that  either  gas  or  water  will  be  found  at  a  given 
depth  or  indeed  at  any  moderate  depth.  Both  alike  depend  upon  the 
irregular  arrangement  of  the  glacial  deposits  of  this  area,  and  both  are 
confined  to  certain  porous  channels.  The  water  wells  vary  from  15 
to  297  feet,  but  are  commonly  between  80  to  160  feet  deep.  In  many 
instances  a  well,  50  or  60  feet  deep,  supplies  an  abundance  of  water, 
wdiile  another  well,  only  a  few  feet  or  rods  from  it,  has  tO'  be  put  down 
to  a  depth  of  150  or  more  feet  before  any  water  is  encountered.  Indeed, 
the  testimony  of  every  well  driller  in  lx.j_s  region  is,  that  he  can  tell  noth- 
ing about  the  probable  depth  at  which  he  will  find  water  in  a  given  place 
by  knowing  the  depth  of  the  wells  in  the  immediate  neighborhood. 

The  gas  is  reported  to  occur  in  or  near  beds  of  black,  mouldy  soil  con- 
taining remains  of  plant  life.  Evidences  of  forest  beds  is  common. 
In  the  coal  shaft,  which  was  at  one  time  sunk  in  TJrbana,  a  stick  four 
inches  in  diameter  was  found.  A  piece  nine  feet  long  was  cut  off  from 
the  stick  and  divided  among  several  of  the  men  who  saw  it  removed. 
The  writer  has  a  piece  of  this  timber,  about  four  inches  long,  which  has 
been  identified  as  a  close  relative  of  Picea  alba.  Mr.  P.)  Vance,  of 
L  rbana,  says,  ^Tt  is  quite  common  for  us  to  find  wood  at  a  depth  of  from 
90  to  120  feet,  and  we  always  find  a  black  soil  associated  with  the  gas." 
Mr.  W.  E.  Nightingale,  of  Champaign,  says,  "Gras  is  often  found  at  a 
depth  of  100  feet  in  a  green  sand,  or  a  black  mud,  and  in  one  instance, 
on  the  Fry  farm  west  of  Champaign,  a  piece  of  wood,  three  feet  long, 
was  removed  from  a  well  140  feet  deep.  He  also'  states  that  he  has 
found  wood  in  no  less  than  30  or  40  wells.  At  the  Cunningham  farm, 
an  eight  inch  stick  of  wood  was  encountered  in  an  open  well  at  a  depth 
of  42  feet.  In  another  instance  gas  forced  out  ^^pieces  of  dry,  rotten 
wood,  which  looked  like  cork."  Since  the  material  below  and  above  the 
veget'^l)le  remains  is  of  glacial  origin,  and  since  the  vegetation  is  common 
at  certain  levels,  it  seems  that  the  glacial  occupation  was  interrupted 
l)y  one  or  more  periods  of  mild  climate  during  which  vegetation  fiour- 
ished  and  accumulated  in  favorable  situations.     Witli  the  re-advance  of 


^  Reported  by  Mr.  W.  R.  Nightingale,  Champaign 

—18  G 


274 


YEAE   BOOK   FOR    1908. 


[BULL.   NO.  14 


the  ice  the  vegetation  was  buried  beneath  a  mass  of  clay,  sand,  gravel, 
bowlders  and  ice.  There  may  have  been  only  one  or  two,  or  there  may 
have  been  several  such  oscillations. 

During  the  retreat  of  the  ice  and  in  the  interglacial  period,  the  waters 
from  the  ice  and  subsequent  rains  must  have  formed  into  streams  in 
many  places.  These  flowing  waters  must  have  developed  river  systems; 
the  perfection  of  which  depended  on  the  amount  of  rainfall,  the  period 
of  time  before  the  glacier  advanced  over  the  region  again  and  other 
factors.  Since  the  indications  are  strong  that  vegetation  had  time  to 
spread  over  the  area  and  develop  forest  remains,  it  is  reasonable  to 
suppose  that  some  of  the  interglacial  periods  were  comparatively  long. 
During  these  periods,  well  defined  river  channels  were,  no  doubt,  devel- 
oped. With  the  re-advance  of  the  ice,  it  is  quite  possible  that  these  chan- 
nels were  filled  with  sand  and  gravel  by  the  over  loaded  streams  from  the 
ice.  If  these  channels  were  thus  filled,  and  if  the  advancing  ice  was 
depositing  its  load,  rather  than  eroding,  underground  sand  and  gravel 
veins  would  be  formed.  Whether  this  is  the  true  explanation  or  not,  the 
fact  nevertheless  remains,  that  there  are  well  defined  underground  veins 
of  sand  and  gravel  in  which  most  of  the  water  and  gas  of  this  region 
is  found.  Wherever  these  veins  yield  gas  they  are  overlain  by  a  very 
hard  clay,  or  "hard  pan,"  which  serves  as  an  impervious  cover  for  the 
pressure  of  the  accumulating  gas.  Such  gas  as  may  possibly  occur  in 
porous  veins  or  pockets  which  are  at  a  distance  from  forest  beds  prob- 
ably represent  leakage  from  such  beds. 


I    I  'i^r.-T-r-r  i  '  i  '  i  '  i  '  i  '  i  '  i    i  '  i  '  i  '  r-^-^ 


rzL 


II 


III 


Fig.  5.— Diagramatic  section  showing  relations  of  wells  which   penetrate:    a,  late  drift;  d,  sand 
pockets;  c,  old  soil;  d,  early  drift;  e,  bed  rock. 


The  accompanying  theoretical  cross-section,  Figure  6,  shows  more 
or  less  well  defined  veins  of  sand  and  gravel  in  a  bed  of  bowlder  clay. 
It  will  be  seen  that  th.e  depth  of  a  well  depends  on  its  location  with  re- 
gard to  the  underground  sand  and  gravel  vein.  If  such  a  well  happens 
to  strike  a  vein  which  is  favorably  located  for  the  production  and  pres- 
ervation of  gas,  it  may  produce  gas.  Some  of  these  sand-filled  under- 
ground channels  may  connect  with  large  areas  in  which  considerable 
organic  material  is  decomposing  and  hence  may  produce  gas  for  a  long 
period  of  years. 

It  seems  that  the  gas  must  originate  from  the  decomposition  of  or- 
ganic material  in  the  glacial  drift,  for  the  following  reasons  : 

1.  In  practically  every  case  where  gas  has  been  found,  it  is  reported 
that  rotten  wood  and  other  organic  remains  have  been  found  in  the 
gas  sand. 


KNIRK.]  OCCUEKENOE   OF   GAS   IN   DRIFT.  275 

2.  It  is  found  chiefly  in  the  sand  channels  which  are  overlain  by  clay. 

3.  The  gas  frequently  dies  down  in  a  short  time^  which  indicates  a 
limited  supply  and  prohably  a  local  source. 

4.  There  is  no  evidence  that  the  gas  comes  from  deep  seated  reser- 
voirs. It  may  be  found  in  a  certain  vein  of  sand  and  a  well  pushed 
through  this  level  to  a  lower  sand  may  fail  to  find  gas.  In  at  least  two 
places,  deep  bores  have  been  made  in[  testing  for  gas.  Mr.  George 
Douglas,  who  lives  some  four  miles  south  of  Urbana,  drilled  to  a  depth 
of  1,000  feet  and  failed  to  find  gas  in  the  underlying  rock.  A  second 
boring,  without  results,  was  made  to  a  depth  of  580  feet,  near  the 
present  Green  Street  Subway  in  Champaign. 

5.  The  gas  wells  frequently  coincide  with  surface  features,  but  bear 
a  more  direct  relation  to  underground  gravel  veins,  probably  of  inter- 
glacial  origin. 

6.  Peat  bogs  give  ofi  gas  at  the  present  day,  and  instances  are  fre- 
quent elsewhere  of  gas  occurrence  in  old  buried  beds  of  forest  re- 
mains. 

Because  of  the  small  supply  and  the  light  pressure  the  gas  never  has 
been  and,  undoubtedly,  never  will  be  of  much  economic  value.  Lo- 
cally, it  is  being  used  successfully  by  Senator  Dunlap  and  Mr.  Walter 
Hall  in  their  country  homes  for  heating  and  lighting  purposes.  In 
several  other  instances  it  has  been  used  for  a  time,  but  the  wells  re- 
quired so  much  attention  that  the  owners  soon  abondoned  them.  Else- 
where in  the  State  similar  wells  have  been  adequate  for  home  supply 
for  a  few  years. 


276  YEAE-BOOK  FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 


ARTIFICIAL  SILICATES  WITH   REFERENCE  TO 
AMORPHOUS  SILICA. 


(By  W.S.Williams.) 


CONTENTS. 


-fage. 

Introduction 277 

General 277 

Acknowledgments 278 

Scope  of  this  work ; 278 

Development  of  the  sand— lime  brick  process 278 

Sand-brick  with  exclusive  carbonate  filler 279 

Sand-brick  with  carbonate  and  silicate  filler 279 

Sand-brick  with  hydrosilicate  filler 279 

Wet  slaking  process 280 

The  dry  slaking  process 280 

The  acid  slaking  prccss 280 

The  quick  lime  process _. 281 

Description 281. 

Mixing 281 

Pressing  and  hardening 281 

Experimental  work 282 

Conditions  of  the  experiments 282 

The  proper  ratio  of  lime  to  silica  to  form  the  strongest  bond 282 

Effect  of  adding  fibrous  materials '. 284 

Effect  of  sharp  sand , 286 

Superheated  steam 287 

Fire  tests 287 

Carbonate  filler  versus  silicate  bond 289 

The  effect  of  using  dolomite  as  a  substitute  for  lime 290 

Silica  and  orthoclase 290 

A  substitute  for  clay-products 291 

Conclusions 291 

Bibliography , 292 


WILLIAMS.] 


EXPEEIMENTS    WITH    SILICA. 


277 


INTRODUCTION. 


GENERAL. 

In  southern  Illinois  there  are  large  de230sits  of  amorphous  silica  which 
ha,ve  been  worked  but  little.  This  fine  grained^  white,  substance  is  used 
as  a  filler  for  wood,  for  paints,  for  scouring  soaps,  toilet  powders,  porce- 
lain bodies  and  glazes.  These  deposits  are  being  worked  by  several  firms 
at  present,  practically  all  of  the  mining  being  done  by  hand.  The  prep- 
aration  consists  of  fine  crushing  and  of  careful  sizing  of  the  material. 
The  supply  far  exceeds  the  demand  and  the  effect  of  opening  these 
recently  discovered  deposits  has  been  to  overstock  the  market  and  lower 
the  price  of  amorphus  silica. 

The  geology  of  this  region  is  not  very  well  known.  Mr.  F.  W. 
DeWolf  visited  this  territory  in  1906  in  the  interests  of  the  State  Geo- 
logical Survey  and  made  preliminary  observations  on  the  geological 
formation  and  also  collected  samples.  He  states  that  the  material  occurs 
as  bedded  deposits,  varying  in  thickness  from  a  few  feet  to  six  or  eight 
feet.  A  preliminary  report  is  found  in  Bulletin  No.  4  of  the  Illinois 
State  Greological  Survey.  The  following  table  shows  the  chemical  an- 
alyses of  the  samples  collected,  as  reported  in  the  above-  mentioned  bul- 
letin : 

Table  No.  1. 


Number. 

Si02. 

Per  cent 
Fe-sOg    AI2O5 

Loss  on 
Ignition . 

203 

87.90 
82.26 
95.14 
90.24 
95.18 
90.04 
73.78 
97.20 
95.78 
77.82 

3.72 
6.04 
2.38 
5.88 
1.04 
2.36 

14.56 
1.28 
1.80 

10.26 

2.84 
1.76 

204     .   . 

205 

206 

207 

208 

2092 

5.43 

210 

211 

2122 

1  Presented  as  a  thesis  to  the  faculty  of  the  University  of  IlKnois  for  the  degree  of  B.  S.  in  chemistry. 
The  work  was  done  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  S.  W.  Parr,  on  whose  suggestion  it  is  included  in 
this  Year  Book. 

^NoTE — Iron  and  alumina  were  separated  in  209  and  121 . 


278  YEAE-BOOK   FOE   1908.  [BULL.  no.  14 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

Acknowledgment  is  due  to  Mr.  C.  F.  Hagedorn,  a  graduate,  of  the 
University  of  Illinois  in  1905,  who  in  the  fall  of  that  year  began  a  line 
of  research  in  an  attempt  to  make  siliceoiis  bricks;  and  to  Mr.  C.  H. 
McClure,  who  subsequently  took  up  the  work  and  made  a  few  determina- 
tions of  lime  and  silica.  Neither  of  these  men  carried  this  particular 
work  further.  Mr.  H.  B.  Fox,  in  tests  on  sand-lime  brick,  used  the 
samples  made  by  the  above  men.  The  next  person  to  take  up  this  in- 
teresting work,  was  Mr.  T.  E.  Ernest,  working  under  the  direction  of 
Prof.  S.  W.  Parr,  in  the  laboratory  of  Applied  Chemistr}^,  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois.    He  had  three  objects  in  view  in  his  investigation,  viz. : 

1.  To  study  the  sand-lime  brick  process,  including  a  review  of  the 
literature  and  experiments. 

2.  To  study  the  compound  formed  by  the  action  of  high  pressure 
steam  on  mixtures  of  lime  and  silica,  from  both  the  chemical  and  physi- 
cal standpoint. 

3.  To  find  uses  for  Illinois  silica. 

In  this  thesis,  Mr.  Ernest  shows  that  the  chemical  compound  formed 
by  the  action  of  high  pressure  steam  on  intimate  mixtures  of  lime,  and 
silica  is  probably  the  mono-hydro'  calcium  silicate  which  may  be  consid- 
ered analogous  to  the  meta  silicate  WoUastanite'  (Ca  0,  Si  O2),  with  one 
molecule  of  II2O  of  hydration.  He  also  states  that  the  best  proportions 
in  mixing  are  equal  parts  of  lime  and  silica.  In  running  fire  tests  on 
this  mixture  he  did  not  measure  the  temperatures  but  found  that  the  mix- 
ture cracked  badly  in  a  suddenly  heated  muffle  furnace. 

SCOPE  OF  THIS  V^^ORK. 

The  object  of  these  investigations  is  to  determine  by  means  of  the 
tensile  strength: 

1.  The  proper  ratio  of  lime  to  silica  to  form  the  strongest  bond. 

2.  To'  improve  the  texture  of  the  mixture  by  suction,  boiling  and 
using  plaster  of  Paris  molds. 

3'.  To  increase  the  strength  of  the  mixture  by  adding  fibrous  mate- 
rials thereto. 

4.  To  determine  whether  the  material  can  be  molded  into  shapes 
which  would  be  useful  for  architectural  decoration. 

5.  To  determine  the  effect  of  fire  on  this  material. 

6.  To  determine  whether  steam  pressure  is  necessary  and,  if  so,  what 
pressure  is  most  suitable  to  give  the  strongest  bond. 

Development  of  the  Sand-Lime  Brick  Process. 

It  is  a  well  established  fact  that  a.  moist  mixture  of  sand  and  slaked 
lime  becomes  hard  on  being  exposed  to  the  air,  a  process  which  depends 
upon  the  absorption  of  carbon  dioxide.  For  many  years  "mortar-brick^^ 
have  been  made,  dependent  on  this  reaction.  It  forms  calcium  car- 
bonate, which  acts  as  the  cementing  material.  The  making  of  sand- 
lime  briel<:  witli  calcium  silicate  as  a  filler  does  not  date  back  more  than 
thirty  years.  In  this  a  ehemdcal  combination  takes  place  between 
the  two  constituents,  slaked  lime  and  sand,  which  binds  the  two  together 
in  a  manner  similar  to  vitrification. 


williams.]  experiments  with  silica.  279 

sajs'd-brice:  with  exclusive  carbon"ate  filler. 

It  is  readily  understood  that  a  stone  with  calcium  carbonate  as  a  filler 
is  not  as  strong  as  one  with  a  calcium  silicate  union.^  Twenty  to-  40  per 
cent  of  completely  slaked  lime  is  added  to  sand  and  thoroughly  mixed 
with  sufficient  water  to  allow  easy  molding.  This  is  then  hardened  by 
one  of  three  methods: 

1.  The  brick  is  exposed  to  the  atmosphere  for  a  long  time,^  the 
caustic  lime  thus  slowly  acquiring  the  needed  carbon  dioxide  Ca(0B[)2-j- 
C02=Ca  CO3+H2O.  The  necessity  for  complete  slaking  is  quite  evi- 
dent since  any  unslaked  lime  would  slake  later  and  nipture  the  brick. 
The  time  required  before  use  is  five  or  six  months^  and  a  maximum 
strength  is  attained  in  one  or  two  years.  The  hardening  is  similar 
to  that  of  mortar  and  is  only  superficial.  Zurick  says  that  only 
30  per  cent  of  the  lime  in  very  old  mortars  has  been  converted  into  the 
carbonate. 

2.  Hardening  in  an  atmosphere  rich  in  carbon  dioxide  without  press- 
ure. This  gives  the  same  results  as  the  first  process  but  in  much  shorter 
time. 

3.  Hardening  with  carbon  dioxide  under  pressure.  "For  this  process 
the  advantage  is  claimed  that  nearly  all  of  the  Ca(0H)2  is  converted 
into  carbonate.  However^  Prof.  Einne  of  Hanover  does  not  believe  that 
this  is  satisfactorily  proven  and  he  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  carbon 
dioxide  will  form  a  carbonate  on  the  surface,  closing  the  pores  of  the 
brick;,  and  thus  preventing  the  entrance  of  enough  carbon  dioxide  into 
the  bod}^  of  the  brick  to  make  the  conversion  to  the  carbonate  complete. 

SAND-BRICK   WITH    CARBONATE   AND   SILICATE   FILLER. 

In  this  process  the  treatment  up  to  the  hardening  point  is  the  same 
as  that  just  described  but  the  hardening  is  effected  in  a  warm  m.oist 
atmosphere,  saturated  with  CO2.  A  combination  of  these  methods  pro- 
vides for  the  introduction  of  CO2  into  kettles  or  closed  iron  cylinders 
used  for  steam  hardening.  Under  the  conditions  first  cited,  the  product 
has  as  a  binding  material  for  the  most  part  CaCOs,  but  some  hydrated 
calcium  silicate  is  probably  formed,  thus  strengthening  the  bond.  In 
the  latter  the  binding  material  is  mainly  calcium  hydrosilicate  and  the 
amount  of  carl^onate  is  much  less  than  in  the  former.^ 

SAND-BRICK   WITH    HYDROSILICATE  FILLER. 

This  brings  us  to  the  third  class,  the  only  one  which  will  ever  be  of 
any  importance  in  the  commercial  world.  The  same  raw  materials  are 
used  as  in  the  other  proces,  viz. :  sand  and  lime.  The  subsequent  para- 
graphs will  be  devoted  to  a  review  of  the  literature  on  this  subject. 

In  present  practice^  one  of  four  methods  prior  to  hardening  are  em- 
ployed, the  different  features  being  the  method  of  preparing  the  lime : 

1.  Wet  slaking  process. 

2.  Dt}^  slaking  process. 

3.  Acid  slaking  process. 

4.  Quick  lime  process. 

^  See  bibliography,  16.         ^  See  bibliography,  1.         ^  See  bibliography,  13.       *  See  bibliography,  8. 


280  YEAR   BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

THE  WET  SLAKING  PROCESS. 

This  process  consists  in  slaking  the  lime  to  a  fat  putty  and  then  mix- 
ing in  the  desired  proportion  of  sand  and  water.^  From  this  it  is  carried 
to  bins  over  the  press  and  allowed  to  stand  a  short  time  and  then  pressed. 

With  properly  burnt  high  calcium  lime^  the  addition  of  the  proper 
amount  of  water  can  be  made  with  enough  labor.  The  heat  given  up 
by  the  union  of  caustic  lime  and  water  is  sufficient  to  generate  steam  in 
the  minute  pores  of  the  amorphous  oxide  and  thus  break  it  up  into  the 
smallest  possible  particles^  constantly  and  rapidly  exposing  new  surfaces 
to  the  hot  water.  Calcium  oxide  on  hydration  gives  up  246  calories  of 
heat  per  gram.  Under  these  conditions  the  CaO  seems  to  form  a  hydrate, 
carrying  more  than  one ,  molecule  of  water.  The  excess  is  locked  so 
loosely  that  a  little  excess  of  heat,  as  would  be  the  case  with  too  little 
water,  would  prevent  its  formation.  If  there  is  insufficient  water,  the 
lime  will  become  too  hot,  or  be  too  dense,  for  the  best  results.  The 
product  of  correct  slaking  is  an  extremely  tough  and  plastic  mass. 

Walters  found  that  the  best  slaking  of  high  calcium  lime  gave  an 
increase  of  3.5  times  the  original  volume,  while  air  slaking  gave  2.5 
times,  and  slaking  with  a  large  quantity  of  water  1.7  times  the  volume. 
The  increase  in  volume  gives  better  spreading  or  enveloping  power. 

With  the  dolomites,^  more  time  is  required  for  proper  slaking  for  the 
two  following  reasons : 

1.  The  magnesium  oxide  is  overburned  at  the  temperature  of  com- 
plete expulsion  of  carbon  dioxide  from  limestone  and  is  hence  above  its 
point  of  maximum  porosity. 

2.  The  heat  evolved  by  magnesium  oxide  on  hydration  is  much  less 
than  that  for  the  hydration  of  CaO.  The  presence  of  both  acts -in  the 
direction  of  retardation.  Pure  dolomite  lime  yields  130  calories  of  heat 
per  gram. 

If  this  process  is  used  it  will  be  found  advantageous  to  mix  the  lime 
into  a  cream  which  will  favor  its  even  distribution  over  the  sand  grains. 

THE  DRY-SLAKING  PROCESS. 

This  differs  from  the  preceding  only  in  the  fact  that  the  lime  is  slaked 
with  just  enough  water  so  that  the  heat  of  chemical  reaction  will  dry 
the  finished  hydrate.^  The  hydration  is  incomplete  in  most  cases.  For 
sand-lime  brick  a  steam-slaked  lime  is  always  safe,  since  the  lime  has 
reached  the  limit  of  expansion  under  the  action  of  steam.  Where  mag- 
nesium lime  is  used  this  is  the  method  which  should  be  used  because  the 
dolomitic  limes  slake  too  slowly  for  any  other  process. 

The  fine  state  of  division  in  which  the  lime  hydrate  is  left  after  dr}'- 
slaking  gives  it  the  best  possible  physical  condition  for  uniform  distribu- 
tion and  chemical  reaction.  The  dry  hydrate  can  be  rapidly  and  also 
completely  incorporated  into  the  sand  and  when  water  is  later  added 
there  is  but  slight  tendency  to  ball  up. 

THE  ACID-SLAKING  PROCESS. 

In  this  process  5  to  10  per  cent  of  a  solution  of  hydrochloric  acid.  19^ 
Baume,  is  added  to  tlic  lime  after  slaking  has  begun.^  This  is  the  basis 
of  a  German  patent  issued  to  P.  Kleber.    In  the  preliminary  slaking  the 

J  See  bibliography,  27.      ^^^^.p  |,i)3iiography,  28.      "^See  bibliography,  T),  27.      'See  bibhography,  8. 


WILLIAMS.]  EXPERIMENTS    WITH    SILICA.  281 

hydration  is  carried  only  from  one-third  to  one-fiftli  of  completion,  so 
that  only  one-third  or  one-fifth  of  the  lime  is  changed  into  calcium 
chloride. 

This  compound,  as  is  well  known,  has  a  great  affinity  for  water  and  is 
also  very  active  in  attacking  silicates  as  is  illustrated  by  its  action  in  the 
nascent  condition  made  use  of  in  the  J.  Lawrence  Smith  method  for  the 
determination  of  the  alkakies. 

The  introduction  of  calcium  chloride  would  be  objectionable  since,  if 
the  chloride  remains  as  such,  it  would  later  appear  as  an  efflorescence 
because  of  its  solubility.  If  it  is  decomposed,  and  calcium  silicate 
formed,  the  acid  liberated  in  the  atmosphere  of  steam  must  surely  attack 
the  metal  cylinders  unless  they  are  glazed  or  lined  with  lead.  The 
reaction  involved  is : 

Ca  Ch  +  Si  0.  -f  H.O  =  Ca  SiOa  -f  2H  CI. 

THE  QUIOK-LIME  PROCESS. 

Description. — In  this  the  dry  calcium  oxide  is  mixed  with  the  sand 
and  just  enough  water  added  to  slake  the  lime.^  The  water  is  generally 
added  in  two  portions,  wdth  a.  short  interval  between  additions  to  give 
the  lime  time  to  absorb  all  the  water  possible.  The  production  then  goes 
to  the  press,  but  should  not  reach  it  until  at  least  twenty  minutes  have 
elapsed,  in  order  to  give  the  lime  time  to  slake.  This  appears  to  be  the 
most  rational  and  rapid  method  where  the  materials  are  available .  There 
is  no  rehandling  of  any  of  the  materials.  The  sand  and  lime  start  in 
together  at  one  end  of  the  plant  and  come  out  at  the  other  a  finished 
product  without  intermediate  delay.  This  method  is  not  adapted  to  the 
use  of  all  kinds  of  limes,  for  it  requires  a  sensitive,  quick-slaking  lime 
and  one  which  therefore  has  not  been  overburned  nor  stored  for  any  length 
of  time.  A  sand  containing  considerable  moisture  can  be  used  without 
disadvantage,  since  the  absorption  of  water  by  the  quick-lime  will  remove 
considerable  moisture  from  the  sand  and  the  heat  generated  by  slaking 
will  aid  evaporation.  If  the  plant  is  properly  arranged,  the  mixture 
will  go  through  the  press  while  still  warm  and  into  the  hardening  cylin- 
der before  cold.  In  this  manner  some  steam  is  saved  in  the  hardening 
process,  since  not  quite  so  much  steam  is  condensed  in  raising  the  tem- 
perature of  the  brick  up  to  the  temperature  of  the  steam.  The  amount 
of  steam  condensed  will,  of  course,  be  proportionately  less,  the  higher 
the  initial  temperature  of  the  brick. 

Mixing. — The  key  to  the  success  of  the  process  lies  in  the  thorougji 
mixing  of  the  constituents,  and  for  this  purpose  nearly  every  known 
mixing  device  has  been  used.^  The  ones  most  extensively  used  today  are  : 
the  Schwarz  mixer,  the  pug  mill,  and  the  tube  mill. 

Pressing  and  Hardening. — In  view  of  the  nonplastic  nature  of  the 
mixtures  they  do  not  flow  evenly  through  a,  die,  hence  they  cannot  be 
used  with  a  clay-brick  machine.  On  the  other  hand,  a  dry-press  for  clay- 
brick  must  be  greatly  strengthened,  in  order  to  stand  high  pressures. 
After  trials  of  all  the  various  kinds  of  presses,  the  rotating  table  press 
predominates  in  Europe,  while  in  America  the  preference  is  divided 
between  the  table-press  and  the  upright  dry-press. 

^See  bibliography,  13.        '^See  bibliography,  14. 


282  YEAH   BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  1.4 

The  hardening  is  accomplished  by  one  or  two  methods,  either  by  low 
pressure  steam  and  long  exposure,  or  high  pressure  steam  and  short  expo- 
sure. In  the  former  case  about  two  atmospheres  are  nsed  for  seventy- 
two  hours,  giving  a  temperature  of  125 °C,  and  in  the  latter  from  seven 
to  ten  atmospheres  for  six  to  ten  hours  are  used,  giving  a  temperature 
of  170  to  185  °C'.    This  last  is  now  universally  used  in  the  industry. 

Experimental  Wore:. 

conditions  oe  the  experiments. 

Test  briquets  were  made  in  a  standard  cement  briquet  mold, 
using  amorphous  silica  from  southern  Illinois  and  lime  of  a  good  com- 
mercial quality^  which  was  slalved  in  the  steam  autoclave  before  adding 
to  the  silica.  The  batches  were  weighed  on  a  scale  sensitive  to  one-tenth 
of  a  gram.  Then  the  ingredients  of  a  batch  were  put  into  a  dry  ball 
mill  and  ground  for  at  least  two  hours  to  insure  perfect  blending  and 
homogeneity.  After  removal  from  the  mill,  the  mixture  was  screened 
through  a  fifty-mesh  sieve,  -mixed  with  water  and  then  immediately 
molded  into  briquets.  The  amount  of  water  used  was  sufficient  to 
make  the  mixtures  work  well.  The  mixture  of  lime  and  silica  was  found 
to  be  nearly  as  plastic  as  Georgia  kaolin.  The  amount  of  water  neces- 
sary to  gain  this  plastic  state  was  found  to  be  250  cubic  centimeters 
added  to  500  grams  of  the  mixture.  By  volume,  this  would  be  two  parts 
mixture  to  one  part  of  water.  This  amount  was  used  throughout  the 
experiments. 

If  the  briquets  were  allowed  to  dry  too  rapidly,  they  checked  badly 
on  the 'drying  surface.  This  was  overcome  by  placing  damp  cloths  over 
them.  By  this  procedure  the  capillary  system:  of  the  drying  surface  is 
kept  open  until  the  interstitical  water  of  the  interior  of  the  briquet 
has  dried  out.  Then  the  cloths  were  removed  and  the  capillaries  of  the 
surface  allowed  to  dry  and  close  up.  It  was  also  discovered  that  if  the 
briquets  w^ere  too  wet  when  steamed  they  would  crack  open  and  fall 
apart.  This  is  due  to  the  water  of  capillarity  being  converted  into  steam 
which,  having  no  ready  egress,  bursts  the  form.  Taking  the  above 
mentioned  facts  into  consideration,  it  was  determined  to  let  the  bri- 
quets dry  for  at  least  thirty-six  hours  before  steaming  them.  This  was 
adhered  to  during  the  course  of  this  work.  However,  it  must  be  under- 
stood that,  if  the  unsteamed  briquets  are  exposed  to  the  air  for  too 
long  periods  of  time,  the  carbon-dioxide  of  the  air  will  react  with  part  of 
the  calcium  hydrate  to  form  the  carbonate  and  thus  the  ultimate  strength 
will  be  reduced. 

After  the  briquets  were  steamed  they  were  dried,  and  aged  for  a 
week.  They  were  then  tested  for  tensile  strength  on  a  standard  Fair- 
bank's  automatic  machine,  such  as  is  used  in  testing  cement. 

THE  PROPER  RATIO  OP  LIME   TO  SILICA  TO    FORM   TPIE   STRONGEST  BOND. 

ISTaturally  the  first  consideration  is  to  determine  the  effect  of  various 
per  cents  of  lime  and  silica  on  the  tensile  strength ;  and,  also,  what  pro- 
portion gives  the  highest  tensile  strength,  or,  in  other  words,  the  strong- 


WILLIAMS.] 


EXPEKIMENTS    WITH    SILICA. 


283 


est  bond.  Accordingly,  briquets  were  made  up  of  different  percent- 
ages of  lime  and  hardened  in  the  autoclave.  Table  II  below  shows 
the  relations  of  lime  to  silica  used  and  the  results : 


TABLE  II. 
Data:— Steam  pressure,  105  lbs.  per  square  inch.    Time  exposed  to  steam,  10  hours. 


Per  Cent  Ca  0 . 

Per  Cent  SiO^ 

Tensile  strength 
in  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

10 

90 

80 
70 
60 
50 

135 

20                                                         

265 

30                      .          .   .              .          

202 

40                     

189 

50       

150 

Table  III  illustrates  the  increase  in  tensile  strength  when  a  higher 
steam  pressure  is  used: 

TABLE  III. 
Data:— Steam  pressure,  150  lbs  per  square  inch.    Time  exposed,  10  hours. 


Per  Cent  CaO. 

Per  Cent  SiOj. 

Tensile  strength 
in  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

10.. 

90 
80 
70 
60 
50 

134 

20                 ...                                                 .       . 

278 

30.          

204 

40       

189 

50. 

148 



In  Table  lY  is  shown  the  decrease  in  tensile  strength  when  a  low 
steam  pressure  is  applied : 

TABLE  IV. 

Data: — Steam  pressure,  50  lbs.  per  square  inch.    Time  exposed,  10  hours. 


Per  Cent  Ca  0 . 

PerCentSiOj. 

Tensile  strength 
in  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

10. 

90 
80 
70 
60 
50 

102 
182 

:o 

30 

116 
94 
71 

40 

50 

All  of  the  above  data  are  the  averages  of  five  or  more  tests.  It  is 
easily  seen  that  the  strength  increases  remarkably  with  the  increase  in 
the  lime  content,  until  twenty  per  cent  of  lime  is  reached,  and  then 


284  YEAR   BOOK   FOR   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

falls  almost  as  rapidly  as  it  increased,  when  morel  than  twenty  per 
cent  of  lime  is  added.  The  tensile  strength  does  not  increase  in  the 
same  proportion  between  105  pounds  pressure,  as  it  does  between  50  and 
105  pounds  pressure.  These  results  were  all  verified  by  running  tests  in 
which  the  lime  content  varied  by  only  three  per  cent  instead  of  ten  as 
given  in  the  tables,  and  when  the  maximum  point  was  approached  the 
ratio  of  lime  to  silica  were  varied  by  only  one  per  cent.  The  texture 
of  the  broken  briquets  was  an  open  structure  with  frequent  air  holes. 
Assuming  that  this  open  structure  could  be  eliminated  and  a  more  com- 
pact body  formed,  tests  were  run  b}^  the  following  methods : 

(1)  By  mixing  the  constituents  with  sufficient  water  to  form  a 
cream  and  then  exhausting  the  air  from  it.  The  creamy  mass  was  then 
carefully  poured  into  the  molds  so  that  no  air  was  occluded. 

(2)  By  boiling  the  air  out  of  the  creamy  mass  and  proceeding  as 
above  mentioned. 

(3)  By  pouring  the  viscous  mixture  into  molds  made  of  plaster  of 
Paris. 

Although  many  trials  were  made,  the  results  were  unsatisfactory. 
The  averages  of  the  trials  made  by  the  first  method  is  only  213 
pounds  per  square  inch  as  against  278  pounds  found  in  Table  III.  The 
second  method  yielded  even  poorer  results,  being  204  pounds  per  square 
inch.  But  the  third  method  gave  the  best  results,  the  average  reaching 
226  pounds  per  square  inch.  The  failure  of  these  methods  to  increase 
the  tensile  strength  of  the  20  per  cent  lime  to  80  per  cent  silica  mixture, 
hardened  at  150  pounds  per  square  inch,  and  exposed  for  10  hours,  is 
probably  due  to  several  causes.  First,  in  none  of  the  methods  could 
pressure  be  applied  while  molding  the  briquet;  second,  in  methods  1  and 
3,  the  silica  having  a  higher  specific  gravity  than  the  lirae,  tended  to 
settle  out  of  the  fluid  while  in  the  mold ;  third,  while  what  has  just  been 
said  above  applies  equally  well  to  method  2,  it  is  also  very  probable  that 
the  heat  tended  to  start  the  chemical  reaction  between  the  lime  and 
silica,  and  that  this  reaction  was  stopped  by  the  molding  period  and 
hence  the  bond  was  weaker. 

The  texture  of  these  briquets  was  very  good  with  respect  to  the 
air  bubbles  contained  and  the  compact  nature  of  the  body. 

EFFECT  OF  ADDING  FIBROUS  MATERIALS. 

Mineral  wool,  otherwise  known  as  slag  wool,  was  the  first  fibrous 
material  added  to  the  20  per  cent  lime  mixture.  A  series  was  run  rang- 
ing from:  2  per  cent  to  10  per  cent  of  wool  added.  This  did  not  increase 
nor  decrease  the  strength  but  seemed  to  act  as  an  inert  substance. 

The  other  substance  investigated,  having  a  fibrous  stringy  nature,  which 
would  be  commercially  feasible,  was  cheap  asbestos  threads.  The  increase 
in  strength  was  quite  marked  and  is  illustrated  in  Table  Y. 


WILLIAMS.] 


EXPERIMENTS    WITH    SILICA. 


285 


TABLE  V. 
Data:— Steam  pressure,  150  lbs.  per  square  inch.    Time  exposed,  10  hours. 


Per  Cent  of  Asbestos  Added. 

Tensile 

strength  in  lbs 

per  sq.  in. 

Increase  in 

strength  in  lbs.  per 

sq.  in. 

3 

285 
297 
300 
343 
377 
302 
242 
173 

„ 

4 

19 

5 

99 

10.  .   . 

65 

12 

100 

14 . 

24 

20 

40 

From  this  table  it  will  be  observed  that  the  increase  in  tensile  strength 
rises  gradnally,  nntil^  when  twelve  per  cent  of  asbestos  is  reached 
it  drops  suddenly.  This  shows  that  after  twelve  ^^er  cent  is  passed,-  the 
mixture  is  overburdened,  and  the  asbestos  acts  as  a  retarder  to  the 
chemical  reaction  between  the '  lime  and  the  silica. 

The  effect  of  adding  colloids  was  next  determined  by  mixing  into  the 
30  per  cent  lime  mixture,  sodium  silicate,  (Na^O  Si02),  also  called  sol- 
uuie  glass,  and  Portland  cement.  Both  of  these  substances  decreased 
the  strength  of  the  briquets  in  the  direct  proportion  in  which  they 
were  added.     This  fact  is  easily  seen  from  Tables  VI  and  YII. 

TABLE  VI. 

Data:— steam  pressure,  150  lbs.  per  square  inch.    Time  expo5ed,  10  hours. 


Per  Cent  Na-aO  SiO-,  Added. 

Tensile 
strength. 

Decrease  in 
strength. 

1 

189 
175 
114 

82 
50 

101 

2 

105 

4 .                  

166 

5 

198 

10 

230 

TABLE  VII. 
Data:— steam  pressure,  1.50  lbs.  per  square  inch.    Time  exposed,  10  hours. 


Per  Cent  Portland  Cement  Added. 

Tensile 
strength . 

Decrease  in 
strength . 

9 

97 
93 
55 

183 

5 

187 

10 

125 

The  resultant  decrease  shown  in  Table  VI  is  probably  due,  in  part,  to 
the  fact  that  the  sodium  silicate  was  broken  up  by  some  of  the  dis- 


286 


YEAR   BOOK   FOE    1908. 


[BULL.  NO.  14 


solved  calcium  hydrate.  However,  in  both  cases  the  reduced  strength 
may  be  explained  by  assuming  that  the  grains  of  the  mixture  were  kept 
apart  by  the  colloidal  substances. 


EFFECT  OF  SHARP  SAND. 


The  influence  of  inert  substances  as  reviewed  above  suggested  the  use 
of  materials  which  would  not  be  of  a  colloidal  nature.  Sharp,  ground^ 
quartz,  sand  was  added.    The  results  are  tabulated  in  Table  VII. 


TABLE  VII. 


Parts  sand  added  to  100  parts  standard  mixture. 

Tensile 
strength 

Decrease  in 
strength. 

2, 

76 
50 
106 
119 
124 
160 
179 
205 
219 
243 
172 
116 

202 

5 

99« 

10.  .   .               ... 

179 

20 

1W 

30... 

1=i4 

40... 

lis 

50 

98 

60 

73 

70 

S9 

80 

35 

90 

106 

100 

16? 

An  inspection  of  the  above  table  shows  that  the  introduction  of  sharp 
sand  decreases  the  total  strength  and,  it  may  be  added,  results  in  a  coarse 
porous  body.  For  particular  purposes,  where  such  a  body  may  be  de- 
manded, it  is  readily  seen  that  eighty  parts  of  sand  yields  the  best 
results.  However,  in  the  use  of  this  body  the  increase  in  the  ratio  of 
voids  over  the  silica  body  must  be  considered.  This  would,  of  course, 
be  an  advantage  where  heat  conductivity  was  the  primary  qualification, 
but  a  disadvantage  with  respect  to  weathering.^  Slichter  in  discussing 
the  origin  and  relations  of  pore-space  in  sands  and  sandstones,  has 
shown  that  it  depends  upon  the  size  of  grains,  their  uniformity  of  size, 
and  the  manner  in  which  they  are  packed.^  Therefore,  by  adding  the 
fine  amorphous  silica  to  regular  sand-lime  brick  mixture,  the  expensive 
grinding  of  a  part  of  the  quartz  and  sand  as  carried  out  by  the  majority 
of  manufacturers  could  be  avoided.  This  would  very  materially  reduce 
the  cost.  On  the:  other  hand,  if  a  body  could  be  used  of  eighty  parts 
sand  in  place  of  the  pure  silica  body,  the  cost  of  the  product  w^ould  be 
greatly  reduced  because  sand  is  not  as  expensive  as  the  amorphous  silica. 

'  See  bibUography,  29. 
2See  bibUography,  30. 


WILLIAMS.]  EXPERIMENTS    WITH    SILICA.  287 

SUPERHEATED  STEAM. 

The  question  naturally  arises  as  to  whether  the  chemical  combination 
is  produced  by  the  higher  temperature  of  steam  under  pressure  or  by 
the  united  effect  of  pressure  and  temperature.  In  order  to  investigate 
this  question,  an  apparatus  was  arranged,  consisting  of  a  covered  iron 
container  for  the  briquets  into  which  super-heated  steam  was  intro- 
duced but  which  had  ready  egress  into  the  air.  Thermometers  were  placed 
in  the  steam  jet  and  in  the  container  for  reading  the  temperatures.  No 
steam,  pressure  was  used  in  the  container.  Although  temperatures  were 
used  ranging  from  175°  centigrade  up  to  430°  centigrade,  and  the  time 
of  exposure  ranged  from  ten  to  forty-eight  hours,  no  reaction  could  be 
obtained. 

For  this  experiment  new  briquets  were  introduced  into  the  con- 
tainer for  each  test.  This  was  done  in  order  to  avoid  the  possible  build- 
ing up  and  destruction  of  the  chemical  bond,  which  might  form.  Ee- 
peated  attempts  to  chemically  combine  the  silica  and  lime  by  this  means 
ended  in  failure.  Hence,  it  would  seem  to  be  conclusively  shown  that, 
steam  under  pressure  is  absolutely  essential  to  the  successful  bonding  of 
lime  and  silica. 

FIRE  TESTS. 

One  of  the  main  considerations  taken  into  account  when  a  building 
material  is  being  examined  is  its  action  under  fire.  Accordingly  fire 
tests  were  made  on  briquets  of  20  per  cent  lime  to  80  per  cent  silica 
in  composition.  These  tests  were  made  in  a  muffle  furnace  and  also 
in  a  test  kiln  in  direct  contact  with  the  fire  gases.  It  was  found  that 
if  the  briquets  were  heated  suddenly  to  a  temperature  of  800°  C, 
which  is  a  red  heat,  they  cracked  and  l3urst  open,  at  times  with  sufficient 
force  to  scatter  the  pieces  a  foot  or  so  away.  In  these  cases  800°  C. 
was  reached  in  twenty  or  thirty  minutes.  On  the  other  hand,  if  800° 
temperature  was  gained  in  from  forty-five  to  sixty  minutes,  the  bri- 
quets were  sound  and  no  evidence  of  cracking  could  be  observed.  The 
fact  that  the  suddenly  heated  trials  burst  the  briquets  is  probably 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  outer  surface  of  the  briquets  were  fritted 
before  the  water  in  the  interior  had  time  to  volatilize.  This  explana- 
tion is  more  readily  understood  when  it  is  considered  that  the  chemical 
formula  of  this  silicate  has  been  shown^  to  be  CaO,  SiO^,  H2O.  The 
water,  as  has  been  said  before,  is  chemically  combined  and  hence  does 
not  readily  break  away  from  the  other  constituents,  but  it  does  detach, 
itself  at  the  higher  temperatures.  If  these  are  quickly  reached,  the  sur- 
face is  slagged  over  and  the  water  is  converted  to  steam,  which,  having 
no  ready  egress,_  will  burst  the  briquet.  In  order  to  determine  the 
effect  of  heat  on  the  chemical  bond,  trial  pieces  were  placed  in  the  fur- 
nace and  drawn  at  regular  temperature  intervals.  The  heating  was 
done  over  a  comparatively  long  period  of  time,  three  hours,  so  that 
the  dan2:er  from  sudden  heating  mis^ht  be  avoided.  The  results  are  set 
forth  in  Table  VIII. 


^See  bibliography,  33. 


288 


YEAE   BOOK   FOE    1908. 


[BULL.    NO.  14 


TABLE  VIII. 


Test  No. 

Drawn  at 

temperature 

degrees  C. 

Tensile 
strength. 

^ 

300 
400 
500 
600 
rnn 

45 

^ 

\0 

3 

101 

4 

131 

5. 

124 

6 

1  §  i  g 

27 

71 

8 

186 

9 

260 

10 

1390 

263 

The  results  here  recorded  reveal  some  startling  effects,  for  instance, 
at  400°  C,  the  tensile  strength  drops  to  zero,  then  at  600°  C.  there  is 
shown  a  maximum  point  after  which  there  is  again  a  sharp  fall  to  a 
tensile  strength  of  27  pounds  at  750°  C.  After  this  temperature  is 
past,  the  bond  is  strengthened  rather  gradually  until  1190°  is  reached, 
when  it  is  practically  at  its  maximum  strength,  for  at  1390°  the  strength 
was  only  three  pounds  more.  Higher  temperatures  than  this  were  not 
attained.  These  results  are  very  puzzling  and  although  they  were 
checked  by  two  other  similar  tests,  more  work  along  this  line  should  be 
done  before  any  definite  statements  can  be  made.  The  peculiar  action 
of  this  bond  under  fire  might  be  explained  by  analogy.  For  example, 
in  the  burning  of  clay  wares  the  greater  percentage  of  mechanical  water 
is  expelled  by  the  time  400°  C.  is  reached,  leaving  the  body  weak  and 
friable.  At  750°  the  clay  body  begins  to  increase  in  strength  until  it 
reaches  the  maximum.  When  750°  is  attained  practically  all  of  the 
chemically  combined  water  is  eliminated.  This  is  also  probably  the  case 
here.  But  just  why  the  loss  of  mechanical  water  should  allow  an  in- 
crease in  strength  while  dehydration  takes  place  is  perplexing. 

This  analogy  is,  of  course,  faulty  because  clay  generally  contains  some 
carbonates,  sulphates,  and  sulphides;  whereas,  this  lime-silica  body  does 
not,  or,  if  it  does,  they  are  present  in  mere  traces.  The  opportunity  for 
absorption  of  CO^  in  the  process  of  manufacture  should  be  borne  in 
/nind.  It  is  possible  that  the  drop  in  the  curve  from  600°  to  750°  is 
'due  to  the  expulsion  of  the  small  amount  of  CO2  from  the  carbonate 
which  is  certain  to  be  formed  in  the  manufacture  of  the  briquets. 
This  explanation  is  substantiated  by  the  work  of  ISTauss,  as  reported  by 
Bleininger,^  whose  conclusions  are :  "That,  in  regard  to  the  decomposi- 
tion of  calcium  carbonate,  it  is  clearly  shown  that  it  begins  to  break  up 
between  610°  and  650°  C,  and  before  700°  is  reached  the  evolution  of 
carl)on  dioxide  is  going  on  quite  rapidly."  It  is  very  probable  that  the 
CO2  is  completely  expelled  from  the  lime-silica  body  by  the  time  750°  0' 
is  reached,  and  tliat  from  tliis  temperature  to  highor  ones,  the  bond  is 
free  to  strengtlien  without  other  interruptions. 

'See  biblio,::?raphy,  31. 


WILLIAMS] 


EXPERIMENTS   WITH    SILICA. 


289 


It  is  readily  perceived  that  there  are  apparently  two  silicates  formed, 
one  between  the  temperatures  500°  and  600°  C,  and  the  other  forming 
at  850°,  which  continues  up  to  1,490°  C.  It  is  also  seen  that  the  com- 
pound does  not  entirely  lose  its  chemical  bond  after  400°  C  is  past. 
These  apparent  facts  suggest  the  possibility  that  the  first  silicate  could 
be  formed  at  600°  and,  without  burning  to  higher  temperatures,  used 
as  a  fireproof  material.  This  hypothesis  is  advanced  from  the  fact  that 
after  400°  C  is  past,  this  material  does  not  completely  lose  its  combining 
bond.  Therefore  this  first  silicate,  upon  being  subjected  to  more  heat, 
will  strengthen  itself  indefinitely  without  bloating,  fusing,  or  cracking, 
to  which  troubles  the  burnt  clay  wares  used  as  fireproofing  are  subject. 
Doubtless  the  objection  to  the  above  will  be  advanced  by  some,  that  the 
w^ell-known  volume  changes  of  silica  at  800°  will  occur  here,  causing 
swelling  and  rupture  of  the  material.^  This  is  not  the  case,  however, 
since  the  silica  is  in  chemical  combination  with  the  lime  and  it  has  been 
proven  that  combined  silica  does  not  undergo  volume  changes  when 
heated.^ 

Some  briquets  composed  of  20  per  cent  CaO,  80  per  cent  SiO^,  to 
which  was  added  12  per  cent  of  asbestos  were  fired  in  a  test  kiln  to 
1390°  C.  The  effect  of  heat  on  this  body  was  to  decrease  the  tensile 
strength  by  eighty  pounds  per  square  inch.  The  broken  briquets 
showed  that  the  asbestos  had  fused,  leaving  the  rest  of  the  body  intact. 
This  will  account  for  the  decrease  in  some  measure. 


CAKBONATE   FILLER  VEESUS   SILICATE  BOND. 

To  illustrate  the  difference  in  the  strength  of  the  carbonate  filler  and 
the  silicate  bond,  briquets  were  made  and,  without  hardening  by  steam, 
were  allowed  to  age  in  the  air  for  seven  months.  Table  IX  is  a  table 
oi  comparative  results : 

TABLE  IX. 


Per  Cent  CaO. 

Per  Cent  SiOa 

Tensile 

strength 

after 

hardening  in 

steam. 

Tensile 

strength 

after 

hardening  in 

air. 

10 

90 
80 
70 
60 
50 

134 

278 
204 
189 

148 

97 

20. 

189 

30 

155 

40 

121 

50 

101 

It  is  to  be  noticed  from  the  above  that  the  strength  is  not  nearly  so 
great  in  the  case  of  the  carbonate  filler  as  it  is  with  the  silicate  bond. 
However,  by  aging  a  longer  period  of  time  it  is  probable  that  the  air 
hardened  samples  would  become  much  stronger  reaching  the  maximum 
in  one  and  a  half  years. 

1  See  bibliography,  32.     ' 

—19  G 


290 


YEAE-BOOK   FOE    1908. 


[BULL.    NO.  14 


THE  EFFECT  OF  USING  DOLOMITE  AS  A  SUBSTITUTE  FOR  LIME. 

To  test  the  relative  value  of  the  silicate  reaction^  briquets  were  made 
of  silica  and  dolomitic  lime.  The  dolomitic  lime  was  made  by  inti- 
mately mixing  lime^  CaO,  and  magnesia^  MgO,  in  the  ratio  of  one  to 

one,  which  follows  the  mineralogical  formula  iv/r-p-Q  f  — 2CO2.    The  re- 
sults are  recorded  in  Table  X. 


TABLE  X. 


Per  Cent  Dolomite. 

Per  Cent 
SiO,. 

Tensile 
strength. 

10 

90 
80 
70 
60 

116 

20 

232 

30 

168 

40 

158 

In  addition  to  the  above  tests,  experiments  were  run  on  the  effect  of 
magnesia,  MgO,  and  silica.    See  Table  XL 


TABLE  XL 


Per  Cent  MgO,. 

Per  cent 
SiOg. 

Tensile 
strength. 

10 

90 

85 
80 
75 
70 

92 

20 

186 

30 

132 

40 

124 

45 

IT? 

It  is  readily  seen  from  a  study  of  these  two  tables  that  the  magnesia 
reduces  the  tensile  strength  in  a  very  marked  manner.  The  reason  for 
this  is  not  clear,  since  MgO  is  almost  as  active  as  CaO  in  attacking  Si02 ; 
so  it  can  be  inferred  that  the  magnesium  silicate  formed  is  a  much 
weaker  bond  than  the  calcium  silicate. 


SILICA  AND  ORTHOCLASE. 

The  suggestion  was  given  that  an  attempt  be  made  to  chemically  com- 
bine silica  and  feldspar  by  steam  pressure.  A  series  of  tests  was  conducted 
in  which  the  feldspar  composed  from  5  per  cent  up  to  25  per  cent  of  the 
total  mixture.  Another  series  was  also  run  in  which  the  silica  formed 
from  5  per  cent  to  25  per  cent  of  the  composition.  The  steam  pressure 
used  was  only  a  hundred  pounds  per  square  inch,  which  was  all  that 
could  be  obtained  at  that  time.  The  tests  were  exposed  for  sixty  hours 
to  this  pressure.  Before  putting  into  the  autoclave,  the  briquets, 
although  well  dried,  were  apt  to  fall  to  pieces  in  handling.  After  expos- 
ure to  the  steam  pressure  they  were  equally  fragile,  showing  that  there 
had  been  no  chemical  reaction  and  that  no  bond  had  formed. 


WILLIAMS]  EXPEEIMENTS   WITH    SILICA.  291 

A  SUBSTITUTE  FOR  CLAY-PEODUOTS. 

In  order  to  test  the  20  per  cent  lime  to  80  per  cent  silica  mixture  as  a 
substitute  for  some  of  the  clay  products  it  was  hand-pressed  into  a  vase 
mold  of  plaster  Paris.  The  vase  dried  safely  and  was  hard  enough  when 
dried  to  handle  and  finish  the  joints.  When  hardened  by  steam  it  had, 
when  struck  with  a  pencil^  the  true  hard  ring  of  a  vitrified  clay  biscuit. 
The  material  easily  assumed  and  retained  the  shapes  of  the  mold^  hence 
it  could  be  used  as  a  terra  cotta  and  also  a  stoneware  body.  It  is  not 
certain,  at  present,  whether  it  could  be  cast  thin  enough  for  some  of  the 
thinner  clay  wares  or  not.  Small  trials  were  also  made  by  jiggering, 
which  were  very  successful. 

A  great  difficulty  of  the  terra  cotta  and  stoneware  industries,  which 
must  be  overcome,  is  the  fact  that,  locally,  the  clay  used,  burns  either  red 
or  buff.  In  order  to  glaze  this  with  a  pleasing  effect,  a  pure  white  opaque 
enamel  or  ^^slip"  is  interposed  between  the  glaze  and  the  body.  N'eedless 
to  say  this  is  a  very  expensive  procedure,  especially  where  tin-oxide  is 
used  as  an  opacifing  agent.  The  pure  white,  fine-grained  character  of 
the  lime-silica  body  will  eliminate  this  great  trouble  of  all  the  enameled 
clay  industries.  Another  great  point  in  its  favor  is  the  fact  that  it  does 
not  have  to  be  burned.  Stoneware  is  generally  fired  at  cone  6,  1200°  C, 
and  terra  cotta  at  cone  05,  1070°  C.  This,  of  course,  represents  a  great 
expense  for  coal  and  also  for  kilns.  Lime-silica  is  steamed  at  150  pounds 
per  square  inch,  and  after  the  first  cost  of  installation  would  require  but 
little  expense  for  maintenance  of  the  hardening  cylinder. 

The  material  is  strong  enough  and  also  sufficiently  fire-resistant  to  be 
made  into  terra  cotta,  stoneware  or  enameled  brick.  The  question  as 
to  whether  it  can  be  glazed  or  not  was  the  next  step  in  this  investigation. 
There  is  no  doubt^  that  it  can  be  accomplished,  since  Dr.  W.  J.  Michaelis 
Jr.  has  compounded  a  glaze  for  the  regular  sand-lime  brick.  This  sub- 
ject would  constitute  a  great  work  by  itself.  It  was  suggested  that  NaaO 
SiOs  be  applied  as  a  glaze.  This  was  done.  The  "water  glass^^  when 
dried  and  hardened  gave  a  good  clear  glaze  but,  as  should  be  expected, 
was  soluble  in  water,  thus  throwing  it  out  of  the  field  of  commercial 
success. 

CON"CLUSIONS. 

From  the  above  work  it  is  to  be  concluded  that: 

(1)  The  best  proportions  of  lime  and  silica  to  gain  the  highest 
tensile  strength  are  20  per  cent  of  hydrated  lime  to  80  per  cent  of  amor- 
phous silica. 

(2)  The  best  method  tried,  to  improve  the  texture  of  the  above  com- 
position is  by  means  of  molds  made  of  plaster  of  Paris. 

(3)  The  tensile  strength  is  greatly  increased  by  the  addition  of  min- 
eral fibers,  which  have  cohesion  in  themselves,  like  asbestos  fiber. 

(4)  The  material  is  fire-proof^  and  can  perhaps  be  used  as  a  fire- 
proofing  material.^ 

(5)  The  effect  is  to  decrease  the  tensile  strength,  when  colloidal 
materials  are  introduced,  like  cement,  cla}?-,  etc. 

-^Editor's  note:    Ceramists  state  that  no  satisfactory  glaze  has  yet  been  discovered  for  such  purposes. 
2See  bibliography,  18. 
^^See  bibliogrophy,  9. 


292  YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [BULL.  no.  14 

(6)  Steam  pressure  is  absolutely  essential. 

(7)  The  effect  of  using  magnesia^  MgO,  either  b}^  itself  or  as  dolo- 
mite, decreases  the  strength  about  one-third. 

(8)  Silica  and  feldspar  will  not  chemically  combine  at  100  pounds 
steam  pressure. 

(9)  The  lime-silica  mixture  can  be  molded  into  shapes  suitable  for 
architectural  decoration  and  also  as  substitutes  for  clay  products,  such 
as  stoneware,  enameled  brick,  and  terra  cotta.^ 

Bibliography. 

The  following  list  includes  references  indicated  by  number  in  foot- 
notes of  preceding  pages. 

(1).  Silica  brici^making".  The  industry  in  various  countries. — Brick,  Octo- 
ber, 1903. 

(2).     Sand-lime  brick  tests.— Technograph,  No.  19,  1904  and  1905. 

(3).  Sand-lime  brick  from  brickmakers  point  of  view. — Amer.  Architect, 
April  16,  1904. 

(4).  Sand-lime  brick,  Gerard-Meurer  process. — Amer.  Architect,  August  1, 
1903. 

(5).     The  Industry  of  Sand-stone  bricks. — Revue  Technique,  Feb.  25,  1901. 

(6).  Tests  of  Sand-lime  and  Concrete  Building  Blocks. — Eng.  News, 
April  21,  1904. 

(7).  Sand-lime  bricks. — Jour.  Chem.  Met.  and  Mia.  Soc.  of  S.  Africa, 
November,   1904. 

(8).  Manufacture  and  Properties  of  Artificial  Sandstone. — Trans-Amer. 
Ceramic  Soc,  1902. 

(9).     Tests  of  Strength  and  Fireproofing Qualities. — Eng. News,  June  14, 1906. 

(10).  Sand-lime  brick,  tests  they  have  undergone. — Sci.  Amer.  Sup.,  Aug- 
ust 25,  1906. 

(11).     Sand-lime  brick,  manufacture  and  use. — Munic.  Eng.,  Jan.,  1907. 

(12).  Sand-lime  brick,  petrographic  work  on. — Thon.  Ind.  Zeit.  25,  p. 
575  also  1660. 

(13).  Artificial  Sandstones  or  Sand-lime  Brick. — Trans.  Amer.  Ceramic 
Soc,  1903. 

(14).  Production  of  Lime  and  Sand-lime  Brick  in  the  U.  S. — Mineral 
Resources  of  the  U.  S.,  1906. 

(15).  Comparative  Study  of  Sand-lime  and  Clay  Brick. — Clay  worker, 
January,  1905. 

(16).     The  Chemistry  of  Sand-lime  Brick.— Rock  Products  7,  49. 

(17).     Thonindustrie  Zeitung,   1903,  November  16,   p.   193. 

(18).     Thonindustrie  Zeitung,  Vol.   24,  p.  1822. 

(19).     Thonindustrie  Zeitung,  November  31,  1903. 

(20).     Bulletin  of  the  Wisconsin  Survey,  No.  Ill,  p.  399. 

(21).     Thonindustrie  Zeitung,  Vol.  26,  No.  104. 

(22).     Thonindustrie  Zeitung  32,   (63),   (77)   also   (80). 

(23).     Bull.  Soc  Encouragement,  1907,  1179-1201. 

(24).     Thonindustrie   Zeitung,   32,   1421,   1800. 

(25).     Thonindustrie  Zeitung,   32,  48,  573. 

(26).     Thonindustrie  Zeitung,  32,  54,  728. 

(27).     Chem.  Ftg.   32,  258. 

(28).     Rock  Products,  7,  47. 

(29).     Bulletin  No.  6,  University  of  Illinois.     Dept.  of  Ceramics. 

(30).     U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  19th  Ann.  Report. 

(31).     Ohio  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  No.  3,  p.  175. 

(32).     Journal  of  the  American  Chemical  Soc,  Feb.,  1906,  Shephard  &  Day. 

(33).  Studies  in  the  Formation  of  Silicates  at  Steam  Temperatures. — 
T.  R.  Ernest,  Thesis  Univ.  of  111.,  1908. 


■Editor's  note:    See  note  regarding  glaze,  p.  291.    Silica  is  expensive. 


WHITE]  PALEOBOTANICAL    STUDIES.  293 


PALEOBOTANICAL  WORK  IN  ILLINOIS  IN  1908, 

(By  David  White.i) 


The  following  report  is  a  preliminary  statement  of  my  paleobotanical 
work  in  the  coal  field  of  Illinois  during  the  season  of  1908.  It  is  based 
on  observations  made  in  the  field  and  on  a  preliminary  examination  of 
the  fossil  plant  collections. 

Six  weeks  of  field  work  in  Illinois  were  occupied  chiefly  with  the 
study  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  Coal  Measures  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  State  and  with  the  task  of  making  fossil  plant  collections  from  the 
main  coal  horizons  of  that  region  and  along  the  northern  margin  of  the 
field.  As  in  the  preceding  season  paleobotanical  material  was  found  to 
be  discouragingly  rare  except  at  certain  localities  and  very  restricted 
horizons. 

The  work  of  the  past  season  shows  the  Cheltenham  fire  clay^  which 
previous  tracing  from  Eock  Island  to  St.  Louis  had  located  near  to  or 
directly  upon  the  Lower  Carboniferous  floor  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
field,  to  lie  at  a  high  level  in  the  region  of  early  invasion  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vanian  sea  in  southern  Illinois.  In  passing  southward  along  the  western 
margin  of  the  coal  field  it  appears  that  the  edge  of  the  deeper  basin  in 
which  the  earlier  sediments  were  laid  down  is  first  met  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Sparta  or  not  far  south  of  that  locality. 

The  continuation  of  the  work  summarized  in  the  last  year  book  shows 
the  Potts ville  (the  lower  main  division  of  the  Pennsylvanian)  to  extend 
as  far  north  at  least  as  Hudgins  Station  on  the  C.  &  E.  I.  E.  E.,  though 
lack  of  exposures  renders  it  impracticable  to  secure  paleontological  data 
from  horizons  immediately  successive  to  the  sandstone  overlying  the 
coals  mined  for  local  use  at  a  short  distance  south  of  this  point.  Similarly 
the  Pottsville  is  found  to  dip  into  the  valley  north  of  Bosky  Dell  on  the 
main  line  of  the  Illinois  Central  E.  E.,  the  coals  worked  by  Wood  and 
others  in  the  knob  about  four  miles  east  by  north  of  that  station  being 
probably  at,  or  near,  the  base  of  the  Allegheny  formation.  They  may 
tentatively  be  regarded  as  representing  the  two  benches  of  coal  No.  2  at  ■ 
Murphysboro. 

.  The  fossil  plants  collected  from  the  mines  at  Murphysboro,  Colchester, 
and  Minonk^  and  from  above  the  "Third  Vein'^  near  LaSalle,  appear,  on 
preliminary  examination,  to  accord  so  Avell  with  the  flora  overlying  the 
Wilmington  coal  at  Morris  and  Braidwood  as  essentially  to  confirm  the 
generally  accepted  reference  of  these  coals  to  the  same  horizon,  i.  e.  to " 
coal  No.  2.  Small  collections  obtained  from  the  old  mine  near  Bryden, 
in  southern  Illinois,  from  Augusta  on  the  west,  from  the  upper  or  open- 
air  portion  of  the  clay  pit  northwest  of  Viola,  and  from  the  lower  coal 
at  Streator,  appear  to  belong  to  the  flora,  though  the  rnaterial  in  the  in- 

1  Mr.  White  has  spent  several  seasons  on  studies  of  the  Illinois  coal  fields,  being  courteously  detailed 
to  the  work  by  the  Director  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


294  YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

dividual  lots  from  all  but  the  locality  first  named  is  too  scanty  to  permit 
of  independent  correlation.  As  stated  last  year  coal  No.  2  is,  in  my 
judgment,  to  be  regarded  as  lying  very  near  the  boundary  line  between 
the  Potts ville  and  the  Allegheny,  though  distinctly  Allegheny  in  age. 

Coal  No.  1,  as  developed  in  the  northwestern  portion  of  the  field  is 
clearly  of  Pottsville  age,  as  also  is  the  coal  mined  in  the  deep  shaft  at 
Litchfield.  The  division  between  the  two  formations  should,  perhaps, 
be  drawn  at  the  horizon  of  the  limestone  which  is  usually  found  between 
coal  No.  2,  and  the  underlying  fire  clay  series.  The  latter  is  apt  to  be 
surmounted  by  a  coal  ordinarily  designated  "No.  1,^'  though  it  appears 
that  when  a  thicker  coal  is  locally  developed  in  the  midst  of,  or  even 
below  the  clay  series,  this  also  bears  the  same  number.  In  the  southern 
part  of  the  State  this  number  has  formerly  been  given  to  one  or  more 
coals  several  hundred  feet  below  the  horizon  of  the  Cheltenham  fire  clays, 
there  being  several  other  coals  in  the  intervening  strata.  The  brecciated 
or  congloanerate  structure  seen  in  the  limestone  at  a.  number  of  points  is, 
I  believe,  to  be  interpreted  as  indicating  local  exposures  of  the  calcar- 
eous sediments  at  off-shore  points,  by  warping,  though  no  important 
change  of  level,  or  erosion,  may  have  been  experienced  in  this  region 
at  the  time  of  its  formation.  Eelative  stability  of  level  at  or  near  the 
water  surface  for  a  considerable  length  of  time  may  account  for  the 
comparatively  narrow  stratigraphic  interyal  between  coal  No.  2  and  the 
paleobotanically  distinctly  older  sewerpipe  clays  with  their  accompany- 
ing "coal  No.  1/' 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  interesting  to  note  that  the  clays  worked 
at  iTtica  on  the  northern  rim  of  the  basin  belong  to  the  Cheltenham 
horizon  and  that  their  stratigraphic  relations  to  coal  No.  2  are  nearly 
identical  with  those  exhibited  at  East  Alton,  or  Cantine,  near  St.  Louis, 
though  at  Utica  the  fire  clays  repose  directly  either  upon  the  St.  Peter's 
sandstone  or  on  residual  bossses  of  a  limestone  for  which  a  comparison 
with  the  Platteville  limestone  has  been  suggested.  To  the  same  horizon 
belong  also  the  high  grade  sewerpipe  clays  used  near  Yeeders- 
burg,  in  Fountain  county,  and  at  Brazil,  in  Clay  county,  Indiana. 
It  is  thus  paleobotanically  shown  that  the  most  valuable  sewerpipe  clays 
worked  at  various  points  near  the  border  of  the  Eastern  Interior  (Illi- 
nois-Indiana) coal  field,  extending  from  the  Cheltenham  district  of  St. 
Louis  around  by  the  north  to  the  Brazil  district  of  Indiana,  lie  practi- 
cally at  the  same  horizon  and  are,  in  part  at  least,  contemporaneous, 
'though  the  conditions  of  deposition  appear  to  have  been  slightly  differ- 
ent on  the  eastern  side  of  the  basin.  Also  it  appears  that  on  the  Indiana 
side  of  the  basin,  in  the  vicinity  of  Covington,  the  coal  described  as 
"No.  YI''  in  Ashley's  Indiana  state  report  for  1896,  is  probably  equiv- 
alent to  coal  No.  2  of  Illinois — that  is  to  the  Morris,  or  Wilmington, 
coal  to  which  reference  has  already  been  made. 

The  roofs  of  coals  Nos.  4  and  5,  of  the  Illinois  field,  appear  to  be 
nearly  destitute  of  fossil  plants,  particularly  as  to  ferns  preserved  in 
such  a  condition  as  to  admit  of  identification,  marine  invertebrates  being 
nearly  always  present  in  the  dark  shales  immediately  overlying  the  coals. 
In  fact  it  should  -be  noted  that  at  nearly  all  of  the  mines  visited  by  me 
marine  shells  are  found  in  the  shales  overlying  the  coals.    This  is  true  of 


WHITE]  PALEOBOTANICAL    STUDIES.  295 

coal  No.  2,  as  well  as  of  the  higher  beds  worked.  The  close  proximity 
of  the  surface  of  coal  formation  to  sea  level,  which  is  thus  indicated, 
lias  an  important  bearing  in  explanation  of  the  great  horizontal  extent 
of  the  individual  coals  in  the  basin,  on  the  one  hand,  and,  on  the  other, 
to  the  high  percentage  of  sulphur  in  the  coals  of  this  field.  At  the  pres- 
ent day,  th~ose  peat  bogs  which  have  been  affected  by  or  have  been  sub- 
jected to  salt  or  brackish  water  invasions  are  characterized  by  relatively 
high  sulphur  percentages,  a  feature  that  seems  to  correlate  with  the 
peculiar  kind  of  putrefactive  (bacterial)  action  attending  such  con- 
ditions of  deposition. 

In  the  region  of  Duquoin,  Christopher,  and  Herrin,  there  would  seem 
to  have  been,  at  the  time  of  deposition  of  coal  IsTo.  6,  nearby  land  sur- 
faces— perhaps  small  irregular  exposed  areas — occupied  by  the  coal 
forming  types  of  vegetation.  The  mines  inj  this  district,  which  lie 
nearly  midway  across  the  basin,  frequently  show  abundant  fragments  of 
fossil  ferns  and  other  delicate  plant  types  in  a  condition  of  preserva- 
tion which  absolutely  precludes  far  transportation  or  long  suspense  in 
water.  It  is  probable  that  the  old  soil  areas  which  supported  this  vegeta- 
tion at  the  time  of  the  marine  submergence  of  the  bog  swamps  were  iden- 
tical with  some  of  the  hummocks,  or  barren  rises,,  which  interrupt  the 
continuity  of  coal  No.  6  in  this  region. 

The  plants  in  the  roof  of  coal  No.  6  do  not  on  closer  examination 
appear  to  disclose  any  paleobotanical  obstacle  to  the  reference  of  the  bed 
to  the  Freeport  group,  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Allegheny  formation, 
with  which  it  appears  to  offer  a  satisfactory  agreement.  The  flora  of 
No'.  6,  in  southern  Illinois,  also  agrees  fairly  well  with  that  of  the 
Grape  Creek  coal  in  the  Danville  region,  which  accordingly  is,  I  believe, 
also  to  be  referred  to  the  same  horizon.  I  therefore  do  not  hesitate  to 
refer  these  coals  to  the  Allegheny  formation.  This  reference  conforms 
to  the  opinion  expressed  in  the  Danville  folio,  though  the  presence  of  one 
or  two  peculiar  species  seemed,  at  the  time  of  their  study,  to  favor  a 
somewhat  higher  level.  It  is,  in  my  judgment,  not  wholly  improbable 
even  that  the  Grape  Creek  coal  may  lie  as  low  as  the  lower  Freeport 
coal  of  the  Appalachian  trough. 

The  roof  of  coal  No.  7  or  its  supposed  equivalent,  the  Danville  coal, 
has  not  as  yet  afforded  any  fossil  plants  in  Illinois,  and  I  am  therefore 
unable  to  offer  any  paleobotanical  evidence  bearing  directly  on  its  cor- 
relation. I  may,  however,  venture  the  opinion  that  the  Grape  Creek 
coal  may  be  old  enough  to  permit  the  inclusion  of  the  Danville  coal  also 
within  the  Freeport  group,  and  I  would  suggest  that  it  be  so  mapped. 
The  relatively  small  interval  between  these  coals  suggests  a  tentative 
reference  of  the  Danville  to  the  horizon  of  the  Dpper  Freeport  coal  if  the 
Grape  Creek  coal  be  provisionally  correlated  with  the  Lower  Freeport 
coal  as  would  seem  to  be  permissible.  It  is  interesting  to  note  thai/ 
while  the  horizon  of  No.  2  coal  in  this  basin  is  marked  by  TJlodendron, 
the  higher  group  is  accompanied  by  frequent  representatives  of  the 
Rhytidolepis  section  of  Sigillaria. 

In  passing  it  may  be  remarked  that  the  question  of  the  validity  of  the 
distinction  between  coal  No.  3  and  coal  No.  4,  as  presented  in  the 
earlier  State  reports  would  appear  to  merit  critical  inquiry. 


296  YEAE-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ILLINOIS  FUEL 
CONFERENCE. 

At  the  University  of  Illinois,  Urban  a,  March  11,  12,  13,  1909. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page 

Minutes  of  meetings 297 

Thursday,  March  11 297 

Afternoon  session 7.. 297 

Formal  opening  of  the  U.S.  Geological  Survey  Urbana  Laboratory  for  mine  rescue  work.  297 

Evening  session 301 

Government  efforts  to  prevent  explosions 301 

Friday,  March  12 '. 302 

Morning  session 302 

Explosives  and  mine  explosions 302 

Afternoon  session 304 

Smoke  suppression 305 

Evening  session 306 

Educational  movements  and  conference  on  use  of  fuels 306 

Saturday,  March  13 308 

Morning  session 308 

Work  of  the  Federal  and  State  Geological  Surveys  and  conference  on  coal  analysis 308 

Addresses — 

Mining   explosions;     What   the  Government  is  doing  to  prevent  them;  by  Dr.  Joseph  A. 

Holmes 310 

Coal  Fields  of  the  United  States;  by  E.  W.  Parker 313 

The  Work  of  the  Foreign  Mining  Explosion  Stations;  by  G.  S .  Rice 317 

Mine  Explosions;  by  James  Taylor 327 

Some  Causes  of  Mine  Explosions;  by  Joan  Verner 331 

Smoke  Prevention;  by  Dr.  W.  A.  Evans 333 

Smoke  Suppression;  by  A.  Bement 338 

The  College  of  Engineering  and  the  Mining  Interests  of  the  State;  by  W.  F.  M.  Goss 340 

The  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of  Illinois;  by  L.  P.  Breckenridge 342 

Economy  in  the  Use  of  Fuel;  by  A.  Bement 350 

Coals  for  Boiler  Plants;  b    D.  T.  Randall 351 

Remarks  on  Mine  Rescue  Work;  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Holmes 359 

Remarks  on  economy  in  the  Use  of  Fuels;  by  E.  H.  Taylor 361 

Fuel  Tests  With  House-Heating  Boilers  and  Hot- Air  Furnaces;  Engineering  Experiment  Sta- 
tion, University  of  Illinois;  by  J.  M.  Snodgrass 362 

The  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  and  the  Fuel  Resources  of  the  Country;  by  George  Otis  Smith..  365 

The  Illinois  State  Geological  Survey  and  the  Fuel  Interests  of  the  State;  by  H.  Foster  Bain. .  370 

Coal  Analysis;  by  Prof.  N.  W.  Lord 373 

Registry  of  the  Conference 380 


MINUTES   OF   FUEL    CONFERENCE.  297 


MINUTES  OF  MEETINGS. 


Thursday^  March  11. 

afternoon  session^  dr.  w.  f.  m.  goss^  presiding. 

Formal  Opening  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey's  Laboratory 
For  Mine  Rescue  Wo7^k. 

The  first  session  of  the  Illinois  Fuel  Conference  was  called  to  order 
by  Dean  W.  F.  M.  Gross^  in  the  Mechanical  Engineering  Laboratory  at 
2  :00  p.  m.  Owing  to  the  illness  of  President  Edmund  J.  James,  of  the 
University  of  Illinois,  Dean  Goss  introduced  to  the  conference  Vice  Pres- 
dent  T.  J.  Burrill,  who  in  welcoming  the  members  of  the  conference 
spoke  as  follows: 

I  am  sorry  to  have  to  take  President  James'  place  in  the  performance 
of  a  function  that  he  is  better  able  to  perform  than  I,  and  I  especially 
regret  that  I  am  better  able  at  this  time  physically  than  Dr.  James.  He 
is  sick,  and  consequently  unable  to  be  with  us. 

The  University  of  Illinois  does  not  claim  to  give  instruction  in  every- 
thing to  everybody,  for  although  the  University  has  a  great  many  de- 
partments, such  a  claim  would  be  too  wide.  However,  it  does  concern  it- 
self especially  with  many  matters  of  real  interest  to  the  State,  and  so 
far  as  possible  to  the  country  at  large.  Since  the  early  days  there  has 
been  great  growth.  The  time  was  when  much  attention  was  given  to 
growth.  The  time  has  past  when  the  University  thinks  mainly  of  growth. 
The  time  has  arrived  when  the  chief  aim  and  ambition  of  the  University 
is  service.  Service  is  the  word  which  best  describes  its  manifold  activ- 
ities. 

The  original  construction  of  the  I.  C.  Eailroad  was  from  Freeport  to 
Cairo.  When  the  construction  of  the  line  to  Chicago  was  discussed, 
doubt  was  expressed  as  to  whether  the  Chicago  branch  would  ever  pay. 
No  one  realized  the  development  possible  through  study  and  cooperation 
in  the  then  water  soaked  prairies  of  Illinois. 

Some  claim  there  is  much  ungodliness  in  trusts,  or  combinations;  but 
there  may  be  something  not  so  ungodly  in  them.  If  G-od  helps  those 
who  helps  themselves,  why  may  not  the  trusts  come  in  for  some  assist- 
ance? Individuals  operating  alone  cannot  accomplish  that  which  may 
be  obtained  by  combined  effort.    Two  can  do  more  than  one. 

Thus,  this  rescue  station  which  we  are  dedicating  will  be  more  useful 
through  the  effect  of  this  and  similar  conferences,  where,  by  exchange  of 


298  YEAR-BOOK   FOR   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

views^  and  by  combination  of  effort,  each  may  be  aided  by  the  experience 
and  research  of  the  other.  On  behalf  of  the  University  of  Illinois  we  be- 
speak your  cooperation,  and  extend  to-  yon  a  hearty  welcome. 

In  response  to  Dr.  Bnrrill,  Dr.  J.  A.  Holmes,  Chief  of  the  Tech- 
nologic Branch  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  spoke  as  follows : 

We  are  always  glad  to  come  to  the  University  of  Illinois,  for  several 
reasons.  First  because  the  University  is  a  good  place  to  come  to,  as  it  is 
a  thoroughly  up-to-date  institution  in  every  way.  In  the  second  place 
the  University  is  always  a  profitable  place  to  come  for  help  and  inspira- 
tion. On  the  other  hand  we  believe  that  at  this  time  we  can  render  some 
service  to  the  University  through  that  cooperation  of  which  Dr.  Burrill 
has  just  spoken.  In  the  past,-  the  mining  interests  have  been  left  lar- 
g^ely  to  shift  for  themselves.  It  is  true  that  many  schools  of  mining 
engineering  have  been  established  throughout  the  country,  but  these  have 
concerned  themselves  primarily  with  metal  mining,  leaving  out  of  con- 
sideration the  great  coal  mining  interest.  It  must  be  admitted  that  the 
present  status  of  coal  mining  is  bad.  Lack  of  cooperation  makes  it  im- 
possible for  the  coal  operator  to  secure  a  fair  price  for  his  product;  a 
price  that  will  enable  him  to  mine  coal  as  it  ought  to  be  mined,  with 
a  fair  degree  of  profit.  Under  present  conditions  in  many  places  only  50 
per  cent  of  the  coal  is  taken  from  the  mine,  while  under  proper  condi- 
tions 70  per  cent  or  more  ought  to  be  removed.  Coal  should  be  mined 
more  efficiently,  and  if  need  be,  legislation  should  be  modified  to  en- 
able this  to  be  done. 

With  the  cooperation  of  the  various  interests  of  the  State  it  is  hoped 
that  a  school  of  mining,  particularly  of  coal  mining,  may  be  established 
here  at  the  University  of  Illinois,  for  the  purpose  of  developing  safer  and 
more  efficient  methods  of  coal  mining.  Cooperation  should  not  be  limited 
to  one  state  alone.  The  State  of  Illinois  should  meet  with  help  and 
assistance  from  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Ohioi,  Tennessee  and  other  great 
mining  states.  The  Eescue  Station  has  been  established  here  because  of 
its  favorable  location,  and  the  advantage  of  close  connection  with  the 
Departments  of  Science  and  Engineering  of  the  University.  In  the 
future  it  is  hoped  that  other  stations  of  like  character  will  be  established, 
and  that  the  movement  started  here  at  the  University  of  Illinois,  may 
become  a  national  one. 

In  the  absence  of  President  A.  J.  Moorshead  of  the  Illinois  Coal  Op- 
erators Association,  a  letter  was  read  from  him,  by  Dr.  Bain,  Director 
of  the  State  Geological  Survey,  in  which  he  expressed  his  hope  that  the 
coal  operators  of  the  State  would  take  advantage  of  the  opportunities 
offered  by  the  establishment  of  the  rescue  station. 

Mr.  G.  W.  Traer,  Past  President  of  the  Illinois  Coal  Operators  Asso- 
ciation, responded  and  addressed  the  Conference  on  Cooperation  of  Prac- 
tical and  Scientific  Men. 

It  is  a  sincere  pleasure  to  me  to  acknowledge,  on  behalf  of  the  mine 
owners  of  Illinois,  the  obligations  of  humanity  to  the  men  whose  efforts 
have  made  it  possible  that  this  great,  civilized,  Christian,. work  shall  be 
carried  on  here,  and  whose  time  and  thoughts  are  being  given  to  it. 


MINUTES   OF   FUEL   CONFERENCE  299 

Illinois  is  to  be  congratulated  upon  the  proprietorship  of  a  University 
so  situated  that  it  is  chosen  by  the  federal  government  to  participate 
in  a  work  of  this  kind,  and  with  a  University  organization  qualified  and 
eager  tO'  do  so  in  the  interests  of  humanity. 

Special  danger  of  injury  and  death  never  can  be  entirely  eliminated 
from  coal  mining  and  many  other  industrial  occupations.  But  such 
danger  is  multiplied  by  ignorance,  indifference  and  lack  of  foresight; 
or  it  may  be  vastly  lessened  by  research  and  application,  and  unre- 
served cooperation  on  the  part  of  those  whose  duty  it  is  to  think  and 
appl}^,  with  those  who  think  and  experiment.  Our  modern  civilization  is 
equally  distinguished  by  a  wholesome  regard  for  lives  and  happiness 
of  all  human  beings  and  by  its  profound  scientific  achievements  directed 
towards  the  same  end. 

We  are  here  today  to  witness  the  dedication  of  a  work  of  scientific 
research  to  that  end.  And  although  we  may  well  realize  how  miich  re- 
mains to  be  done,  we  are  justified  in  a  feeling  of  confidence  when  we 
reflect  upon  the  achievements  of  science  in  the  past.  Seventy-two  years 
ago  Macaulay  wrote  his  great  essay  on  Lord  Bacon,  who  was  the  prophet 
and  the  apostle  of  the  practical  sciences,  as  we  now  know  them.  Bacon 
had  been  dead  more  than  two  hundred  years  when  Macaulay  wrote  this 
brilliant  eulogy  on  the  practical  results  of  what  had  once  been  called 
the  ^'^new  thought,"  and  which,  in  advance  of  actual  achievement,  many 
people  had  considered  to  be  merely  theoretical,  just  as  many  people  con- 
sider all  new  thoughts  today.  The  record  of  the  achievements  of  two 
hundred  years  was  easily  recognized  by  Macaulay  to  be  without  parallel 
in  the  past,  when  he  wrote  these  words :  ^^Ask  a  follower  of  Bacon  what 
the  new  philosophy,  as  it  was  called  in  the  time  of  Charles  the  Second, 
has  effected  for  mankind,  and  his  answer  is  ready;  it  has  lengthened  life; 
it  has  mitigated  pain ;  it  has  extinguished  disease ;  it  has  increased  the 
fertilit}^  of  the  soil;  it  has  furnished  new  arms  to^  the  soldier;  it  has 
given  new  securities  to  the  mariner;  it  has  spanned  great  rivers  and 
estuaries  with  bridges  of  a  form  unknown  to  our  fathers;  it  has  guided 
the  thunderbolt  innocuously  from  heaven  to  earth;  it  has  lighted  up 
the  night  with  splendor  of  day;  it  has  extended  the  range  of  human 
vision ;  it  has  multiplied  the  power  of  the  human  muscles ;  it  has  accel- 
erated motion ;  it  has  annihilated  distance ;  it  has  facilitated  intercourse, 
correspondence,  all  friendly  offices,  all  dispatch  of  business;  it  has  en- 
abled man  to  descend  into  the  depths  oi  the  sea,  to  soar  into  the  air, 
to  penetrate  securely  into  the  noxious  recesses  of  the  earth,  to  traverse 
the  land,  in  cars,  whirled  along  without  horses  and  the  ocean  in  ships 
that  run  ten  knots  an  hour  against  the  wind. 

These  are  but  a  part  of  its  fruits  and  of  its  first  fruits.  For  it  is  a 
philosophy  that  never  rests,  which  has  never,  attained,  is  never  perfect. 
Its  law  is  progress.  A  point  which  yesterday  was  invisible  is  its  goal 
today  and  will  be  its  starting  point  tomorrow." 

When  these  words  were  written  no  doubt  there  were  many  thinking 
people  to  whom  this  record  seemed  impossible  of  duplication,  even  if  it 
did  not  to  Macaulav- 


300  YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [BULL.  no.  14 

And  yet  at  that  time  the  first  practical  steam  engine  liad  been  used 
but  little  longer  than  the  Bell  telephone  of  today  has  been  in  practical 
use;  the  first  steamboat  was  no  older  than  electric  lights  now  are;  the 
Morse  electric  telegraph  was  as  mnch  a  novelty  as  wireless  telegraphy 
now  is^  and  travel  by  railroad  was  but  a  few  years  in  advance  of  aerial 
navigation  of  today. 

Antiseptics  and  antitoxins  were  among  Macaulay's  invisible  points 
and  a  demonstration  of  radio-activity  would  have  been  generally  regarded 
as  a  manifestation  of  the  evil  one. 

[NTearly  all  great  scientific  discoveries  have  been  made  by  men  who 
dreamed  and  experimented^  rather  than  by  those  who  were  working  solely 
for  practical  results^  but  their  practical  application  largely  has  been 
made  by  the  latter  class.  Sir  Humphrey  Davy  invented  a  safety  lamp, 
but  the  lamp  has  to  be  carried  by  the  man  who  works  in  the  mine  and 
who  must  be  taught  how  to  use  it  with  safety.  Safety  helmets  have  been 
invented  by  men  versed  in  scientific  knowledge,  but  the  helmets  must 
be  worn  by  the  heroes  who  risk  their  lives  for  their  fellowmen,  and  they 
must  be  trained  in  this  use,  for  their  own  safety.  The  establishment 
of  this  relief  station  is  a  great  humane  work  by  men  of  science ;  but  the 
success  will  depend  upon  the  men  who  are  to  be  trained  in  it.  Only  by 
unreserved  and  ungrudging  cooperation  of  the  practical  and  the  scientific 
can  it  be  hoped  to  secure  those  results  which  we  all  desire  and  hope  to  see. 

■For  the  mine  owners  of  Illinois,  I  welcome  and  accept  the  preferred 
assistance  in  the  discharge  of  our  duty  to  humanity,  and  dare  to  hope 
that  it  may  mark  the  beginning  and  be  one  of  the  important  elements 
of  a  new  era  in  the  conservation  of  human  life  and  happiness  in  the  coal 
mines  of  our  great  State. 

Mr.  John  H.  Walker,  Past  President  of  the  Ukited  Mine  Workers  of 
America,  in  speaking  before  the  sixth  session  on  the  general  question  of 
mine  explosions  and  rescue  stations  expressed  his  gratification  at  the 
experimental  work  under  Dr.  Holmes  at  Pittsburg,  and  the  establishment 
of  a  Eescue  Station  at  the  TJniversity  of  Illinois.  Though  Mr.  Walker 
was  unable  to  be  present  at  the  opening  session,  his  response  on  behalf 
of  the  miners  is  included  here.    He  said  in  part: 

The  establishment  of  the  experimental  work  of  the  IT.  S.  Geological 
Survey  under  Dr.  Holmes  at  Pittsburg  and  the  rescue  work  here  pleases 
me  greatly.  No  one  realizes  better  than  the  miner  the  dangers  of  his 
calling.  One  of  the  most  frequent  causes  of  accidents  has  been  the  fact 
that  the  composition  and  characteristics  of  explosives  used  was  uncertain 
or  wholly  unknown.  The  miner  buys  powder  purporting  to  be  made  of 
certain  ingredients  and  of  a  certain  strength.  Many  times  its  composi- 
tion and  characteristics  are  entirely  different  and  accidents  result.  Our 
efforts  up  to  the  present  time  have  enabled  us  to  get  the  proper  size  of 
powder  grain  at  least.  Dr.  Holmes'  experiments  at  Pittsburg  will  give 
us  definite  knowledge  about  the  explosives  now  in  use. 

We  are  at  present  using  too  much  powder  per  ton  of  coal  mined  and 
this  causes  an  increase  in  the  number  of  accidents.  Coal  should  be 
mined  more  efficiently.  That  50  per  cent  of  the  coal  in  the  mines  is 
utterly  lost  beyond  recall,  is  a  fact  that  should  rest  heavily  on  the  con- 


MINUTES  OF  FUEL  CONFERENCE.  301 

science  of  an}^  one  who  lias  any  regard  for  future  generations.  x\t  present 
it  is  not  a  question  of  the  future  with  miners  and.  operators ;  it  is  merely 
a  question  of  dollars  and  cents  now,  and  matters  are  settled  on  no  other 
basis. 

The  Eescue  Station  here  receives  our  hearty  approval  and  support,  for 
we  welcome  any  step  which  leads  to  the  prevention  of  accidents  or  relief 
of  suffering. 

At  the  close  of  the  responses,  letters  of  regret  on  account  of  unavoid- 
able absence  and  of  appreciation  of  the  opportunities  offered  by  the 
Eescue  Station  were  read  from  T.  L.  Lewis,  President  of  the  United  Mine 
Workers  of  America;  William  Green,  President  of  the  United  Mine 
Workers  of  Ohio ;  Walton  Eutledge,  of  the  Illinois  Mine  Inspection  Ser- 
vice;  C.  J.  Xorwood,  State  Geologist  and  Mine  Inspector  of  Kentucky; 
W.  J.  Siefert,  general  manager  of  the  Southern  Indiana  Coal  Company; 
W.  W.  Williams,  State  Mine  Inspector  of  Illinois ;  David  Eoss,  Secretary 
of  the  State  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  and  A.  C.  Lane,  State  Geologist 
of  Michigan. 

Dean  Goss  then  explained  briefly  the  objects  of  the  Eescue  Station  and 
stated  that  its  services  would  be  rendered  free  of  charge  to  miners  and' 
coal  operators  of  this  and  other  States,  in  cooperation  with  the  State 
Geological  Survey  and  the  College  of  Engineering  of  the  University  of 
Illinois.  In  concluding  he  introduced  E.  Y.  Williams,  Mining  Engineer 
of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  in  charge  of  the  rescue  station  work,  who 
outlined  the  work  of  the  station  more  in  detail  and  exhibited  and 
explained  the  working  of  the  Draeger  oxygen  helmet.  The  meeting  then 
adjourned  to  the  Eescue  Station  and  witnessed  a  practical  demonstration 
of  the  use  of  the  helmet  in  rescue  work. 

EVENING  SESSION,  MR.   G.  W.   TRAER,  PRESIDING. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  at  8  :00  o'clock.  Mr.  Traer  intro- 
duced Dr.  J.  A.  Holmes,  Chief  of  the  Technologic  Branch,  U.  S.  Geo- 
logical Survey,  who  spoke  on  The  Efforts  of  the  Government  to  Prevent 
Mine  Explosions.    Extracts  from  this  address  will  be  found  on  page  310. 

At  the  close  of  the  formal  address  Dr.  Holmes  showed  a  few  slides 
illustrative  of  the  rescue  station  and  general  mining  work. 

Mr.  Traer  then  introduced  E.  W.  Parker,  Statistician  of  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey,  who  gave  interesting  extracts  from  a  paper  given  in 
full  on  page  313;  on  the  Coal  Fields  of  the  United  States. 

The  last  speaker  of  the  evening  was  Mr.  G.  S.  Eice,  Mining  Engineer, 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  His  paper,  entitled  Work  of  Foreign  Mining 
Explosion  Stations,  is  presented  on  pages  317  to  326.  The  speaker 
showed  various  slides  of  the  rescue  stations  situated  in  European 
countries  which  he  and  -Dr.  Holmes  had  visited.  The  same  line  of  work 
will  be  carried  on  at  the  Urbana  Eescue  Station,  and  at  other  stations 
established  in  this  country. 

At  the  close  of  Mr.  Eice's  address  the  meeting  adjourned  for  an  infor- 
mal reception  held  in  the  offices  of  the  M.  E.  Department. 


302  YEAR   BOOK   FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Friday,  March  12th. 

morning  session,  mr.  richard  newsam,  presiding. 

The  third  meeting  O'f  the  conference  was  called  to  order  in  the  chem- 
istry building  at  9  :30  a.  m.  by  Dr.  H.  Foster  Bain,  Director  of  the  State 
Geological  Survey.  Prof.  W.  S.  Bayley/of  the  Geological  Department 
at  the  University,  was  introduced  to  present  an  illustrated  lecture  on 
"The  Origin  of  Coal.^^ 

Dr.  Bayley  discussed  the  evidence  presented  by  our  coals;  their  geo- 
graphic relations;  composition,  and  fossil  content.  The  plant  remains 
especially  indicate  that  the  coal  has  been  produced  by  bacterial  decay 
and  accompanying  changes  operating  on  buried  forest  beds.  These  lay 
in  comparatively  stagnant  water  at  or  near  sea  level.  It  is  believed  that 
certain  coals,  such  as  cannel,  were  formed  by  decay  of  simple  one-celled 
plants  of  the  Alga  type ;  while  others  were  derived  from  tree-like  plants. 
The  progressive  change  by  loss  of  volatile  matter  from  wood  to  peat,  and 
to  lignite,  bituminous  and  anthracite  coal  was  described  in  detail. 

Dr.  C.  W.  Balke  was  the  next  speaker  to  be  introduced.  The  subject 
of  his  address  was  "The  Chemistry  of  Explosives.^^ 

An  explosive  is  a  compound  or  mixture  which  is  capable  of  rapid 
decomposition  or  combination  attended  by  an  evolution  of  a  large  quan- 
tity of  gas  in  a  more  or  less  highly  heated  condition.  After  illustrating 
the  nature  of  a  compound  and  a  mixture  through  the  decomposition  of 
mercuric  oxide  and  the  combination  of  sulphur  and  iron,  Dr.  Balke  took 
up  explosives  in  the  order:  gases,  liquids,  and  solids.  The  explosion  of 
gas  mixtures  was  illustrated  by  the  combination  of  hydrogen  with 
oxygen,  and  the  effect  of  the  concentration  of  the  oxygen  on  the  violence 
of.  the  explosion  was  illustrated  by  the  explosion  of  hydrogen  with  air 
and  with  pure  oxygen.  Nitro  glycerin  was  mentioned  as  the  only  liquid 
explosive  of  commercial  importance.  Solid  explosives  are  either  com- 
pounds or  mixtures,  gun  cotton  being  an  example  of  the  former,  and 
gun  poM^der  of  the  latter.  The  action  of  gun  powder  was  illustrated  by 
exploding  various  mixtures  containing  potassium  chlorate.  The  explo- 
sion is  explained  by  the  fact  that  the  potassium  chlorate  easily  furnishes 
a  large  quantity  of  oxygen  for  the  combustion  of  the  other  components 
of  the  mixture.  Nitrogen  iodide  was  used  to  illustrate  explosions  due 
to  decomposition  in  the  case  of  solids. 

Following  Dr.  Balke's  address.  Dr.  Bain  introduced  Mr.  Richard 
Newsam,  regular  chairman  of  the  third  session  of  the  conference.  Mr. 
Newsam  replied  as  follows: 

Gentlemen — I  have  enjoyed  Dr.  Balke's  address  on  explosives  because 
it  is  a  subject  in  which  all  are  interested.  I  am  pleased  to  be  present  at 
this  conference  because  its  purpose  and  the  interest  of  the  miners  and 
operators  are  both  for  human  good.  It  is  a  special  pleasure  to  see  Dr. 
Holmes  and  to  note  the  beginning  of  the  cooperation  between  the  Gov- 
ernment and  the  States.  I  am  glad,  too,  that  the  Eescue  Station  in 
the  middle  west  has  been  established  at  the  University  of  Illinois  and 
that  the  efforts  of  the  faculty  of  the  College  of  Engineering  has  been 
enlisted  in  its  interest.  It  is  well  that  we  have  with  us  Mr.  Stoek  of 
"Mines  and  Minerals,"  because  of  his  work  and  travel  over  the  whole 


MINUTES  OF  FUEL  CONFEEENCE.  803 

world  in  behalf  of  the  Scranton  Correspondence  School  of  Mines.  Gen- 
eral cooperation  of  the  public^  the  technical  press^  the  scientists,  the  min- 
ers, the  operators,  the  state  and  the  government  is  necessary  for  success  of 
this  great  mo'vement.  All  acting  together  shonld  so  shape  legislation  that 
the  best  results  from  this  work  may  be  obtained.  AVhile  much  valnable 
information  can  be  obtained  in  connection  with  mine  explosives,  their 
canses  and  prevention,  from  laboratory  stndy  and  experiment,  one  must 
not  forget  that  the  laboratory  and  the  mine  are  different  and  all  the 
conditions  prevailing  in  the  latter  cannot  be  reproduced  in  the  former. 
I  therefore  most  heartily  approve  of  Dr.  Holmes'  intention  to  establish 
a  small  actual  mine  for  experimental  purposes  where  explosions  can  be 
studied  first  hand.  It  is  desirable  to  extend  the  work  of  the  Geological 
Survey  in  the  mines  and  to  begin  at  the  face  and  strike  at  the  real  roots 
of  the  trouble,  for  I  regret  that  more  explosives  per  ton  of  coal  are  used 
in  Illinois  than  elsewhere.  Even  under  the  better  prevailing  conditions 
in  Illinois  as  to  character  of  roof,  amount  of  gases  and  the  good  ventila- 
tion, this  practice  shows  its  deplorable  results  in  an  increased  number 
of  fatalities  in  the  mines.  Increased  use  of  explosives  cannot  be  indulged' 
in  without  increase  of  explosions  and  accidents.  I  firmly  believe  there 
is  b(  nefit  to  be  derived  from  the  rescue  movement  and  hope  to  live  to 
see  the  practical  results  of  the  present  meeting. 

Mr.  N'ewsam  then  introduced  Mr.  James  Taylor,  State  Mine  Inspec- 
tor of  Illinois,  who  spoke  on  "Explosions."  This  interesting  paper 
appears  on  pages  327  to  330. 

The  chairman  next  introduced  Mr.  James  Epperson,  Chief  Mine 
Inspector  of  Indiana,  whose  remarks  follow; 

In  Indiana,  coal  mine  explosions  arise  from  three  causes :  First, 
Fire-Damp;  second,  Explosives;  third.  Lack  of  Discipline.  The  third 
cause,  of  course,  is  closely  related  to  the  first  and  second.  Contributory 
causes  are:  The  use  of  fuse  in  shot-firing;  larafe  drill  holes;  inflamma- 
ble tamping  material;  overcharged  shots;  and  the  firing  of  shots  in  too 
rapid  succession. 

We  are  all  familiar  with  instances  in  which  some  miners  are  indiffer- 
ent to  the  results  of  their  actions,  either  to  themselves  or  others.  We 
have  frequently  seen  disastrous  results.  On  the  other  hand,  the  occa- 
sional mine  in  which  laudable  conditions  prevail  in  handling  explosives 
assures  us  that  such  conditions  are  nowhere  beyond  attainment. 

The  laws  governing  the  size  of  drill  holes,  the  amount  of  powder  per 
charge,  the  use  of  fuse,  of  proper  material  with  which  to  tamp,  and  the 
proper  regulation  of  the  firing  are  not  and  can  not  be  entirely  effective. 
However,  such  laws  accomplish  some  good  and  are  in  the  right  direction. 
Indiana  is  glad  of  its  laws  limiting  the  size  of  drill  holes  to  21/0  inches, 
and  the  maximum  charge  of  powder  to  six  pounds  per  hole,  though  even 
a  smaller  charge  is  desirable.  Also,  we  have  a  law  prohibiting  the  open- 
ing of  powder  cans  with  picks. 

Following  Mr.  Epperson,  Mr.  Joan  Verner,  State  Mine  Inspector  of 
Iowa,  Avas  introduced,  and  contributed  to  the  discussion  of  explosions. 
His  paper  is- found  on  pages  331  and  332. 

At  the  close  of  Mr.  Verner's  paper,  the  conference  adjourned  to  take 
up  further  discussion  of  the  subject  at  the  next  session. 


804  YEAK   BOOK   FOE    1908.  [BULL.  KO.  14 

AFTERNOON  SESSION,  PROF.   L.  P.  BRBCKENRIDGEi,  PRESIDING. 

On  account  of  the  lateness  of  the  hour  the  morning  session  had 
adjoiirned  without  finishing  the  discussion  of  mine  explosions.  It  was 
therefore  decided  to  continue  this  discussion  and  delay  the  consideration 
of  smoke  prevention  for  a  short  time. 

Prof.  Breckenridge  introiluced  Carl  Scholz,  of  the  Coal  Valley  Mining 
Company. 

Mr.  Scho'lz — After  all  of  the  discussion  that  has  gone  before  there 
does  not  seem  to  be  much  ammunition  left  for  me.  However,  there  are 
a  few  things  which  have  occurred  to  me  that  I  should  like  to  say. 

Mr.  T'aylor  in  his  address  this  morning  stated  that  there  was  practi- 
cally no  spraying  in  the  mines  in  this  country  today.  I  may  say  that 
the  Coal  Valley  Mining  Company  is  devoted  to  this  practice  and  further 
that  we  are  having  no  explosions  or  accidents. 

There  are  three  things  that  cause  explosions :  gas  and  dust,  or  both, 
and  careless  use  of  explosives.  There  are  a  number  of  conditions  that 
must  be  watched,  and  among  the  most  im^Dortant  is  the  humidity  of  the 
air.  I  know  that  spraying  has  prevented  explosions  in  the  Oklahoma 
mines,  but  what  is  good  for  Oklahoma  may  not  be  so  good  for  Illinois. 
Moisture  or  sweat  may  not  always  prevent  explosions,  but  it  often  does. 

With  reference  to  the  systems  of  ventilation  I  am  very  much  in  favor 
of  the  suction  fans  instead  of  the  force  fans. 

The  manufacturers  must  supply  a  better  and  more  uniform  grade  of 
powder,  and  in  this  connection  more  careful  inspection  must  be  insisted 
upon. 

It  must  be  recognized  by  this  time  that  the  mine  run  basis  of  mining 
coal  must  be  done  away  with.  This  means  a  conflict  with  the  miners* 
organization,  but  it  must  come  sooner  or  later.  A  great  many  disasters 
are  brought  about  by  the  abuse  of  this  system. 

Mr.  Newsam — Force  fans  are  better  than  exhaust  fans  because  of  the 
forced  air  currents. 

Mr.  Parker — ^Has  Mr.  Taylor  any  data  on  the  fatalities  due  to  the 
different  methods  of  shooting  coal? 

Mr.  Taylor — Coal  reports  give  data  on  fatalities  with  different  methods 
of  shooting.  Mines  and  Minerals,  during  the  course  of  the  year  190Q 
gave  very  complete  data  on  this  subject. 

Mr.  Schoh — Did  Mr.  Verner  take  readings  to  determine  the  hygro- 
metric  condition  of  the  atmosphere  or  air  currents  in  connection  with 
the  data  which  he  reported  this  morning? 

Mr.  Yerner — It  was  not  considered  of  importance  that  these  readings 
be  taken,  as  the  moisture  determinations  in  my  opinion  are  extraneous. 

Mr.  Sioek — ^During  the  visit  of  Herr  Meisner  to  this  country  in  his 
numerous  addresses  he  dwelt  repeatedly  upon  the  importance  of  sprink- 
ling and  the  care  of  explosives  as  tending  toward  the  prevention  of 
explosions  and  accidents. 

Mr.  8choh — It  is  my  opinion  that  it  is  the  alternate  changes  from  wet 
to  dry  and  vice  versa  that  cause  the  damage  to  mine  roofs. 


MINUTES  OF  FUEL  CONFERENCE  305 

Mr.  Bice — My  observation  in  Germany  in  two  mines  that  I  was  per- 
mitted to  visit  was'  that  there  is  a  great  deal  of  spraying  being  done.  A 
standard  temperature  of  55°  Fahrenheit  is  generally  approved  and  this 
temperature  has  been  adopted  in  our  tests  at  Pittsburg  as  the  standard 
mine  temperature.  We  have  made  a  great  many  careful  experiments 
at  Pittsburg  bearing  upon  the  importance  of  determining  the  hygro- 
metric  condition  of  the  air  currents  and  many  interesting  results  have 
been  obtained.  However^  we  are  not  yet  ready  to  say.  that  our  opinions 
are  conclusive  or  final.  We  use  a  Schutte  &  Koerting  aspirator  for  con- 
trolling our  air  supply.  Experiments  have  been  made  in  our  test  plant 
with  and  without  coal  dust  and  with  varying  degrees  of  moisture.  It  is 
determined  beyond  a  doubt  that  the  presence  of  moisture  depresses  the 
flame  and  the  intensity  of  the  explosion.  With  twenty  pounds  of  dust 
distributed  along  the  passageway  we  have  noted  a  flame  of  from  40  to  60 
feet  in  length  following  the  explosion.  There  is  a  great  deal  of  good 
to  be  gained  from  the  careful  study  of  the  moisture  conditions  of  the 
air  currents.  The  effect  of  the  moisture  is  clear  in  that  the  explosion 
must  give  up  its  heat  to  evaporate  the  moisture  in  the  air. 

Mr.  New'sam — I  am  opposed  to  sprinkling  a  shale  roof.  It  is  impos- 
sible to  maintain  a  constant  condition  of  humidity. 

Prof.  Breckenridge — I  shall  ask  the  audience  to  support  me  in  pass- 
ing to  the  next  section  of  our  afternoon's  program. 

Mr.  Traer  opposed  this  move  on  the  ground  that  there  was  great  good 
to  be  gained  from  the  discussion  and  that  the  subject  should  not  be  left 
half  done.    "Better  do  one  thing  well  than  two  unsatisfactorily.^' 

After  some  little  discussion  it  was  agreed  by  the  vote  of  those  present 
to  pass  to  the  next  subject. 

Smo'ke  Suppression. 

After  remarks  bearing  upon  the  work  of  the  Universit}^  Experiment 
Station  tests  Prof.  Breckenridge  introduced  Dr.  W.  A.  Evans,  commis- 
sioner of  health  of  Chicago,  who  presented  a  very  interesting  paper  on 
the  subject  from  the  physicians'  point  of  view.  The  address  is  printed 
on  pages  333  to  337. 

At  the  close  of  Commissioner  Evans'  paper,  Mr.  Paul  J.  Bird,  Chief 
Smoke  Inspector  of  Chicago,  gave  a  brief  address,  bearing  upon  the  situa- 
tion in  the  city  of  Chicago.  He  said, "in  part:  "I  should  like  to  make 
a  plea  on  behalf  of  the  small  steam  plant.  It  is  here  that  we  must  look 
for  trouble  in  the  matter  of  smoke  suppression.  There  is  no  great 
trouble  in  the  large  plant,  as  means  of  solving  the  problem  is  at  hand  in 
most  cases. 

Illinois  is  a  great  industrial  State.  In  1907  the  value  of  her  manu- 
factured product  was  1,600  million  dollars,  more  than  three  times  the 
value  of  the  agricultural  products.  Most  of  this  great  amount  of  manu- 
factured product  is  made  in  factories  and  shops  operated  from  a  small 
steam,  plant  of  about  100  horsepower.  Eighty-five  per  cent  of  the  power 
installed  in  the  city  of  Chicago  where  900  of  the  1,600  million  dollars 
worth  of  products  is  manufactured  is  in  small  plants,  of  less  than  200 
boiler  horse-power  capacity. 
-20  G 


306  YEAR    BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

In  the  small  jjlants  the  problem  of  proper  setting  of  boilers  cannot 
be  expected  to  receive  the  same  consideration  as  in  a  large  plant.  The 
boilers  are  set  just  the  same  in  Chicago  for  bnrning  soft  coal  as  in  the 
east  where  hard  coal  is  burned  almost  exclnsively. 

We  are  very  glad  to  report  that  great  strides  have  been  made  in  Chi- 
cago, and  for  this  we  are  indebted  to  Dr.  Evans  and  a  few  others  who 
have  been  onr  loyal  supporter s.'^ 

Prof.  Breckenridge — The  University  stands  ready  and  anxious  to  help 
in  this  work  but  we  are  handicapped  by  a  lack  of  money.  The  manu- 
facturing interests  and  the  miners  must  help  to  impress  the  great  import- 
ance of  the  subject  upon  the  minds  of  the  people. 

I  now  have  the  pleasure  of  presenting  Mr.  Bement.,  who  knows  a.  lot 
more  about  this  subject  than  most  of  us.  Mr.  Bement^s  remarks  are 
printed  on  page  338. 

On  account  of  the  nearness  to  the  time  when  many  of  the  delegates 
found  it  necessary  to  leave,  Mr.  Traer  begged  permission  to  submit  this 
resolution  for  the  consideration  of  the  meeting : 

Resolved,  that  it  is  the  sense  of  this  conference  that  another  and  similar 
conference  be  held,  and  that  to  that  end  the  Illinois  Coal  Operators  Associa- 
tion and  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  Illinois  and  the  Illinois  State  Mine  In- 
spectors be  requested  to  each  appoint  one  representative  to  act  on  a  com- 
mittee with  a  representative  of  the  University  and  with  Inspector  Epperson 
of  Indiana  and  Inspector  Verner  of  Iowa,  which  committee  shall  arrange  the 
time  and  place  of  the  next  conference. 

The  resolution  carried. 

Prof.  Breckenridge  presented  Mr.  E.  H.  Ivuss,  the  Assistant  Smoke 
Inspector  of  Chicago,  who  presented  his  paper  on  measures  and  methods 
for  the  suppression  of  smoke.    He  said,  in  part : 

^^The  city  of  Chicago  will  never  drive  out  Illinois  coals  from  its  limits 
by  its  smoke  ordinances.  On  the  other  hand  it  will  improve  the  market 
by  making  screenings  and  washing  necessary  for  its  use  in  Chicago 
power  plants.  The  progress  that  has  already  been  made  in  the  efforts 
at  smoke  prevention  has  resulted  in  much  greater  care  being  exercised 
in  the  installation  of  new  plants.  The  agitation  has  resulted  in  the  dis- 
appearance of  many  fakes  who  hitherto  frequented  the  market  of  power 
plant  appliances.  Economy  in  plant  operation  has  been  brought  about 
by  the  scientific  treatment  of  boiler  room  problems;  cheaper  coals  have 
become  of  very  general  use.  The  problem  has  become  so  important  that 
the  field  had  attracted  men  of  great  engineering  skill,  and,  as  has  been 
said  before,  there  has  been  a  remarkable  development  along  the  line  of 
power  plant  accessories.^^ 

After  these  remarks  the  meeting  adjourned. 

EVENING   SESSION,    PROFESSOR   S.    IV.    PARR,    PRESIDING. 

Professor  Parr  introduced  the  first  speaker  of  the  evening,  Mr.  H.  H. 
Stock,  Editor  ot  Mines  and  Minerals,  whose  subject  was  "First  Aid  Work 
in  the  Anthracite  Mines."  This  interesting  address  was  accompanied  by 
many  excellent  lantern  slides,  and  unfortunately  cannot  be  creditably 
printed  without  illustrations. 


MINUTES   OF    FUEL    CONFERENCE.  807 

At  the  conclusion  of  Mr.  Stoek's  address  tlie  chairman  introduced 
W.  F.  M.  Goss^  Dean  of  tlie  College  of  Engineering,  whose  address  on 
the  '^College  of  Engineering  and  the  Mining  Interests  of  the  State  of 
Illinois'^  is  given  on  page  340. 

At  the  close  of  Dean  Goss'  address.  Professor  Parr  announced  that 
as  the  time  was  growing  late  and  as  there  were  a  number  of  speakers  yet 
to  be  heard  he  would  be  glad  if  each  speaker  would  confine  himself  as 
closely  as  consistent  to  the  time  limits  of  five  minutes.  In  compliance 
with  this  request  Mr.  L.  P.  Breckenridge,  Director  of  the  Engineering 
Experiment  Station,  outlined  very  briefly  the  salient  points  of  his  ad- 
dress "The  Work  of  the  University  of  Illinois  Engineering  Experiment 
Station/^  stating  in  conclusion  that  he  would  submit  to  the  secretary 
of  the  meeting  a  copy  of  his  paper.     The  paper  follows  on  page  342. 

Mr.  A.  Bement,  Consulting  Engineer  of  Chicago,  was  introduced  and 
spoke  on  "Smoke  Suppression,"  as  printed  on  page  338. 

Mr.  D.  T.  Randall,  Engineer,  Technologic  Branch  of  the  U.  S.  Geolog- 
ical Survey  presented  a.  useful  paper  on  "Coals  for  Boiler  Plants."  It 
is  printed  on  page  351. 

Mr.  R.  H.  Kuss,  Smoke  Inspector  of  Chicago,  the  next  speaker  intro- 
duced gave  a  very  interesting  talk  the  gist  of  which  was  concerned  with 
the  fact  that  if  the  consumers  of  coal  would  give  more  thought  to  coal 
as  a  means  of  generating  steam  it  would  afford  a  place  for  a  larger  per 
cent  of  saving  than  in  any  other  field  of  activity.  He  was  sure  that 
many-  even  large  consumers  of  coal,  thought  nothing  of  its  importance; 
their  whole  attention  being  given  to  the  output  of  the  plant,  be  it  shoes 
or  dry  goods  or  laundry.  Such  manufacturers  were  careful  and  eager 
to  effect  economy  wherever  possible  except  in  their  manner  of  burning 
coal,  where  leaks  in  cost,  like  T'ennyson^s  brook,  ran  on  forever.  In 
(short,  he  said  the  consumers,  both  large  and  small,  should  think  of 
burning  as  a  means  of  producing  steam  and  not  as  a  means  of  producing 
boots  and  shoes. 

In  the  absence  of  two  of  the  speakers  of  the  evening  Dr.  Holmes  re- 
quested permission  to  add  a  few  words  in  connection  with  the  rescue 
work  as  it  would  be  necessary  for  him  to  leave  the  city  immediately  after 
the  close  of  the  session  and  that  he  would  not  be  able  to  attend  the  sixth 
and  final  session.    Dr.  Holmes  remarks  are  printed  on  page  359. 

Following  Mr.  Holmes,  Mr.  E.  H.  Taylor  of  Chicago  gave  a  short  talk 
on  the  econmic  burning  of  fuel  in  small  plants.  It  is  printed  on  page 
361. 

Mr.  Carl  Scholz  addressing  the  chairman  said  that  the  suggestion  of 
Mr.  Holmes  in  regard  to  the  establishment  of  a  Department  of  Mines  in 
the  University  of  Illinois  seemed  to  be  good  and  in  accordance  with  it 
he  wished  to  place  the  following  motion :  The  Fuel  Conference  now  in 
session  at  the  University  of  Illinois  realizes  the  necessity  of  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  mining  department  in  connection  with  the  University  and 
it  is  hereby  resolved  that  a  committee  of  nine  be  appointed  to  call  upon 
the  Legislature  now  in  session  to  urge  the  prompt  establishment  of  this 
department  and  the  provision  of  the  necessary  funds  for  its  operation. 


308  YEAR   BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  NO.  1^ 

That  the  nine  committeemen  be  composed  of  three  coal  operators  repre- 
senting the  Illinois  Coal  Operators'  Association,  three  miners  to  repre- 
sent the  United  Mine  Workers'  ot  America  and  three  mine  inspectors 
of  Illinois. 

Mr.  Scholz's  motion  was  seconded  by  Mr.  Gordon  Buchanan  and  the 
motion  was  nnanimously  adopted.  Dr.  Holmes  moved  that  the  selection 
of  the  committee  called  for  by  the  previous  motion  be  left  to  maker  and 
seconder  of  the  resolution.  This  motion  was  also  seconded  and  nnani- 
monsly  carried. 

Mr.  A.  Bement  of  Chicago  moved  to  amend  the  original  motion  as 
follows:  That  the  committee  be  composed  of  twelve  members  including 
the  members  above  and  three  mannfactnrers  to  represent  the  Illinois 
Mannfactnrers'  Association.  This  m.otion  was  also  seconded  and  car- 
ried. 

The  meeting  concluded  by  a  short  address  by  Mr.  J.  M.  Snodgrass  on, 
"House  Heating  Furnaces.''  Mr.  Snodgrass  said  briefl}^  that  the  idea 
proposed  by  Mr.  Taylor  was  the  idea  •  that  gave  the  basis  for  his 
paper  and  the  work  that  he  and  his  assistants  were  doing  in  the  Engin- 
eering Experiment  Station.    An  outline  of  the  paper  follows  on  page  362. 

SATURDAY,    MARCH    13,    MORNIIsTG    SESSIOI^^    DR.    U.    S.    GRANT,    PRESIDING. 

The  sixth  and  last  session  of  the  Conference  was  called  to  order  at 
9  :30.  The  Chairman  introduced  Dr.  George  Otis  Smith,  Director  of  the 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  who  spoke  on  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 
and  the  Fuel  Eesources  of  the  Country.  The  paper  will  be  found  on 
pages  365  to  369. 

The  second  speaker  was  Dr.  H.  Foster  Bain  who  spoke  on  the  State 
Geological  Survey  and  the  Fuel  Interests  of  the  State.  Dr.  Bain's  ad- 
dress is  printed  on  pages  370  to  372. 

The  last  address  of  the  Conference  was  presented  by  Dr.  N.  W.  Lord, 
Director  of  the  School  of  Mines,  Ohio  State  University.  Dr.  Lord  spoke- 
on  Coal  Analysis.  His  able  presentation  of  the  subject  is  printed  on 
pages  373  to  379. 

At  the  close  of  Dr.  Lord's  address,  Professor  Parr  made  the  following 
remarks : 

I  have  sat  too  long  at  the  feet  of  Professor  Lord  as  an  authority  in 
matters  pertaining  to  coal  analysis  to  presume  to  criticize  the  paper. 
Indeed,  the  various  points  have  been  covered  in  such  an  excellent  manner 
that  I  trust  the  address  will  be  made  available  for  reference  by  publica- 
tion. 

I  wish  to  call  attention  to  one  point  which  the  author  has  referred  to 
but  briefly,  and  it  seems  to  me  too  modestly.  This  point,  I  think,  should 
receive  somewhat  more  extended  remark ;  and  that  is,  the  matter  of  the 
constant  character  of  the  actual  coal  substance.  It  should  be  noted  in 
this  connection  that  the  first  reference  to  this  fact  was  made  by  Professor 
Lord  and  Mr.  Haas  as  a  result  of  work  done  by  them  in  1897,  and  pub- 
lished in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  En- 
gineers for  1R08.     From  the  data  as  obtained  by  them  up  to  that  time 


MINUTES  OF  FUEL  CONFERENCE.  809 

they  seemed  to  be  warranted  in  formulating  tlie  statement  tliat  for  a 
^iven  mine  or  a  given  locality  tlie  fuel  value  for  the  actual  coal  substance 
was  a  constant.  This  is  a  matter  which  is  coming  to  have  more  and 
more  significance  as  the  matter  -of  coal  specifications  and  the  scientific 
study  of  coal  problems  proceeds. 

It  may  be  worth  mentioning  in  this  connection  that  this  conference  is 
somewhat  unique  in  that  Ave  have  present  practically  all  the  investigators 
upon  this  special  topic  of  the  properties  and  heat  values  of  the  actual 
or  pure  coal  substance.  I  may  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  Professor 
Noyes^  Director  of  this  Laboratory^  carried  on  investigations  contemp- 
oraneously w^ith  that  of  Lord  and  Haas  and  arrived  at  substantially  the 
same  conclusions.  The  results  of  his  work  were  published  a  few  months 
later  than  those  of  Lord  and  Haas.  The  facts  thus  brought  out  re- 
ceived but  little  attention^  and  practically  lay  dormant  until  taken  up 
by  Mr.  Bement^  who  is  also  present,  and  it  is  largely  due  to  his  insistence 
as  to  the  value  of  this  fact  that  the  matter  has  received  more  practical 
consideration  in  recent  years.  It  should  also  be  said  that  Mr.  E.  H. 
Taylor  of  the  Fuel  Engineering  Company  of  Chicago  has  worked  along 
this  same  line  from  the  coal  inspection  standpoint,  and  has  added  to  its 
value  by  the  data  which  he  has  assembled  as  well  as  verified  in  the  daily 
routine  of  coal  inspection.  In  our  own  investigations  in  this  laboratory, 
we  have  also  been  working  along  the  same  line,  and  the  results  which 
we  have  obtained  will  shortly  appear  as  a  bulletin  of  the  Engineering 
-Experiment  Station  under  the  title  of  "Unit  Coal  and  the  Composition 
of  Coal  Ash.^^  One  more  feature  concerning  the  men  assembled  should 
not  pass  without  mention,  and  that  is  the  fact  that  a  very  large  contribu- 
tion to  the  data  and  conclusions  brought  to  crystallization  is  due  to  the 
high  grade  of  work  of  Mr.  Summermeir  of  Professor  Lord^s  Laborator)^, 
and  Mr.  W.  P.  Wheeler  in  my  own  laboratory,  who  are  both  also  present 
in  this  conference.  I  think  these  facts  are  worth  mentioning,  not  only  as  a 
unique  feature  of  this  meeting,  but  as  an  historical  element  in  the  de- 
velopment of  this  point  which  I  believe  we  only  partially  appreciate  at 
the  present  time. 


310  YEAR   BOOK  .FOR    1908.  [BULL.  NO.  14 


ADDRESSES  BEFORE  THE  CONFERENCE. 

Mining  Explosions — What  the  Government  is  Doing  to  Prevent 

Them. 

(By  Dr.  Joseph  A.  Holmes,  Chief  of  the  Technologic  Branch,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C.) 


G-ENTLEMEN^ — "The  statement  made  this  afternoon  that  cooperation 
is  the  only  means  of  accomplishing  resnlts  shonld  be  emphasized.  By 
cooperation  is  meant  not  only  that  between  individuals  and  corpora- 
tions but  that  between  governments  and  different  branches  and  depart- 
ments of  the  same  government.  In  the  past,  governments  were  chiefly 
interested  in  the  narrow  interpretation  of  their  duties  laid  down  for 
them  briefly  in  the  statement  that  they  were  to  protect  the  life  and 
happiness  of  their  sabjects.  Only  within  recent  years  have  they  consid- 
ered it  a  part  of  their  duty  to  protect  the  lives  of  miners  against  ac- 
cident. Carrying  out  the  idea  of  the  broader  function  of  the  government 
different  bureaus  have  been  established  and  the  work  subdivided  among 
different  departments.  Among  these  the  comparatively  new  department 
of  agriculture  has  set  a  pace  beyond  the  capacity  of  the  other  depart- 
ments to  follow.  It  carries  at  the  present  time  an  appropriation  of  thir- 
teen millions  of  dollars  and  has  48  experiment  stations  located  in  as 
many  different  states. 

Fifty  years  ago  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  started  the  work  which 
bears  directly  upon  the  mining  interests,  but  only  recently,  that  is  within 
the  last  year,  has  it  taken  up  the  line  of  work  bearing  on  the  protection 
of  miners^  lives.  The  great  conservation  movement  of  President  Eoose- 
velt^s  administration  includes  not  only  the  conservation  of  resources  and 
property  but  life  as  well.  When  we  consider  that  75,000  persons  were 
killed  by  accident  last  year  the  necessity  of  safeguarding  human  life  in 
the  rush  and  turmoil  of  the  present  day  is  apparent. 

The  states  and  the  federal  government  must  cooperate  here.  The 
federal  government  is  now  gathering  and  disseminating  information  on 
important  subjects  and  this  work  should  be  done  by  the  federal  govern- 
ment because  the  burden  of  the  work  which  benefits  all  of  the  states 
should  not  be  borne  by  any  single  state.  Furthermore,  if  the  work  should 
be  undertaken  by  individual  states  there  would  necessarily  be  much 
duplication  of  equipment  and  of  effort,  and,  consequently  increased  ex- 
pense. There  should  also  be  cooperation  with  other  countries  to  avoid 
international  duplication  of  effort.  There  is  no  possible  ground  for 
conflict  between  the  federal  government  and  the  individual  interests  of 


HOLMES.]  MINE   EXPLOSIONS.  311 

the  states.  The  government  collects  and  disseminates  information.  The 
apjolication  of  this  information  by  intelligent  inspection  and  supervision 
lies  wholly  within  the  province  of  the  states. 

At  present  the  Technologic  branch  of  the  U'.  S.  Geological  Survey  is 
engaged  in  collecting  statistics  in  regard  to  mine  explosions.  In  the 
early  days  few  men  were  killed  in  mine  explosions  as  comparatively  few 
men  were  employed  in  that  line  of  work.  At  the  present  time  more 
men  are  employed,  greater  speed  in  mining  is  demanded,  dnst,  gas  and 
other  causes  contributing  to  explosions  have  increased,  and  consequently 
the  number  of  deaths  due  to  mine  explosions  have  increased  greatly. 
Preventive  measures  have  been  in  general  of  a  twofold  character;  first, 
a  careful  inspection  of  mines;  second,  a  study  of  the  causes  of  mine  ex- 
plosions. Past  experience  has  shown  that  investigation  of  causes  has 
reduced  disaster  more  than  stringent  legislation  in  regard  to  mine  oper- 
ation. In  this  country  on  account  of  the  growth  of  the  coal  industry  and 
the  increase  in  number  of  men  employed  the  death  rate  has  steadily 
increased. 

Some  idea  of  the  rapid  growth  of  the  mining  industry  may  be  gleaned 
from  the  fact  that  the  output  of  the  mines  from  1895  to  1905  was  prac- 
tically equal  to  the  output  from  1815  to  1895.  It  is  a  fact  that  the  out- 
put of  any  decade  has  been  approximately  equal  to  the  output  from 
1815  to  the  beginning  of  that  period.  Owing  to  this  exceedingly  rapid 
growth  the  mining  industry  is  not  at  present  an  organized  industry. 
Coal  operators  have  been  too^  busy  for  organization. 

The  demand  for  fuel  has  been  so  insistent  that  only  the  coal  which 
could  be  mined  easily  could  be  mined  at  all.  Sufficient  labor  has  been 
difficult  to  obtain  and  foreign  labor  has  been  largely  used.  As  other 
countries  were  employing  their  own  skilled  labor  only  the  untrained 
and  unskilled  men  were  left  for  the  mines  of  the  United  States,  Many 
can  speak  no  English  and  it  is  difficult  to  convey  any  information  to 
them.  This  unskilled  labor  together  with  the  increased  speed  of  trans- 
portation and  increased  use  of  explosives  makes  the  death  rate  in  the 
United  States  2%  times  that  in  European  countries.  In  European 
countries  too,  the  price  of  coal  f.  o.  b.  cars  at  mine  is  $1.75  to  $2.00  per 
ton.  In  America  it  is  much  lower.  Consumers  must  pay  more  for  their 
fuel  in  the  future  and  learn  to  use  it  more  carefully  and  effectively. 

In  the  matter  of  explosives  the  government  has  at  the  present  time, 
no  effective  supervision  of  their  manufacture  and  use.  'No  tests  have 
been  made  as  to  their  effect  on  the  gases  in  the  mine.  However,  at  the 
present  time  stations  are  being  established,  the  principal  one  of  which  is 
located  at  Pittsburgh.  The  following  lines  of  work  are  being  taken  up 
there : 

1.  A  test  of  all  explosives  at  present  on  the  market;  the  results  of 
which  are^to  be  published  later  on.  (In  this  Avork  the  Federal  govern- 
ment does  not  attempt  to  say  that  a  certain  explosive  shall  or  shall  not 
be  used,  but  merely  to  give  the  information  obtained  from  the  tests). 

2.  A  study  of  the  gases  present  in  mines  as  to  their  source  and  lia- 
bility to  ignition  and  explosion. 

3.  An  examination  of  dusts  to  determine  their  relative  infiammabilitv. 


312  YEAR   BOOK   FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

4.  A  study  of  various  types  of  safety  lamps. 

5.  The  extent  to  which  electricity  may  be  safely  used  and  the  con- 
ditions under  which  a  spark  will  ignite  dust  and  thus  cause  an  explosion. 

6.  A  study  and  test  of  various  types  of  rescue  apparatus. 

Field  work  is  being  done  in  the  examination  of  localities  where  ex- 
plosions have  occurred  with  a  view  to  determining  the  cause  of  the  ex- 
plosions. As  actual  mining  conditions  cannot  always  be  duplicated  in 
the  laboratory,  experiment  stations  will  be  established  in  different  mines. 
A  small  mine  will  also  be  devoted  exclusively  to  experimental  work. 
Small  educational  leaflets  will  be  issued  from  time  to  time  which  will 
be  especially  useful  for  local  inspectors  and  fire  bosses  who  come  to  take 
tne  training  work  at  the  rescue  stations. 

In  conclusion  is  should  be  remembered  that  the  success  of  all  this 
work  depends  upon  the  active  cooperation  of  the  investigators,  operators 
and  miners,  and  on  a  sympathetic  public  sentiment  in  the  creation  of 
which  the  State  institutions  like  the  University  of  Illinois  can  be  of  the 
greatest  assistance." 


COAL    FIELDS    OF    THE   UNITED    STATES.  813 


Coal  Fields  of  the  United  States. 

(By  Mr.  E.  W.  Parker,  Statistician,  U.  S.  Geological  SurveJ^) 


INTRODUCTION. 

According  to  the  estimates  prepared  hj  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 
the  area  underlain  by  workable  coal  beds  in  the  United  States  is  496,776 
square  miles.  Of  this  total  area,  480  square  miles  contain  the  entire 
anthracite  coal  fields  of  Pennsylvania.  The  bituminous  coal  fields  are 
estimated  to  be  contained  in  an  area  of  250,051  square  miles.  The  grade 
of  coal  between  bituminous  and  lignite,  and  which  is  designated  by  the 
Geological  Survey  as  "sub-bituminous,^^  is  estimated  to  be  contained 
within  areas  aggregating  97,636  square  miles,  while  the  areas  containing 
lignite  aggregate  148,609  square  miles. 

During  the  last  few  years  the  Survey  geologists  have  worked  in  all  of 
these  coal  areas  and  have  also  been  making  careful  estimates  as  to  the 
quantity  of  coal  contained  in  the  beds  when  mining  first  began.  In 
making  these  estimates  care  has  been  taken  to  ascertain  how  much  of 
the  supply  is  easily  available  and  how  much  is  either  not  available  under 
present  mining  and  market  conditions,  or  is  available  with  extreme  diffi- 
culty. According  to  these  estimates  the  quantity  of  coal  contained  within 
the  known  area  of  the  United  States  when  mining  first  began  was 
3,083,243,000,000  tons.  Of  this  quantity  a  little  less  than  two-thirds, 
or  1,930,018,000,000  tons,  is  considered  as  coal  that  is  easily  access- 
ible or  minable  under  present  conditions,  while  slightly  more  than  one- 
third,  or  1,153,225,000,000  tons,  is  considered  as  non-minable  under 
present  conditions  or  accessible  with  extreme  difficulty.  It  should  be 
remembered,  however,  that  the  quantity  of  coal  given  above  as  easily 
accessible  includes  the  lignites  and  "sub-bituminous"  coals  of  the  western 
states,  of  which  approximately  530  billion  tons,  while  easily  accessible, 
cannot  be  considered  available  under  present  conditions,  or  those  which 
may  be  anticipated  in  the  near  future.  This  would  reduce  the  original 
supply  of  easily  accessible  and  available  coal  to  approximatelv  1,400,- 
000,000,000  tons. 

The  first  mining  of  coal  in  a  commercial  way  in  the  United  States 
was  in  what  is  known  as  the  Richmond  Basin,  a  small  area  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Virginia.  Small  quantities  of  coal  had  been  mined  here  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century  and  it  was  also  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  eighteenth  and  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  centuries  that 
efforts  were  being  made  to  introduce  anthracite  coal  for  fuel  purposes. 
The  first  actual  records  of  the  production  of  A^irgmia  coal  were  in  1822, 


314  YEAR   BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  NO.  1* 

in  which  it  was  reported  that  54^000  tons  were  mined.  In  1820  (two 
years  before)  365  long  tons  of  anthracite  coal,  or  one  ton  for  each  day 
of  the  year,  had  been  shipped  to  distant  markets.  From  these  small 
beginnings  of  less  than  a  century  ago  the  prodnction  of  coal  has  increased 
nntil  in  1907  the  total  ontput  of  anthracite  and  bitnminons  coal  approxi- 
mated half  a  billion  tons.  In  1837  the  total  production  of  the  United 
States  reached,  for  the  first  time,  a  total  exceeding  one  million  tons,  the 
ontpnt  being  reported  from  f onr  states  only :  Pennsylvania,  Virginia, 
Kentucky  and  Illinois,  although  Maryland  also  was  producing  a  small 
quantity  of  co-al  at  that  time.  In  1840  the  production  amounted  to  a 
little  over  two  million  tons,  the  output  being  reported  from  thirteen 
states.  Ten  years  later,  in  1850,  the  production  amounted  to  seven  mil- 
lion tons;  in  1860  it  wa,s  over  fourteen  million  tons;  in  1870  over  thirty- 
three  million  tons;  in  1880  over  seventy  million  tons;  in  1890  it  was 
160  million  tons;  in  1900  it  was  nearly  270  million  tons,  and  in  1907 
it  was  480  million  tons.  The  aggregate  production  to  the  close  of  1907 
has  amounted  to  6,865,097,567  short  tons. 

Up  to  the  close  of  1845  the  total  production  of  coal  in  the  United 
States  was  27,700,000  short  tons,  and  since  that  time  the  drain  on  the 
supply  has  practically  doubled  with  each  decade.  The  total  production 
to  1845  and  decennially  since  that  time  has  been  as  follows : 


Short  Tons. 

Up  to  1845                                                         .... 

27,677,214 

83,417,827 

173,795,014 

419,425,104 

847,760,319 

1,586,098,641 

2,832,402,746 

894,520,702 

1846  1855                                                

1856  1865                                 -   -           

1866  1875                                              

1876  1885                                                 ...          .                 ... 

1886  1895                                          -              .... 

1896  1905                                                 -   -   - 

1906-1907 

Total 

6,865,097,567 

It  is  estimated  that  for  every  ton  of  coal  mined  and  sold,  half  a  ton 
is  lost  or  wasted,  so  that  the  total  production  of  6,865,097,567  short  tons 
to  the  close  of  1907  represents  an  exhaustion  of  10,200,000,000  tons,  or 
0.3  per  cent  of  the  total  original  supply,  or  0.7  per  cent  of  the  coal 
which  is  easily  accessible  and  available  under  the  present  conditions. 
The  total  supplv  of  easily  accessible  and  now  available  coal  left  in  the 
ground  at  the  close  of  1907  was  1,389,800,000,000  short  tons. 

Accompanying  this  statement  two  charts  are  presented,  one  showing 
the  production  of  coal  annually  from  1846  to  1907,  the  other  illustrating 
the  average  annual  production  by  progressive  ten-year  periods  for  the 
same  length  of  time,  the  latter  chart  havinof  been  prepared  in  order  to 
eliminate  minor  variations  due  to  abnormal  conditions.  The  average 
annual  increase  in  coal  production  figured  from  the  average  of  progress- 


PARKER.]  COAL    FIELDS   OF    THE   UNITED    STATES.  815 

ive  decades  shown  on  the  second  diagram  is  7.36  per  cent,  and  for  the 
last  five  progressive  decades— 1894— 1903  to  1898— 1907— the  rate  of 
increase  has  been  above  that  average. 

DUEATIOX    OF    SUPPLY. 

The  total  reserve  of  easily  accessible  and  now  available  coal  is  esti- 
mated at  1^63  billion  tons.  The  assumption  that  a  constant  output 
has  been  reached  would  be  utterly  unwarranted.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
adoption  of  the  flat  rate  of  annual  increase  of  7.36  per  cent  would  involve 
the  improbable  assumption  that  the  marvellous  record  of  the  past  and 
present  will  be  maintained  in  the  future,  and  the  production  would  con- 
tinue to  approximately  double  every  decade.  Using  the  waste  alloAvanco, 
on  the  basis  of  this  constant  rate  of  increase  in  production,  the  1.463 
billion  tons  available  at  the  close  of  1907  would  be  exhausted  in  107 
years,  or  by  3015  A.  D.  Against  the  use  of  the  fiat  rate  of  increase  it 
may  w^ell  be  contended  that  just  as  the  rate  of  increase  in  population 
tends  to  diminish,  so  this  rapid  increase  in  per  capita  consumption  of 
coal  cannot  persist  and  a  constant  annual  production  will  be  reached. 
However,  the  figures  set  fifty  years  ago  by  statisticians  for  the  probable 
constant  annual  production  of  coal  in  England  have  already  been 
exceeded  by  over  160  per  cent. 

Inasmuch  as  Ajmerica  leads  the  world  not  only  in  present  production 
of  coal  but  also  apparently  possesses  the  greatest  reserve  and  certainly  ^'s 
mining  coal  at  much  lower  cost  than  any  other  country,  the  obvious  tend- 
ency will  be  for  European  countries  to  look  more  and  more  to  the  United 
States  for  their  coal  supply.  Therefore,  while  our  present  coal  produc- 
tion and  consumption  are  practically  equivalent,  the  export  of  coal, 
unless  prohibited  by  federal  legislation,  must  eventually  become  a  factor 
and  increase  the  coal  production  in  the  United  States  beyond  the 
demands  of  home  consumption.  On  the  other  hand,  powerful  influences 
will  come  to  bear  upon  coal  production,  which  favor  lengthening  the  life 
of  the  supply.  Thus  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  with  more  improved  methods 
in  the  utilization  of  coal  the  increased  efficiency  per  unit  may  act  as  a 
factor  in  reducing  coal  consumption,  and  improved  mining  methods 
should  likewise  decrease  the  waste  percentage.  The  increased  utilization 
of  water-power  should  also  tend  to  decrease  coal  consumption.  Again, 
as  soon  as  the  end  appears  in  sight  prices  will  rise  and  production 
diminish,  and  that  progressively.  This  interference  wdth  the  law  of 
decreasing  increase  produced  by  growing  scarcity  will,  of  course,  prolong 
the  life  of  our  aoal  reserves,  but  at  the  same  time  will  greatly  hamper 
our  industries  dependent  on  this  fuel. 

With  so  many  indeterminate  factors  whose  importance  is  realized  but 
cannot  be  measured,  prophecy  must  possess  a  questionable  value. 

WASTE  IN  COAL  MINING. 

The  principal  loss  or  waste  attending  coal-mining  operations  is  that 
represented  by  the  quantity  of  coal  necessarily  left  in  the  ground  as 
pillars  to  support  the  roof.  In  some  cases  it  is  also  necessary  to  leave  a 
foot  or  more  of  coal  as  a  part  of  the  roof,  because  of  the  unstable  char- 


316  YEAR    BOOK    FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

acter  of  the  material  overlying  the  coal,  which  itself  does  not  make  a 
good  roof.  It  has  also  been  frequently  the  case  that^  where  portions  of 
the  coal  bed  have  been  of  inferior  quality,  only  the  high-grade  coal  has 
been  mined  and  the  poorer  material  left.  The  coal  left  as  pillars,  or  as 
portions  of  the  roof,  may  be  considered  a  necessary  loss,  but  that  which 
is  left  because  of  its  inferior  quality  cannot  be  considered  unavoidable 
waste  |in  any  sense,  and  is  frequently  of  hio^her  grade  than  coals  mined 
and  used  in  other  portions  of  the  country. 

Enormous  quantities  of  coal  have  been  lost  beyond  recovery  from  the 
mining ,  of  beds  lying  below,  the  caving  of  which,  u-non  the  withdrawal 
of  the  pillars,  has  so  broken  up  the  overlying  strata  as  to  render  it  impos- 
sible to  recover  the  coals  contained  therein.  This  has  been  particularly 
the  case  in  some  of  the  coal  beds  of  the  western  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
but  much  improvement  has  been  observed  in  this  regard  within  later 
years.  N'otwithstanding  the  improvement  in  this  respect  it  is  probable 
that  a  large  amount  of  coal  will  be  wasted  in  the  western  states,  where 
a  great  number  of  co-al  beds  are  closely  associated,  and  also  where  the 
intercalated  strata  are  weak,  forming  poor  roofs  to  the  coal  mines. 

There  are  no  exact  figures  as  to  the  actual  loss  or  waste  sustained 
through  coal  left  in  the  mines  in  conducting  the  mining  operations,  but 
it  has  been  estimated  that  it  amounts  to  50  per  cent  of  the  quantity  pro- 
duced and  marketed.  In  some  cases,  through  careful  mining  and  where 
the  conditions  are  ideal  for  working,  practically  all  of  the  contents  of 
the  coal  beds  are  recovered.  In  other  cases,  particularly  when  the  beds 
are  of  enormous  thickness,  the  recovery  has  not  exceeded  30  per  cent 
of  the  contents.  During  the  earlier  days  of  mining  in  the  anthracite 
regions  of  Pennsylvania  it  was  estimated  that  only  40  per  cent  of  the 
coal  was  marketed.  This  was  partly  due  to  uneconomical  methods  of 
mining,  and  partly  to  the  large  amount  of  coal  for  which  there  was  at 
that  time  no  market  and  which  was  piled  on  the  ground  in  unsightly 
mountains.  At  the  time  of  the  Anthracite  Coal  Waste  Commission, 
which  made  its  report  in  1893,  40  per  cent  was  still  considered  a  maxi- 
mum recovery.  So  far  as  underground  workings  are  concerned,  there 
has  been  no  revolution  in  the  methods  employed  since  that  time,  but 
there  has  been  a  considerable  improvement  in  the  application  of  those 
methods,  which  has  resulted  in  the  recovery  at  the  present  time  of  a 
materially  larger  proportion  of  the  coal  in  the  ground  than  was  the  rule 
at  that  date.  The  earlier  methods  of  mining  consisted  in  leaving  com- 
paratively narrow  pillars  and  in. the  mining  of  large  rooms,  the  result 
being  that  the  pillars  were  not  strong  enough  to  stand  the  pressure  and 
they  were  crushed  beyond  recovery.  It  is  now  customary  to  use  larger 
pillars  between  the  rooms,  which  makes  it  possible  to  better  control  the 
roof  during  "robbing^^  operations  and  to  eventually  recover  a  larger 
proportion  of  the  contents  of  the  bed. 


RICE]  FOREIGN   MINING   EXPLOSION    STATIONS.  317 


The  Work  of  the  Foreign  Mining  Explosion  Stations. 

(By  G.  S.  Rice,  Mming  Engineer,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.) 


The  founding  of  the  various  mine  explosion  stations  abroad  did  not 
come  about  until  the  general  recognition  of  the  important  part  that  coal 
dust  pla}^ed  in  the  great  mine  disasters.  The  study  of  safety  lamps  and 
the  experiments  conducted  therewith  in  an  atmosphere  of  fire-damp, 
has  been  carried  on  in  various  countries  since  the  time  of  Sir  Humphrey 
Davy,  but  these  experiments  and  studies  did  not  require  large  stations; 
they  could  be  conducted  in  laboratories.  When  it  began  to  be  recog- 
nized that  coal  dust  either  accompanied  by  fire-damp  or  possibly  alone 
would  ignite  from  the  flame  of  black  powder  and  other  long  flame  explo- 
siveS;  it  became  apparent  that  if  explosives  played  so  important  a  part 
in  the  initiation  of  great  mine  disasters,  it  would  be  necessary  to  conduct 
experiments  with  a  view  to  finding  out  which  of  them  would  ignite  coal 
dust  and  fire-damp. 

In  1880  experiments  on  a  miniature  scale  were  conducted  by  the  Ches- 
terfield and  Derbyshire  Institute  of  Engineers.  Their  experimental 
gallery  was  82  feet  long  but  only  18  inches  deep  and  16  inches  wide. 
This  gallery  was  to  determine,  if  possible,  the  explosibility  of  coal  dust. 
A  pair  of  horse  pistols  of  %-inch  bore  were  used  to  represent  the  flame 
from  a  blown-out  shot.  Out  of  134  individual  experiments,  in  which  the 
coal  dust  alone  was  tested,  ignition  was  obtained  in  thirty-six  of  them. 
In  forty-six  experiments  with  dust  and  gas,  ignition  was  obtained  in 
twenty-one  cases.  It  was  reported  that  ^^in  no  instance — ^even  where  6 
per  cent  of  gas  was  present — anything  that  could  be  termed  an  explo- 
sion was  obtained ;  the  only  result  was  ignition  without  violence." 

It  is  evident  that  the  area  of  this  gallery  was  too  small  in  comparison 
with  the  surface  exposed  to  obtain  the  concentration  of  heat  necessary 
to  sustain  a  rapid  ignition.  The  terms  ignition  and  explosion,  in  refer- 
ring to  explosive  materials,  are  those  of  relative  speed.  As  ordinarily 
interpreted,  an  explosion  is  extremely  rapid  com-bustion  which  may  or 
may  not  be  a  "detonation,"  the  latter  indicating  an  almost  simultaneous 
disruption  throuohout  the  mass  of  the  explosive.  "Ignition  of  coal  dust" 
means  the  start  of  a  combustion  which  may  attain  to  extreme  speed;  if 
the  speed  is  very  great  it  becomes  an  explosion,  and  some  English  authori- 
ties claim  that  a  stage  of  detonation  may  be  reached. 

In  June,  1876,  Mr.  H.  Hall,  Inspector  of  Mines  for  the  West  Lanca- 
shire District,  England,  described,  in  a  paper  read  before  the  North  of 
England  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  experiments  made  bv  Mr. 
Clark  and  himself  at  St.  Helens  in  an  adit  45  vards  long,  and  which 


318  YEAR   BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  U 

entered  the  outcrop  of  a  coal  seam.  Mr.  Hali  stated  that  ^'the  flame 
travelled  the  whole  length  of  the  adit,  and  the  blast  was  fierce  and  would 
certainly  prove  fatal  to  any  one  struck  by  its  course." 

As  a  result  of  the  great  explosion  at  the  Seaham  Colliery,  Seahani, 
September  8,  1880,  at  the  request  of  the  holme  secretary,  Sir  Frederick 
Abel  experimented  with  dust  from  this  colliery.  These  experiments 
were  made  by  Garswood  Hall  Colliery  near  Wigan.  The  x\ccident  and 
Mines  Commission,  as  the  result  of  this  experimenting,  states  "the  pro- 
portion of  fire-damp  required  in  a  mine  to  bring  dust  readily  into  opera- 
tion as  an  explosive  material  when  thickly  suspended  in  the  air,  borders 
upon  and  is  even  sometimes  below  the  smallest  amount  which  can  be 
detected  in  the  atmosphere  of  a  mine  by  the  most  practiced  observer  by 
the  use  of  a  Davy  lamp,'^  and,  further,  that  "such  dust  particles  need 
not  be  inflammable  or  combustible  to  produce  the  result  named."  In 
the  course  of  the  foregoing  tests,  a  special  series  of  experiments  were 
made  to  ascertain  the  distances  that,  in  the  absence  of  dust,  flame  is  pro- 
jected from  a  blown-out  shot.  It  was  found  that  the  flame  when  using 
one  and  one-half  pounds  of  gunpowder,  only  occasionally  reached  a  dis- 
tance of  twenty  feet,  and  "even  in  a  narrow  gallery  would  not  attain 
thirty-five  feet." 

In  the  opinion  of  the  commission,  these  experiments  afforded  proof 
that  in  galleries  approximating  the  size  of  the  experimental  gallery,  coal 
dust  in  fairly  dry  condition  will  feed  the  flame  projected  by  a  blown-out 
shot. 

From  July  to  December,  1884,  a  series  of  experiments  were  conducted 
by  the  Prussian  Fire  Damp  Commission  at  Saarbriicken.  The  experi- 
mental gallery  was  built  on  the  surface.  It  was  167  feet  long,  elliptical 
in  shape  and  had  a  sectional  area  of  17%  square  feet.  A  side  gallery, 
33 1/2  feet  in  length  was  afterwards  added.  A  general  conclusion  drawn 
from  these  experiments  was,  that  coal  dust  causes  considerable  elongation 
of  the  flame  of  a  blown-out  shot,  whether  there  is  a  small  amount  of 
fire  damp  present  or  not.  Their  other  conclusion  was  one  that  is  now 
recognized  to  be  wrong;  namely,  "in  the  complete  absence  of  fire  damp, 
the  elongation  or  propogation  of.  the  flame  is  generally  of  limited  extent, 
however  far  the  deposits  of  dust  may  extend  in  the  mine-ways."  They 
modified  this,  however,  by  stating  that  "there  are  certain  descriptions  of 
dust  which  will  carry  the  flame  to  distances  extending  beyond  the  con- 
fines of  the  dust  deposits." 

In  1890,  Mr.  Harry  Hall  made  further  experiments  in  a  dis-used 
mine  shaft  near  Ormskirk.  This  shaft  was  50  yards  deep  and  7  feet 
in  diameter.  A  cannon  21/2  feet  long  with  a  bore  of  2  inches  was  placed 
in  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  pointing  directly  upwards.  The  air  in  the 
shaft  was  then  saturated  with  fine  coaldust  thrown  down  from  the  top, 
and  the  cannon  fired  by  electricity  when  the  dust  was  in  suspension  in 
the  shaft.  Six  tests  were  made  and  in  four  of  them,  explosions  were 
more  or  less  violent,  accompanied  in  three  cases  by  a  rush  of  flame  in 
the  air,  was  the  result.  It  was  especially  noted  that  the  dust  which  failed 
to  ignite  in  one  of  the  experiments,  exploded  with  considerable  violence 
when  the  cannon  was  fired  two  hours  afterwards,  no  fresh  dust  having 
been  added  in  the  meantime. 


RICE]  FOREIGN   MINING   EXPLOSION    STATIONS.  319 

'A  second  series  of  experiments  were  made  on  June  26tli  at  the  Sontli- 
port  Pit,  Haydock.  llie  deptli  of  this  shaft  was  130  yards  and  the 
diameter  18  feet.  The  sides  were  very  wet  and  the  lower  part  full  of 
water.  Vapor  ascending  from  the  shaft  could  be  observed.  Naturally 
under  these  conditions,  no  ignition  of  coal  dust  was  obtained  in  the  six 
attemjats..  A  third  series  of  experiments  were  tried  on  July  30th  and 
October  17th  and  20th,  1890,  at  the  Big  Lady  Pit.  This  shaft  was  310 
yards  deep  and  8  feet  in  diameter.  There  were  18  experiments  in  all, 
using  coal  dust  from  different  mines.  In  10  cases,  there  was  ignition  of 
dust.     In  all  the  foregoing,  experiments,  black  powder  was  used. 

In  Austria,  from  1885  to  1890,  a  "Commission  on  Explosions"  made  a 
series  of  tests.  In  all,  353  experiments  were  made  with  345  kinds  of 
coal  dust,  generally  without  a  mixture  of  fire  damp.  These  experiments 
were  conducted  in  a  chamber,  the  explosive  being  a  cartridge  of  100 
grammes  of  dynamite  lying  loose.  It  was  found  that  nearly  all  kinds 
of  coal  dust  were  ignited  by  the  explosion  of  dynamite;  further,  that  a 
small  mixture  of  fire-damp  notably  increased  the  danger  and  sensitive- 
ness of  the  coal  dust.  The  fineness  of  the  dust  as  well  as  dryness  greatly 
increased  its  sensitiveness  and  danger. 

In  England  in  1892-1893,  Mr.  Henry  Hall,  at  the  instance  of  the 
Home  Department,  conducted  further  experiments  with  coal  dust  in 
a  mine  shaft  at  the  White  Moss  Colliery,  Skelsmersdale.  The  shaft  was 
50  yards  deep  and  7  feet  in  diameter.  The  charge  was  ll^  pounds  of  or- 
dinary blasting  gunpowder,  tamped  lightly  with  coal  dust,  the  tamping 
occupied  a  space  of  12  inches.  Samples  of  dust  from  45  different  col- 
lieries were  tested.  Practically  all  of  them  showed  ignition,  often  ae- 
companied  by  violence. 

This  closes  the  period  of  somewhat  primitive  experimenting  in  con- 
nection with  the  use  of  mine  explosives.  The  experiments  at  least  es- 
tablished that  most  explosives  used  at  that  time  were  elements  of  great 
danger  in  a  gassy  or  dusty  mine,  from  the  possibility  of  initiating  a. 
great  disaster.  In  the  light  obtained  by  our  recent  investigations,  fully 
three-fourths  of  the  great  mine  disasters  of  the  past  and  even  the  present 
day  have  been  initiated  by  explosives. 

This  preliminary  work  led  later  to  the  establishment  of  the  foreign 
government  stations  and  the  private  experimental  stations  maintained 
by  manufacturers  of  explosives. 

In  1896,  the  English  Parliament  passed  an  Act  which  gave  power  to 
the  Secretary  of  State  to  prohibit  the  use  of  dangerous  explosives.  In 
consequence  of  this,  a  testing  station  with  necessary  apparatus  was 
erected  at  Woolrich.  Quoting  the  words  of  Captain  J.  H.  Thomson, 
Chief  Inspector  of  Explosives,  "Obviously  it  would  be  impossible  in  any 
test  to  imitate  the  conditions  of  use  of  an  explosive  in  a  mine;  and  it 
was  considered  of  greater  importance  that  the  method  of  testing  should 
be  as  nniform  as  possible,  rather  than  an  impracticable  attempt  should 
be  made  to  approach  actual  working  conditions.  It  was  decided  there- 
fore that  a  mixture  of  coal-gas  and  air  should  be  used  rather  than  a  pit- 
gas  mixture  which  would  be  not  only  difficult  to  obtain,  but  would  also 
certainly  vary  considerably  in  quality.     Also  a  coal  gas  mixture  is  some- 


320  YEAE   BOOK   FOR   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

what  more  easily  ignited  than  one  of  "pit-gas  and  air.''  They  consid- 
ered testing  with  coal-dust  bnt  at  that  time^  it  was  thought  that  nniform 
results  could  not  be  attained^  but  the  controlling  reason  appears  to  have 
been  that  the  gas  was  more  easily  obtained  and  more  certainly  ignitable. 

"It  was  therefore  decided  that  the  test  should  consist  simply  of  firing 
a,  given  number  of  shots  with  an  explosive  into  a  highly  inflammable 
mixture  of  coal-gas  and  air,  the  charges  being  arranged  so  as  to  be  of 
standard  strength,  and  being  stemmed  with  a  uniform  quantity  of  dry 
clay.    If  the  gas  is  once  ignited  during  the  test,  the  explosive  is  rejected/' 

The  plant  erected  in  1896  has  been  in  continuous  use  until  the  present. 
A  large  number  of  explosives  have  been  tested  and  a  considerable  number 
of  explosives  have  passed  the  test,  forming  what  is  termed  a  list  of  per- 
mitted explosives.  The  main  feature  of  the  Woolwich  plant  is  the  ga& 
gallery.  This  is  a  large  tube  2%  feet  in  diameter  and  28 -feet  long,  con- 
structed of  boiler  plate.  It  is  placed  horizontally  and  rests  on  piers.  It 
is  fitted  with  seven  safety  valves  along  the  top  to  relieve  the  strain 
when  the  gas  explodes.  These  also'  serve  for  observation  of  the.  flame 
if  any  issues,  although  the  observation  is  supplemented  by  a  tuft  of 
guncotten  yarn  placed  so  that  an  explosion  of  gas  would  ignite  it.  The 
gallery  is  fitted  at  the  outer  end  with  an  arrangement  for  holding  in 
]3lace  a  diaphragm  of  paper  to  confine  the  gas.  At  the  other  end  there  is 
an  iron  plate  with  a  hole  in  the  center  which  is  closed  when  the  muzzle 
of  a  cannon  is  run  up  into  position.  Alongside  of  the  gallery  there  is  a 
gasometer  fitted  with  a  gauge  also  a  centrifugal  fan.  These  are  con- 
nected by  pipes  with  both  ends  of  the  gallery.  The  cannon  is  mounted 
on  a  truck  for  pushing  into  position  and  is  30  inches  long.  It  has  a 
1%.  inch  bore. 

In  making  a  test,  the  cannon  is  loaded,  run  up  to'  the  gas  gallery, 
the  latter  is  filled  with  a  measured  quantity  of  gas  and  air  at  atmos^ 
pheric  pressure,  this  is  circulated  round  and  round  to  obtain  a.  uniform 
mixture,  the  valve  then  closed  to  protect  the  fan  and  the  cannon  is 
fired  bv  electric  wires.  When  a.  manufacturer  desires  to  submit  a  new 
explosive  for  testing  and  approval,  if  successful,  the  tests  are  conducted 
under  these  regulations : 

1.  The  test  will  be  carried  out  by  H.  M.  Inspectors  of  Explosives  with 
the  testing  apparatus  at  the  Home  Office  Testing  Station  on  Plumstead 
Marshes. 

2.  The  charge  of  explosive  tO'  be  fired  in  the  test  will  be  determined 
as  follows : 

A  charge  well  tamped  with  two  pounds  weight  of  clay  will  be  fired 
with  the  muzzle  of  the  gun  at  a,  distance  of  two  inches  from  the  ballistic 
pendulum.  From  a  swing  registered  on  the  sliding  scale,  provided  for 
the  purpose,  the  charge  which  will  cause  a  swing  of  3.20  inches  will  be 
calculated  and  may  be  verified  at  the  discretion  of  the  officer  in  charge 
of  the  Testing  Station. 

3.  Each  explosive  to  be  subject  to  the  following  test: 

(a)  Ten  shots  with  charge  as  determined  above,  and  tamped  with 
12  inches  of  well  rammed  clay. 


RICE.]  FOREIGN   MINING   EXPLOSION   STATIONS.  321 

(b)  Ten  shots  with  three-fourths  of  the  charge  as  in  (a)  and  tamped 
with  9  inches  of  well  rammed  clay. 

4.  Every  shot  will  be  fir^d  electrically,  and  in  the  case  of  high  ex- 
plosive a  detonator  of  the  description  recommended  by  the  manufacturer 
or  the  person  submitting  the  explosive  will  be  used. 

5.  All  charges  will  be  stemmed  with  dry  clay  well  rammed. 

6.  Each  shot  will  be  fired  in  the  case  wrapper  or  covering  in  which 
it  is  proposed  to  be  employed  in  actual  use. 

7.  Each  shot  will  be  fired  into  a  mixture  consisting  of  or  equivalent 
to  85  per  cent  of  air  and  15  per  cent  of  the  coal  gas  now  supplied  from 
the  Eoyal  Arsenal  Gas  Works. 

8.  An  explosive  will  be  considered  to  have  passed  the  test  if,  in  the 
series  of  twenty  shots  mentioned  above,  no  single  shot  has  ignited  the 
gaseous  mixture,  or  left  an  appreciable  amount  of  the  charge  unexploded. 

.9.  A  shot  may  be  repeated  at  the  discretion  of  the  officer  in  charge 
of  the  testing,  if,  in  his  opinion,  there  is  reasonable  ground  to  believe 
that  a  failure  was  due  to  any  cause  unconnected  with  the  explosive." 

The  ballistic  pendulum  mentioned  in  these  regulations  is  a  heavy  gun 
swinging  from  knife  edges.  A  small  cannon  charged  with  the  explosive 
shoots  directly  into  the  bore  of  the  large  cannon,  causing  the  latter  to 
swing.  While  this  device  does  not  give  the  force  generated  by  an  explo- 
sive in  absolute  terms,  it  gives  relative  values  and  allows  the  comparison 
of  the  energy  of  a  quick  explosive  with  that  of  a  slow  burning  one. 

There  is  also  at  this  station  a  vertical  gallery  for  testing  explosives  in 
the  presence  of  coal  dust,  4  feet  9  inches  in  diameter,  but  which  is  only 
13  feet  high.  In  view  of  the  later  developments  in  experimenting  with 
coal  dust,  this  vertical  gallery  appears  entirely  inadequate ;  however,  its 
use  at  Woolwich  is  incidental  to  the  testing  of  explosives  in  the  presence 
of  gas. 

In  Germany  the  first  official  testing  station  for  explosives  for  coal 
mines  was  established  subsequent  to  the  establishment  of  the  Woolwich 
station.  It  differs  materiallv  in  design  and  methods  of  testing.  The 
station  is  located  at  Gelsenkirchen  near  Colos^ne.  It  is  in  charge  of  Herr 
Beyling.  There  is  a  gallery  1.85  meters  high,  1.40  m,eters  wide,  and 
2  square  meters  in  section,  which  is  elliptical  in  shape.  The  lens^th  of 
the  gallery  is  30  meters.  It  is  constructed  of  three  layers  of  wood  hooped 
with  iron  bands.  There  are  large  safety  valves  in  the  top  and  small 
windows  with  heavy  glass  in  the  sides  for  observing  the  length  of  flame. 
Eor  testing  with  gas,  there  is  an  inside  flange  to  which  paper  is  fastened, 
shutting  off  a  space  of  10  cubic  meters  at  the  inner  end  of  the  gallery 
facing  the  cannon.  The  latter  is  set  in  a  recess  in  a  big  block  of  concrete 
and  simulates  a  drill  hole  in  the  center  of  the  face  of  a  mine  entrv.  The 
other  end  of  the  gallerv  is  open.  The  gallery  lies  partly  imbedded  in  a 
trench  for  protective  purposes.  The  observers  stand  in  an  observation 
room  sixty  feet  away.  The  cannon  is  fired  by  an  electric  battery  in  this 
room.  The  supply  of  gas  is  obtained  from  a  neighboring  mine.  It  is 
pit-gas  and  largely  methane.  After  passing  through  scrubbers  for  clean- 
ing, it  is  taken  into  the  gallery  through  a  meter.     An  arrangement  of 

—21  G 


322  YEAR-BOOK   FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

pipes  and  fan  circulate  the  gas  and  air  throngh  that  part  of  the  gallery 
shnt  off  by  a  paper  diaphragm.  A  mixture  of  8  per  cent  methane  and 
92  per  cent  air  makes  the  most  explosive  fire-damp. 

Besides  the  testing  of  explosives  in  the  presence  of  gas,  they  are  also 
tested  in  the  presence  of  coal  dust.  In  the  latter  tests  coal  dust  is  intro- 
duced by  a  funnel,  into  a  small  hole  in  the  top  of  the  gallery  a  little 
in  front  of  the  cannon  and  falls  on  a  mechanically  revolved  fan  which 
distributes  the  dust  and  keeps  it  mixed  with  the  air  up  to  the  time  of 
firing  the  cannon.  The  distinguishing  feature  from  the  English  method 
in  firing  the  explosive  is  that  it  is  placed  in  the  cannon  loosely  without 
tamping  material. 

Series  of  tests  are  made  to  determine  the  maximum  amount  of  explo- 
sive which  will  ignite  gas  or  coal  dust  or  both.  This  is  called  the  charge 
limit.  In  some  respects  this  test  is  more  severe  than  the  English  one. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  English  mining  authorities  claim  that  this  is 
not  a  mining  condition;  that  while  it  is  true  by  accident  a  shot  might 
be  fired  without  tamping,  that  this  is  so  exceptional  a  condition  that  it 
need  not  be  guarded  against,  and  on  the  other  hand  with  certain  explo- 
sives, it  requires  the  tamping  to  develop  the  highest  temperature  so  that 
in  some  cases  an  explosive  which  might  pass  the  Grerman  tests  success- 
fully would  fail  with  the  English  tests. 

The  work  done  by  the  German  station  has  been  of  great  value  and  has 
been  an  incentive  for  the  invention  of  many  new  safety  explosives.  The 
manufacturers  have  been  spurred  on  to  erect  private  laboratories,  some 
of  them  designing  machines  of  the  greatest  value,  like  the  Bichel  machine 
for  testing  pressures  developed  by  explosives  and  duration  of  same ;  also, 
the  Bichel  machine  for  testing  the  rate  of  detonation  of  explosives.  While 
these  special  machines  have  not  been  employed  at  any  of  the  several 
government  stations  abroad,  they  have  been  introduced  at  the  Pittsburg 
Testing  Station  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

Explosives  are  also  tested  at  the  German  station  in  another  way,  in 
Tauzl  lead  bloclcs.  These  are  blocks  of  certain  standard  size  and  drilled 
with  a  hole  of  definite  size.  The  explosion  of  a  small  quantity  of  the 
explosive  in  this  block  distorts  it.  The  increase  in  distortion  varies 
with  the  force  of  the  explosive.  These  blocks  are  not  suitable,  however, 
for  very  slow  acting  explosives,  like  gunpowder. 

In  addition  to  the  explosive  testing  apparatus,  the  station  is  provided 
with  an  apparatus  for  testing  safety  lamps,  in  varying  percentages  of 
fire-damp  and  at  various  speeds  of  current;  also  in  various  directions  of 
the  current,  that  is,  horizontal,  vertical,  up  or  down,  diagonally  descend- 
ing and  diagonally  ascending.  These  tests  are  of  the  utmost  value. 
Some  lamps  will  be  entirely  safe  in  a  quiet  atmosphere  containing  fire 
damp,  but  in  the  air  currents  which  traverse  mine  entries  today,  if  these 
are  heavily  charged  with  Methane,  old  style  lamps  qnickly  yield.  This 
is  notably  the  case  with  the  Davy  lamp  in  a  current  of  fire  damp.  For 
it  blows  through  the  gauze  very  quickly.  Tests  are  also  made  of  the 
glasses  of  safety  lamps.     Breakage  of  these  has  been  in  the  past  a  fre- 


RICE.]  FOEEIGN    MINING   EXPLOSION   STATIONS.  323 

quent  source  of  danger.  The  effect  of  the  tests  of  safety  lamps  have 
been  very  marked  in  the  reduction  of  the  number  of  accidents  arising 
from  the  ignition  of  fire  damp  in  the  mines. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  the  difference  in  point  of  view  of  the  Germans 
from  other  nationalities  regarding  designs  for  safety  lamps.  They  do 
not  believe  in  having  the  lamps  bonnetted^  but  they  do  advocate  double 
gauze,  although  that  is  not  yet  required  by  law.  The  bonnets  they  admit 
afford  better  protection  in  very  strong  currents,  but  they  oppose  their 
use  because  of  concealing  the  gauze  and  so  make  the  presence  of  fire 
damp  less  quickly  noticeable  to  the  workman.  In  this  respect  they  differ 
from  the  Belgians,  French  and  English,  whO'  generally  approve  of 
bonnetted  lamps. 

The  Belgium  station  is  located  at  Franeries  near  Mons.  This  station 
is  under  the  direction  of  M.  Stassart,  assisted  by  M.  Bolle,  both  of  whom 
are  professors  in  the  neighboring  mining  school  at  Mons  and  are  also 
Government  mining  inspectors.  The  Belgian  Mining  Department  is 
in  charge  of  M.  Watteyne,  who,  together  with  Herr  Meissner,  head  of 
the  German  Mining  Department,  and  Captain  Desborough  of  the  En- 
glish Explosives  department  recently  visited  the  mining  districts  of  this 
country  at  the  invitation  of  the  United  States  Government.  The  Belgian 
station  is  located  close  to  a  group  of  mines  and  the  gas  used  in  the  ex- 
plosive gallery  is  obtained  from  one  of  the  mines.  The  gallery  was 
patterned  after  the  German  gallery  and  only  differs  from  it  in  the  de- 
tail of  having  the  fans  driven  by  motor  instead  of  by  hand.  The  cannon 
is  also  similarly  mounted  in  a  block  of  concrete  at  the  inner  end  of  the 
gallery.  The  bore  of  the  cannon  is  5.5  C.  M.  and  has  a  length  of  46 
C.  M.  It  is  located  at  the  center  of  the  cross-section  and  is  pointed  a 
little  upwards  so  that  the  axis  projected  strikes  the  top  of  the  gallery 
nine  meters  from  the  open  end.  When  coal  dust  is  to  be  tested,  it  is 
introduced  in  a  way  similar  to  that  at  the  German  gallery.  In  some 
caseSi,  dust  is  placed  along  the  floor  beyond  the  explosion  division  of  the 
gallery.  The  disruptive  force  of  high  explosives  are  tested  in  Tauzl 
blocks.  There  is  also  a  lamp  testing  gallery  at  this  station  identical  with 
the  German.  In  addition  there  is  an  equipment  of  mine  rescue  appar- 
atus and  a  practice  gallery  consisting  of  a  large  square  room  with  ai 
glass  partition,  double  height  gallery,  inclined  ladders,  and  the  usual 
kinds  of  practice  material. 

The  French  have  no  Government  Station,  but  an  association  of  the 
operating  companies  of  the  Pas-de-Calais  district  have  established  a 
station  at  Lievin  in  the  central  part  of  the  district  and  close  to  a  mine 
from  which  they  secure  the  necessary  fire  damp  for  testing.  M.  Taffanel 
is  in  charge  of  this  station.  Some  preliminary  work  had  been  done  prior 
to  1907  in  an  iron  gallery  of  small  dimensions,  but  last  year  a  new  large 
gallery  was  erected  of  rectangular  cross-section,  about  the  size  of  a  mine 
passage.  The  explosion  end  is  constructed  of  reinforced  concrete  and 
the  farther  end  of  heavy  timber.  The  general  arrangement  is  not  dis- 
similar to  that  of  the  German  and  Belgian  galleries,  the  chief  difference 
being  in  the  method  for  introducing  dust  when  that  is  used.  It  is  dis- 
tributed on  the  floor  of  the  gallery.     The  cannon  is  depressed  slightly 


324  YEAK-BOOK   FOR   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

SO  the  axis  strikes  the  floor.  The  dust  is  not  stirred  into^  the  air  until 
raised  by  the  concussion  of  the  shot.  Nevertheless,  using  plain  dyna- 
mite, which  is  the  French  standard  explosive  for  testing  out  coal  dusts^ 
they  find  all  the  Pas-de^Calais  coal  dusts>  will  ignite  and  explode  when 
fired  in  this  way.  At  this  station  there  are  well  equipped  laboratories 
and  a  safety  lamp  testing  gallery  different  in  detail  from  the  German. 
This  is  hinged  to  allow  trial  of  the  lamps  in  varying  positions  and  with 
various  velocities. 

The  explosion  gallery  has  been  erected  primarily  for  the  study  of  the 
explosibility  of  coal  dust  and  the  possible  remedies  rather  than  for  a 
study  of  explosives.  The  French  Government  has  fixed  the  require- 
ments for  explosives  on  an  entirely  different  basis  than  practical  tests ;. 
namely,  upon  the  temperature  developed  by  the  combustion  or  detona- 
tion of  the  explosive.  This  is  determined  by  estimating  from  specific 
heat  of  the  component  chemicals.  An  allowance  of  about  200  degrees 
Centigrade  below  the  temperature  which  will  ignite  fire  damp,  is  fixed 
as  the  limiting  temperature  which  the  explosive  can  develop  and  still 
be  considered  permissable.  In  other  words,  an  explosive  must  liot  de- 
velop a  temperature  of  over  1,500  degrees  Centigrade.  The  other  for- 
eign authorities  consider  that  this  test  is  not  sufficiently  definite;  that 
the  actual  temperatures  developed  may  not  agree  with  the  calculated 
theoretical  temperatures.  Nevertheless,  the  French  consider  that  their 
figures  are  entirely  on  the  safe  side,  and  in  general  their  explosives  will 
pass  the  requirements  of  the  other  stations. 

I  cannot  better  express  the  comparison  of  the  different  methods  used 
abroad  than  to  quote  Captain  Desborough's  classification  of  the  several 
methods  as  given  in  his  evidence  about  bobinite  in  1907 :  First,  there 
is' the  theoretical  or  French  method;  second,  the  firing  of  unconfined 
charges,  the  Austrian  method;  third,  the  firing  of  partially  confined 
charges  as  employed  in  Belgium  and  Germany ;  and  fourth,  the  firing 
of  completely  confined  charges  as  used  in  England. 

In  planning  the  Pittsburgh  station.  Dr.  Holmes  and  his  assistants  have 
endeavored  to  incorporate  some  of  the  best  features  of  the  foreign 
stations — the  gas  and  dust  gallery  is  patterned  somewhat  after  the 
German  plan,  but  is  larger  and  with  additional  appliances.  The  En- 
glish method  of  using  uniform  tamping  has  been  adopted,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  charge  limit  of  each  explosive  passing  the  general  tests,  will 
be  determined  after  the  Belgian  and  German  plan.  The  English  ballistie 
pendulum  has  been  adopted  to  standardize  the  charges  of  explosives. 
The  Tauzl  lead  blocks  employed  in  the  Belgian  and  German  stations  are 
also  used.  The  safety  lamp  gallery  is  identical  with  those  at  Gelsen- 
kirchen  and  Frameries.  The  rescue  apparatus  room  is  similar  to,  and 
somewhat  larger  than  that  at  Frameries.  Besides  this  equipment,  either 
similar  or  improved  over  that  of  existing  stations,  the  Pittsburgh  plant 
has  a  large  separate  gallery  for  testing  motors,  lamps,  etc.  in  fire  damp 
and  coal  dust.  In  addition  there  is  apparatus  similar  to  that  of  certain 
German  explosives  manufacturers — the  Bichel  pressure  testing  appar- 
atus— the  Bichel  rate-of-detonation  apparatus  used  in  connection  with 


RICE.]  FOREIGN   MINING   EPXLOSION   STATIONS.  325 

a  large  coyered  pit  in  which,  the  explosive  cartridge  is  placed ;  also  there 
is  a  flame  photographing  apparatus  which  has  a  rapidly  revolving  film 
taking  successive  negatives  of  the  flames  of  an  explosive,  fired  from  a 
Tertical  cannon  in  an  inclosed  gallery. 

A  most  interesting  gallery  for  a  specific  purpose  has  recently  been 
erected  at  Altofts  in  lYorkshire,  England,  by  an  association  of  mine 
owners  and  the  experiments  put  in  charge  of  Mr.  W.  E.  G-arforth.  It 
is  for  testing  the  explosibility  of  a  coal  dust  under  varying  conditions. 
Among  other  things  the  following  points  are  sought  for: 

1.  The  relative  explosibility  of  coal  dust  under  different  conditions 
of  purity  and  with  various  air  currents. 

2.  To  see  if  there  are  such  phenomena  as  explosion  waves,  and  if  such 
■can  be  defined  to  find  their  length  under  varying  conditions. 

3.  The  remedy  for  such  explosive  conditions  of  coal  dust  and  the 
"trial  of  inert  or  barren  zones  for  arresting  the  course  of  an  explosion. 
The  term  inert  or  barren  zones  are  areas  in  which  coal  dust  has  been 
removed  or  else  rendered  by  dilution  with  shaly  material  instead  of 
water. 

The  gallery  is  of  unusually  large  dimensions.  It  is  7I/2  feet  in  diam- 
eter and  about  960  feet  long  in  all.  There  are  a  number  of  right  angle 
turns  in  it,  at  which  points  relief  doors  are  placed.  The  longest  straight 
section  is  about  650  feet  long.  This  is  the  explosion  chamber  and  is  also 
the  "intake'^  for  the  air.  A  fan  is  placed  at  the  other  extremity  of  the 
gallery,  and  is  capable  of  drawing  40,000  to  50,000  cubic  feet  of  air  per 
minute  through  the  gallery.  The  latter  is  built  of  old  but  sound  boiler 
shells  of  %-inch  thickness,  riveted  together,  and  the  inlet  end  is  strength- 
ened by  chain  wrapped  about  same.  The  bottom  is  floored  with  concrete 
on  which  a  mine  track  is  laid.  Mine  timbers  are  also  erected  to  further 
simulate  a  mine  passageway. 

In  a  test  coal  dust  is  laid  along  the  bottom  of  the  gallery  and  also  on 
the  timbers  and  lagging.  A  small  cannon  loaded  with  several  ounces  of 
black  powder  is  fired  electrically  to  stir  up  the  dust  and  then  as  soon  as 
the  experimenter  can  shift  the  firing  plug,  the  main  cannon  containing 
one  and  one-half  pounds  of  black  powder  is  fired.  The  latter  is  stationed 
about  100  feet  from  the  mouth  of  the  intake  and  pointing  outward. 
Invariably  an  explosion  of  the  coal  dust  is  caused  but  of  varying  inten- 
sit}^,  depending  on  the  quantity  of  coal  dust,  the  kind,  the  purity,  etc. 

At  the  time  of  the  visit  of  the  writer  and  Dr.  J.  A.  Holmes  the  gallery 
w^as  charged  with  coal  dust  for  250  feet  from  the  inlet.  The  flames 
shot  each  way  and  came  out  of  the  inlet  about  100  feet.  Two  days  before 
this  visit,  there  had  been  a  test  when  a  larger  quantity  of  coal  dust  was 
used  than  had  previously  been  tried.  It  was  spread  for  about  400  feet 
along  the  gallery.  The  result  was  startling.  Windows  were  blown  out 
of  houses  for  a  mile  or  so  around.  The  two  end  sections  of  the  boiler 
plate  were  torn  apart  and  pieces  scattered  for  a  quarter  of  a  mile.  We 
^ observed  one  piece  that  weighed  about  half  a  ton  that  had  been  hurled 
four  or  five  hundred  feet,  landing  not  far  from  the  bulk  head  erected 
for  the  protection  of  the  shot-firer.     This  demonstration  of  the  latent 


326  YEAE-BOOK   FOR   1908.  [bull.  no.  U 

power  stored  in  coal  dust^  the  energy  displayed,  increasing  in  greater 
ratio  than  the  lineal  distance  traversed  by  the  combustion  was  a  surprise 
even  to  those  familiar  with  mine  explosions. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  experiments  at  the  Altofts  gallery  with  its 
unnsnal  size  will  give  the  coal  mining  world  information  of  nnusnal  value 
about  the  phenomena  of  coal  dust  explosions  and  new  and  surer  methods 
of  remedy  than  those  now  known.  While  the  use  of  nonfiashing  explo- 
sives may  eliminate  one  of  the  chief  starting  causes,  we  must  remember 
that  there  are  other  ways  of  originating  great  sweeping  coal  dust  disas- 
ters. Small  as  well  as  large  explosions  of  fire-damp ;  even  bare  torches, 
and  electric  arcing  under  exceptional  circumstances ;  finally,  fires  making 
explosible  gases. 

In  conclusion  I  venture  to  point  out  that  a  large^  almost  overwhelm- 
ing series  of  problems  confront  the  United  States  testing  station  at 
Pittsburg.  We  have  been  fortunate  in  having  the  pioneer  work  done  by 
the  foreign  stations  and  our  debt  is  very  great  for  this  and  for  the  valu- 
able information  so  freely  given  by  the  able  conductors  of  these  stations 
and  the  mining  officials  of  England,  France,  Belgium  and  Germany. 


TAYLOR.]  MINE   EXPLOSIONS.  327 


Mine  Explosions. 

(By  James  Taylor,  Representing  the  Mine  Inspection  Service  of  Illinois.) 

Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen — In  presenting  my  paper  to  you  on 
Explosions^  I  feel  somewhat  timid  because  of  the  educational  advantages 
which  you  gentlemen  have  received  and  that  have  been  denied  to  me. 
But  a  few  weeks  of  my  boyhood  were  spent  in  the  school  and  fewer  of 
my  young  manhood  were  spent  in  securing  an  education.  The  theoret- 
ical knowledge  that  I  may  have  gathered  along  lifers  path  has  been  simi- 
lar to  that  of  gathering  pebbles  one  by  one  and  piling  them  up'  without 
any  idea  of  symmetrical  construction^  and  in  these  latter  days  of  my 
life  I  am  pulling  them  down  pebble  by  pebble  and  in  so  doing  may  throw 
out  today  one  or  two  into  your  theoretical  ideas  of  explosions  and  disturb 
the  quiet  brought  about  by  your  studies  on  this  question.  The  thirty- 
four  years  of  practical  experience  in  the  mines  of  this  State  have  taught 
me  a  "few  lessons  which  I  could  never  have  learned  in  institutions  of  the 
State  similar  to  this  you  have  here  in  Urbana.  You  will  find  my  paper 
thrown  together  somewhat,  as  my  education  has  been  thrown  together 
without  system  or  order,  but  such  as  it  is  I  now  proceed  to  give  you. 

Too  much  reliance  is  often  placed  by  the  management  of  our  mines 
on  the  supposed  security  of  ample  ventilation.  The  most  disastrous 
explosions  caused  by  windy,  or  blown-out  shots,  in  the  mines  of  this  Stats 
have  occurred  when  the  ventilation  was  of  superior  character.  This  is 
natural,  as  the  oxygen  in  the  good  ventilating  current  aids  in  the  quick 
ignition  and  combustion  of  the  carbon  monoxide  gas  given  off  by  the 
incomplete  combustion  of  the  powder. 

A  windy  or  blown-out  shot  is  one  in  which  the  powder  blows  out  the 
tamping  in  the  drill  hole,  and  does  not  throw  the  coal.  In  such  a  shot 
the  sides  of  the  drill  hole  are  instantly  converted  into  small  particles  of 
coal  dust  and  the  force  of  the  powder  has  been  expended  on  the  atmos- 
phere of  the  mine,  creating  velocity,  the  velocity  thus  created  puts  in 
motion  every  particle  of  fine  coal  dust  within  the  range  of  its  force,  and 
the  carbon  nonoxide  gas  generated  by  the  other  shots  that  have  been  fired 
a  moment  previous  to  the  blown-out  shot  are  exploded. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  explosive  range  of  a  gas  is  the  range  of  the 
percentage  of  that  gas  which  is  explosive  when  mixed  with  air.  The 
explosive  range  of  Marsh  gas  varies  from  6  to  14%  per  cent,  the  explo- 
sive range  of  carbon  monoxide  is  much  wider  than  this.  The  maximum 
explosive  mixture  of  the  above  gas  is  one  volume  CH  to  9.5  volume  of 
air  and  one  volume  of  CO  to  2.4  volume  of  air.  Carbon  monoxide  gas  i>? 
always  found  after  the  firing  of  shots.  This  gas  has  a  much  greater 
power  to  elongate  a  flame  than  fire-damp  has,  on  account  of  its  wider 
explosive  range.     Most  of  our  miners  can  verify  the  statement  that  they 


YEAK-BOOK   FOR   1908. 


[BULL.    NO.  U 


have  on  several  occasions  returned  to  the  working  face  after  firing  a 
shot,  applied  their  lighted  lamp  to  the  smoke  as  it  was  issuing  oiit  from 
the  coal,  or  between  the  coal  and  roof,  from  a  shot  that  had  failed  to 
throw  the  coal,  the  result  being  a  flame  or  small  explosion. 

The  practice  in  a  majority  of  the  mines  of  this  State  in  getting  (not 
mining)  the  coal,  is  that  of  blasting  off  the  solid,  that  is,  drilling  the 
blast  holes  horizontally  into  the  face  of  the  solid  coal,  charging  them 
heavih^  with  powder  and  tamping  with  find  dnst  or  clay.  The  evils 
resulting  from  this  system  of  getting  coal  are  many  and  great,  and  there 
is  nothing  to  recommend  it.  The  excessively  heavy  shots  employed  with 
this  system  of  blasting  coal  are  productive  of  a  large  proportion  of  the 
powder  and  coal  dust  being  consumed  in  the  atmosphere  of  the  mines 
thus  endangering  the  lives  of  the  miners,  also  the  property  of  the 
company. 

I  quote  the  following  from  the  1907  Coal  Report  of  the  Labor  Bureau 
of  this  State : 

^^The  number  of  machines  increased  from  962  to  1,105,  nearly  15  per 
cent. 

"The  use  of  powder  in  the  mines  is  still  on  the  increase;  this  year 
shows  that  1,261,910  kegs,  twenty-five  pounds  each,  were  consumed  in 
blasting  coal;  this  is  an  increase  of  234,537  kegs,  or  22.83  per  cent,  more 
than  was  used  last  year. 

"Seventy  per  cent  of  this  powder  is  used  in  the  sixth,  seventh,  eighth, 
ninth  and  tenth  districts. 

"There  were  165  men  killed  in  the  mines  during  the  year,  and  636 
were  more  or  less  seriously  injured.  The  record  last  year  was,  155 
killed  and  480  injured ;  the  number  injured  this  year  is  greater  than  for 
any  3^ear  since  1896. 

"The  ratio  of  accidents  for  the  year  was,  2.5  killed,  9.7  injured,  to 
each  1,000  persons  employed. 

Table  64 — Consumption  of  Powder  in  Shipping  Mines — Hand  Mining 
Exdiisivelif,  hy  Districts. 


Districts. 

Number 

of 

tons. 

Number 
of  tons 
per  keg. 

First 

1,027,342 
886,946 
1,165,497 
2,151,090 
2,663,033 
4,887,635 
2,305,908 
3,158,044 
3,480,597 
4,139,195 

69  94 

22.07 

Third                     

19.92 

19.10 

Fifth                             

22.87 

Sixth                            

20.37 

Seventh             .                       

53.51 

Eightli                         -          - 

29.46 

Ninth                                                        

26.27 

Tenth 

30.06 

Totals 

25,865,287 

25.78 

TAYLOR.] 


MINE   EXPLOSIONS. 


329 


Table  65- 

— Consumption  of  Powder 
ing  Exclusively, 

in 
by 

Shipping  Mines,  Maclmie  Min- 
Districts. 

Distriets. 

Number 
of  tons. 

Number  of 
tons  per  keg. 

Third           

12,945 

529,012 

4,036,737 

3,223,075 

927,209 

1,697,482 

25.81   (long  wall  mine) 

Sixth     

92.34 

Seventh                                                                       

129.34 

Eighth                                                               

108.66 

Ninth                                            .          

58.69 

Tenth                                    - 

64.95 

10,426,460 

96.02 

During  1907^  1,338,018  tons  of  coal  were  wasted  as  slack  and  dust. 
Such  a  system  of  mining  suggested  by  these  figures  should  be  condemned 
by  all  those  interested  in  the  prevention  of  accidents,  and  loss  of  life. 
Within  the  last  few  months  disastrous  explosions  resulting  in  great  loss 
of  life  have  occurred  with  such  frequent  regularity  that  an  investigation 
of  the  causes  bringing  about  such  accidents  in  our  mines  should  be  made 
by  a  commission  appointed  by  the  Legislature  of  this  State,  so  that,  if 
possible,  more  successful  efforts  may  be  made  toward  safe-guarding  the 
lives  of  those  employed  in  our  coal  mines. 

As  one  who  is  in  constant  touch  with  the  practical  management  of 
mines,  I  would  advocate  the  abolition  of  our  present  system  of  blasting 
coal  as  the  most  effective  preventive  of  mine  explosions  in  this  State, 
and,  while  I  realize  that  it  is  useless  at  this  time  to  advocate  the  return 
to  the  lump  coal  system  of  mining,  nevertheless  I  believe  this  to  be  the 
surest  cure  for  the  reckless  use  of  powder  and  the  lack  of  proper  prepa- 
ration of  shots. 

Opportunity  has  been  afforded  me  of  investigating  explosions  which 
have  occurred  in  mines  where  fire-damp  had  never  been  seen  and  where 
it  has  never  been  found  since.  It  is  universally  admitted  that  coal  dust 
is  a  "greater  enemy'^  than  fire-damp,  yet  it  is  a  fact  that  sufficient  atten- 
tion is  not  always  paid  to  the  prevention  of  its  production  and  accumu- 
lation, and,  in  my  opinion,  this  can  only  be  done  by  a  proper  system  of 
mining  and  a  constant  and  efficient  cleaning  of  roadways.  We  find 
ample  proof  that  it  is  the  desire  of  almost  every  mine  manager  to  repose 
comfortably  under  some  form  of  watering  the  dust,  generally  the  sprink- 
ling systelm.  Prof.  Dixon,  a  writer,  experimenter  and  authority  on  the 
rate  of  explosion  in  gases,  has  shoAvn  that  if  the  maximum  force  of  an 
i3xplosion  is  to  be  developed,  it  is  necessary  to  add  5  per  cent  of  water 
vapor  to  mixtures  of  air  and  gas  and  that  this  volume  of  vapor  can  only 
he  added  by  using  steam.  Therefore,  it  is  quite  clear  that  theoretically 
it  is  impossible  to  sufficiently  saturate  the  air  of  a  mine  with  water  to 
limit  the  extent  of  an  explosion.  This  subject  has  been  tested  in  a  prac- 
tical way  by  German  engineers  and  by  actual  experiment  proved  that 
very  little  more  than  3  per  cent  of  vapor  could  be  added  to  mine  air, 
and  spraying  as  a  protective  agent  was  abandoned ;  they  also  proved  that 
when  certain  coal  dust  was  (mixed  with  air,  water  had  no  restrictive 
-action  on  the  flame  from  a  shot. 


330  YEAE-BOOK   FOR   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

We  have  had  several  explosions  in  our  mines  by  the  lack  of  forethought 
on  the  part  of  the  mine  management.  A  violation  of  the  mining  law, 
which  provided  to  enter  a  mine,  and  the  lack  of  forethought  in  per- 
mitting the  men  to  enter  the  mine  while  the  fan  was  stopped,  caused  the 
explosion,  which  killed  fifty  men  at  the  Zeigler  Coal  Company's  mine 
April  3,  1905. 

A  few  weeks  ago  twenty-eight  men  lost  their  lives  in  this  same  mine 
by  lack  of  forethought  on  the  part  of  the  management  in  not  making 
a  thorough  examination  of  all  the  working  places  in  the  mine  with 
helmets  before  allowing  the  men  to  work  therein. 

Many  of  our  explosions  are  clearly  due  to  ignorance  on  the  part  of 
some  miners,  who  only  appear  to  know  that  powder  placed  in  a  drill 
hole  and  tamped  will  produce  an  explosion  that  will  break  the  coal. 
They  are  entirely  ignorant  of  the  expansive  force  of  powder,  or  of  the 
resistance  of  a  solid  body  of  coal,  and,  in  fact,  of  the  simplest  principles 
of  mining.  Instead  of  being  miners  they  are,  what  the  secretary  of  the 
Bureau  of  Labor  calls  them,  in  his  1904  report,  coal  "butchers";  they 
are  nothing  more  than  unskilled  laborers,  and  many  of  our  disasters  are 
a  convincing  proof  of  the  claim,  so  frequently  made,  that  the  successful 
and  intelligent  miner  is  a  skilled  mechanic.  It  is  unfortunate  that  such 
unskilled  labor  is  gaining  a  footing  in  the  coal  mines  of  our  State,  but 
the  fact  that  this  is  so  is  before  us,  and  a  remedy  is  needed.  What  this 
remedy  shall  be  is  hard  to  say ;  the  principle  applied  in  other  industries 
ought  to  be  at  least  tried  in  the  mines,  and  this  principle  is  to  make 
every  man  that  desires  a  place  as  a  miner  show  that  he  has  served  an 
apprenticeship  loading  coal  and  learned  his  trade  before  he  is  allowed 
to  handle  powder  and  prepare  shots.  Experience  is  fully  demonstrating 
that  neither  life  nor  property  is  safe  when  in  the  keeping  of  densely 
ignorant  and  unexperienced  men.  The  cause  of  explosions  of  all  kinds 
should  receive  greater  attention  and  consideration  for  the  reason  that 
no  matter  how  intelligent,  careful  or  circumspect  a  miner  or  a  number 
of  miners  may  be,  they  are  always  liable  to  be  the  victims  of  some  foolish 
or  overt  act  that  would  cost  them  their  lives,  and,  as  the  strength  of  the 
weakest  link  in  a  chain  measures  the  strength  of  the  whole  chain,  so 
then  safety  is  measured  by  the  probable  misconduct  of  some  ignorant 
or  vicious  person  who  cannot  realize  the  awful  consequence  of  his  mis- 
behavior. 

Too  much  is  expected  of  our  State  inspectors  of  mines,  and  too  little 
authority  is  granted  to  them  by  law.  If  the  inspectors  are  to  use  all 
possible  means  for  the  prevention  of  accidents  and  to  see  that  necessary 
appliances  are  provided  for  safety  of  those  working  in  and  about  coal 
mines,  they  should  receive  the  cooperation  of  the  operators,  superintend- 
ents, mine  managers,  and  the  miners  themselves.  Thev  should  have  the 
power  to  discharge,  and  police  power  to  arrest,  those  violating  the  law. 
Having  such  power  they  could  compel  obedience  to  all  rules  and  law,  and 
establish  such  discipline  as  to  greatly  lessen  the  danger  of  accident.  In 
ray  opinion  the  majority  of  the  explosions  and  other  accidents  may  be 
traced  to  a  violation  of  the  mining  law,  which  is  the  usual  result  of  a 
lack  of  discipline. 


VERNER.]  CAUSES   OF   MINE   EXPLOSIONS.  331 


Some  Causes  op  Mine  Explosions. 

(By  Mr.  Joan  Verner,  State  Mine  Inspector  of  Iowa.) 


There  is  not  a  person  in  this  audience  more  pleased  over  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Pittsburg  experiment  station  than  I.  For  a  number  of 
years  I  have  realized  the  pressing  need  of  the  assistance  of  the  national 
government  in  the  investigations  of  mine  explosions  and  the  advisability 
of  the  creation  of  a  central  source  of  reliable  and  useful  information 
regarding  them^  and  I  am  pleased,  indeed,  that  the  help  of  the  national 
government  has  been  finally  secured.  I  believe  the  work  is  in  thoroughly 
competent  hands,  and  I  fully  expect  that  the  results  obtained  will  be  of 
material  benefit  to  the  coal  mining  industry  of  the  United  States. 

There  are  two  reasons  why,  in  my  judgment,  we  have  not  made  more 
satisfactory  progress  in  the  solution  of  the  problem  of  dust  explosions. 
The  first  reason  may  be  ascribed  to  the  fact  that  there  has  been  an  appar- 
ent and  persistent  effort  to  befuddle  the  situation  by  dragging  in  non- 
essential, extraneous  matter  and  by  the  belief  expressed  in  some  quarters 
that  these  explosions  are  due  to  mysterious  agencies.  We  can  excuse  the 
miner  for  his  belief  in  the  supernatural,  but  it  is  disappointing,  to  say 
the  least,  to  have  a  mining  journal  editorially  endorse  the  idea  that 
earthquakes  and  tidal  waves  may  exert  an  influence  in  causing  mine 
explosions. 

The  second  reason  is  that  the  value  of  the  factors  entering  into  du.^t 
explosion  and  their  correct  relation  to  each  other  have  not  yet  been 
definitely  established.  It  is  generally  assumed  that  coal  dust  is  the 
prime  factor  in  a  dust  explosion.  In  my  judgment,  this  assumption 
and  belief  has  been  largely  responsible  for  the  long  continued  delay  in 
finding  the  proper  solution  of  the  dust  explosion,  for,  as  I  see  it,  of  the 
three  factors  entering  into  the  problem,  it  is  the  least  important.  Of 
course,  there  must  be  an  initial  flame  and  the  development  of  consider- 
able heat,  but  aside  from  that  the  status  and  manner  of  flow  of  the  mine 
air  constitute  the  prime  and  determinina:  factors  in  the  starting  of  a 
dust  explosion.     To  a  certain  extent  the  dust  is  merelv  a  passive  factor. 

The  air  question  in  an  explosion  has  been  viewed  so  far  onty  from  the 
chemical  standpoint,  yet,  important  as  the  chemical  function  of  air  is  in 
the  explosion,  its  mechanical  function  is  the  deciding  feature,  and  I 
shall  attempt  to  show  that  mine  air,  under  proper  conditions,  becomes 
the  most  effective  and  powerful  mechanical  stoker  in  existence. 

I  believe  the  dust  is  thrown  into  the  flame  by  an  inrush  of  air  along 
the  mine  floor  and  I  question  the  entire  correctness  of  the  claim  that  the 
flame  is  injected  into  the  dust. 


382  YEAK-BOOK   FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

In  an  article  read  before  the  Mine  Inspectors'  Institute  of  America 
last  June,  I  stated  the  following : 

The  theory  that  the  flame  of  an  explosion  projects  itself  into  the  dust 
ahead  of  it,  and  thus  extends  the  explosion^s  scope,  appears  to  be 
extremely  faulty.  It  suggests  a  sort  of  stationary  condition  of  the  sus- 
pended dust,  or  otherwise  its  acceptance  must  be  based  on  the  assump- 
tion that  the  explosion's  flame  moves  faster  than  the  dust,  or,  in  other 
words,  faster  than  its  own  explosive  force.  It  would  seem  that  argument 
is  not  required  to  show  the  apparent  impossibility  of  this.  If  it  is 
assumed  that  dust  and  flame  move  with  about  equal  velocity,  and  that 
there  is  no  inrush  of  air  and  dust,  what  chance  will  there  be  for  the 
extension  of  the  explosion,  with  the  fuel  and  the  air  to  burn  it  receding 
with  a  speed  commensurate  to  that  of  the  advancing  flame  ?  As  a  proof, 
consider  Peckham's  experiments ;  mechanical  and  physical  properties  of 
the  air  shown  by  Sir  Frederick  Abel ;  the  dust-fired  furnace. 

The  claim  that  a  dust  explosion's  force  extends  from  the  top  of  the  coal 
down  to  the  bottom  and  in  that  condition  moves  in  one  direction  only 
through  the  mine  passages  is  unbelievable,  because  the  force  would  be 
so  tremendous  as  to  destroy  any  mine,  in  which  it  was  developed,  beyond 
recovery. 

As  to  the  question  of  saturation,  it  is  claimed  that  coal  dust  explo- 
sions are  most  frequent  in  the  coldest  months  of  the  year,  because  of 
undersaturation.  I  am  not  prepared  to  say  that  this  is  not  the  case,  but 
I  can  say  that,  judging  from  the  results  of  the  Altoft's  experiments  and 
actual  explosions  in  this  country,  that  neither  natural  or  artificially  pro- 
duced saturation  have  proved  reliable  preventives  of  dust  explosions  in 
the  past. 

Mr.  Prank  Haas  in  his  splendid  paper  on  coal  dust  expresses  the  belief 
that  undersaturation  presents  a  very  dangerous  feature.  He  cites  the 
fact  that  September,  1907,  was  a  very  dry  month,  and  he  estimates  that 
during  this  period  the  return  air  current  carried  out  fully  20  per  cent 
more  water  than  was  furnished  by  the  atmosphere  in  the  intake,  which 
in  an  ordinary  mine,  so  he  says,  would  represent  about  3,000  gallons  of 
water  per  day.  Yet,  under  this,  claimed  highly  dangerous  condition, 
there  were  no  explosions  of  any  magnitude  during  the  month  of  Sep- 
tember, 1907,  at  least  I  have  failed  to  hear  of  any.  The  question  arises 
what  prevented  dust  explosions  under  such  circumstances,  when  appar- 
ently, according  to  Mr.  Haas'  view,  the  condition  was  so  favorable  for 
their  occurrence.  Mr.  Haas  favors  pre-h eating  the  air  in  the  winter  on 
its  entrance  to  the  mine,  and,  I  believe,  he  is  on  the  right  track  in  this 
respect,  and,  considering  that  September  is  generally  a  warm  month,  it 
is  somewhat  surprising  that  he  puts  so  much  weight  on  undersaturation 
and  neglects  entirely  the  possible  effect  of  the  prevailing  temperature. 
The  work  of  prevention  of  dust  explosions  must  commence  at  the  work- 
ing face. 


EVANS.]  SMOKE   PREVENTION.  833 


Smoke  Prevention. 

(By  Dr.  W.  A.  Evans,  Commissioner  of  Health,  Chicago,  111.) 


I  am  not  competent  to  discuss  the  technical  side  of  smoke  prevention 
in  such  a  way  as  to  add  to  your  enlightenment.  I  will  discuss  smoke, 
therefore,  as  a  factor  in  air  pollution  and  particularly  in  regard  to  air 
pollution  and  disease. 

In  1907  Chicago  had  32,000  deaths.  Of  these  9,000  were  due  to  what 
we  term  bad  air  diseases :  consumption^  pneumonia,  bronchitis  and  influ- 
enza. In  1908  there  were  30,000  deaths  and  8,000  deaths  from  this 
group  of  diseases.  In  order  that  you  may  understand  the  importance 
of  these  figures,  compare  the  4,900  deaths  from  pneumonia  with  the 
376  from  typhoid;  the  3,700  from  tuberculosis  with  the  500  from  diph- 
theria. Splitting  the  decennial  period  1898-1907  in  two  and  comparing 
the  last  half  with  the  first,  and,  speaking  in  terms  of  deaths  per  100,000 
living,  we  find  that  deaths  from  all  causes  improved  36.2.  A  part  of 
this  was  due  to  the  following  items :  Improvement  in  acute  contagious 
diseases,  13.2;  impure  water  diseases,  11.7;  impure  food  diseases,  10.8. 
But  in  the  impure  air  diseases  there  is  a  loss  of  21.7.  All  of  the  effort 
had  been  exerted  on  contagious  disease,  impure  water  and  impure  food. 
The  related  groups  improved.  The  pollution  of  the  air  goes  unchecked. 
The  deaths  resulting  increase. 

In  1908  war  was  waged  on  the  impure  air  diseases.  Comparing  1908 
with  the  whole  of  the  ten-year  period  just  cited,  and  still  speaking  in 
deaths  per  100,000  living,  we  find  an  improvement  in  the  general  death 
rate  of  forty-six;  an  improveiment  in  the  bad  air  disease  of  forty-six. 
Most  of  that  was  in  pneumonia.  The  consumption  improvement  was 
slight.  But  the  people  who  died  of  consumption  in  1908  got  it,  in  the 
main,  in  1907  and  1906.  The  consumption  death  rate  of  1909  will  be 
a  better  index  of  etiologic  conditions  in  1908  than  was  the  consumption 
death  rate  of  1908. 

As  you  see,  a  little  effort  is  doing  a  lot  of  good.  Some  of  this  effort 
is  being  put  forth  by  the  smoke  commission,  sotae  by  the  health  depart- 
ment, some  by  the  manufacturers,  some  by  the  doctors,  but,  most  of  it 
is  the  effort  of  the  people  themselves. 

You  will  note  that  I  am,  talking  about  air  pollution  and  bad  air  dis- 
eases and  not  specifically  about  smoke.  Now,  what  are  the  air  factors 
in  these  bad  air  diseases  ? 

As  I  treat  the  subject  from  the  disease  standpoint,  I  must  maintain 
my  perspective,  though  I  realize  that  you  who  work  in  fuel  stand  closer 
to  smoke  and  therefore  with  you  it  looms  larger  than  I  indicate.     The 


334  YEAK-BOOK    FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  U 

most  important  item  of  air  pollution  is  the  bacterial  flora  thereof;  the 
tubercle  bacilli,  pnenmococci,  diphtheria,  scarlet  fever  and  measles 
germs,  pink  eye,  influenza  and  other  bacteria  of  occasional  interest. 

I  wish  to  make  qualifying  statements : 

First,  Pathogenesis  does  not  persist  more  than  a  few  minutes  when 
the  germs  are  brought  in  contact  with  sunlight  and  a  good  grade  of  air. 
Therefore  not  all  of  the  germs  or  bacteria  which  get  into  the  air  are 
capable  of  spreading  disease.  Much  of  the  dust  is  quite  harmless.  I 
rode  with  the  First  Cavalry  from  Chicago  to  Fox  Lake  and  back  last 
July.  My  usual  station  was  at  the  rear  of  the  column.  There  were 
600  men  and  more  horses ;  at  times  the  dust  made  it  impossible  to  see 
objects  forty  feet  away.  There  were  no  colds.  The  same  exposure. to 
the  infected  dust  of  Chicago  streets  would  have  caused  colds  and  pink 
eye  to  be  nearly  universal. 

Second,  Carriers  are  not  of  the  consequence  sometimes  thought.  The 
entirely  well  man  whose  mouth  harbors  pneumococci  or  diphtheria  bacilli 
is  usually  doing  no  harm.  In  the  process  of  habituation  the  host  changes 
the  bacillus  about  as  much  as  the  bacillus  changes  the  host.  The  spreader 
is  the  convalescent  and  the  man  actively  sick. 

The  second  factor  is  trade  dust.  This  dust  is  composed  of  fractured 
particles  with  sharp  edges.  The  workman  usually  works  just  before  a 
dust  making  machine  or  tool,  therefore  he  is  the  point  of  maximum  con- 
centration. The  dust  of  the  more  dangerous  trades  has  no  sulphurous 
acid  to  stifle  and  no  odors  to  offend,  therefore  it  is  tolerated.  For  all 
of  these  reasons  trade  dust  ranks  second  to  bacterial  flora. 

In  the  whole  population,  bad  air  diseases  cause  30  per  cent  of  the  total 
deaths.  In  metal  polishers  and  stone  cutters  actively  working,  they  cause 
90  per  cent  of  the  total  mortality. 

The  third  factor  is  excretory  air.  It  has  been  difficult  to  decide  just 
v/hat  is  the  harmful  factor  in  expired  air.  N'o  specific  poison  has  been 
demonstrated.  No  extraction  has  been  accepted.  CO2  is  held  to  be  of 
minor  consequence.  Pflugge^s  opinion  that  is  due  to  temperature  acting 
en  the  peripheral  nerve  endings  of  the  body  is  the  most  popular  view 
at  the  present  time.  No  one  had  been  able  to  demonstrate  just  the 
poisonous  agent  in  the  other  excreta.  This  is  true  of  the  urine  and  the 
faeces.  With  excretory  air,  urine  and  faeces  the  position  is  the  same. 
The  product  is  poisonous — efforts  at  further  analysis  have  been  fruitless: 
The  opinions  other  than  Pflugge's  are  moderately  harmful.  Pflugge's 
is  positively  harmful  in  that  it  leads  entirely  awav  from  the  one  known 
fact,  that  the  product  is  poisonous.  It  has  one  element  of  truth — cold 
air  environment  is  beneficent,  warm  air  environment  is  harmful.  The 
reason  is,  that  waste  air  expired  into  an  environment  of  cold  air,  being 
hot,  will  at  once  rise  out  of  the  breathing  zone  and  thereby  become 
harmless,  unless  engineers,  calling  themselves  ventilating  experts,  put 
outlets  at  the  floor  and  inlets  at  the  ceiling.  Whenever  the  laws  of  men 
run  counter  to  the  laws  of  God,  man  suffers. 

Fourth,  I  mention  odors  out  of  order  to  get  the  subject  of  the  way — 
odors  serving  as  warnings  have  helped  health  rather  than  hindered  it. 


EVANS.]  SMOKE   PREVENTION.  335 

The  little  health  harm  which  they  do,  causing  nausea,  worry  and  hys- 
teria in  those  who  get  excited  about  them,  is  offset  by  their  efficacy  in 
keeping  people  away  from  bad  places. 

Fifth,  Smoke.  How  does  smoke  do  harm?  It  fills  the  air  with  car- 
bon particles,  with  CO2,  CO,  SOs  and  with  volatile  oils.  Most  smoke 
ordinances  are  based  on  the  density  of  smoke.  I  have  been  greatly  inter- 
ested in  the  London  effort  to  rid  their  laws  of  the  dense  smoke  provi- 
sions. This  discussion  is  to  be  found  in  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Sani- 
tary Institute  for  1907.  It  is  beginning  to  appear  with  us.  For 
example :  A  few  weeks  ago  I  was  visited  by  the  agent  of  one  skyscraper 
complaining  of  a  neighboring  building.  Brother  Bird  had  forced  a 
proper  firebox  into  the  building  complained  of.  There  was  no  smoke. 
But  there  was  a  colorless  gas  which  stifled  those  into  whose  office  win- 
dows it  blew. 

Smoke  carbon  is  probably  as  little  harmful  as  any  solid  which  can 
be  taken  into  the  human  body.  It  is  quite  inert  chemically.  Physically 
it  irritates  but  little.  The  harm  that  it  does  is  that  it  transports  bacteria 
and  secure  entrance  for  them  where  alone  they  would  be  repulsed.  In 
bacteriology  we  have  an  illustration  of  this  principle  in  tetanus,  which 
affects  much  more  uniformly  in  mixtures  than  it  does  alone.  In  physics 
we  have  the  sludge  filtration  methods  of  water  purification. 

Sulphur  compounds  are  very  objectionable  and  probably  more  harm- 
ful. Probably  before  long  our  dense  smoke  ordinances  will  be  changed 
so  as  to  add  to  the  carbon  control  other  provisions  which  will  control 
sulphur  compounds.  Possibly,  also,  combustion  experiments  will  like- 
wise be  directed  more  to  the  solution  of  the  sulphur  problem. 

Markel  suggests  that  sulphur  has  something  like  a  ferment  action  in 
the  air  in  that  in  tends  to  be  automatically  renewable.  He  says  sulphur- 
ous acid  falls  on  iron  and  is  at  once  oxidized  into  sulphuric  acid.  It 
corrodes  the  iron  and  makes  ferrous  sulphate.  This  picks  up  oxygen 
from  the  air  and  makes  basic  ferric  sulphate.  This  picks  up  iron  and 
makes  ferrous  sulphate  and  iron  oxide.  The  rust  drops  off,  and  a 
new  sulphur  cycle  is  started. 

Eideal  found  that  whitewashed  walls  were  of  great  service  where  gas 
was  burned,  as  the  lime  took  up  the  sulphur  from  the  air. 

Amounts  of  sulphur  found  in  the  air  at  different  analyses  are :  Lon- 
don (Eideal)  .015  to  0.77  grams  per  100  cubic  feet.  The  same  at 
Manchester.  At  Kew  an  analysis  of  dust  from  an  exposed  surface  showed 
2  per  cent  sulphur. 

Other  figures  for  sulphur  are :  Cohen  and  Heffort  say  that  for  100 
pounds  of  sulphur  in  coal  71.78  pounds  will  go  off  as  sulphur  gases; 
14.51  pounds  will  be  absorbed  by  the  soot  and  escape  with  it  and  13.71 
pounds  will  remain  in  the  ash.  In  London  each  day  981,792  poimds 
of  sulphur  is  poured  into  the  air  from  coal  consumption;  from  gas,  893 
pounds;  from  mineral  oils,  743  pounds. 

In  Glasgow  and  Manchester  twenty  tons  of  sulphur  escape  daily  in 
the  smoke. 


336  YEAE-BOOK   FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Fats  and  oils  are  of  increasing  importance  from  the  standpoint  of  air 
jDollntion.  In  this  the  antomohile  is  a  bad  offender.  Indirectly  the 
oiling  of  the  streets  which  has  come  about  through  the  infinence  of  the 
automobile  has  added  to  the  proportion  of  oils  and  fats  in  the  air. 

Cohen  says  that  in  Leeds  15  per  cent  of  the  soot  is  mineral  oil.  This 
is  less  than  the  Chicago  figures.  Fats  and  oils  probably  harm  health  in 
the  same  indirect  way  as  does  carbon^  but  in  a  lesser  measure.  This  may 
not  be  true  of  gasoline  and  the  products  of  incomplete  gasoline  pro- 
duction. 

CO2  and  CO :  The  present  tendencv  is  to  believe  that  we  can  stand 
much  higher  percentages  of  CO2  than  are  ever  found  in  the  outside  air. 
That  the  devastating  waves  that  follow  volcanic  eruptions  are  due  to 
CO,  to  sulphur  gases,  and  to  other  gases  and  not  to  CO2.  GO  is  directly 
toxic.  CO2  is  depressent  and  remotely  toxic  and  therefore  for  both  of 
these  reasons  it  is  harmful.  It  does  not  kill  in  one  whiff  in  any  con- 
centration, ^'either  does  a  child  get  a  complete  education  in  five  minutes- 
in  a  grammar  school.  Some  figures  are :  Schafer  says  that  London 
pours  100,000  tons  of  CO2  into  the  air  each  day  as  smoke.  Every  ton 
of  completely  consumed  coal  pours  about  three  tons  of  CO2  and  CO 
into  the  air. 

The  volume  of  .dirt  which  will  deposit  from  the  air  ranges  from  one 
to  six  tons  per  acre  per  year,  according  to  the  location,  with  regard  to 
smoke  and  dust  producers.  It  ranges  broadly  in  quality.  Near  a  boule- 
vard it  is  rich  in  oils ;  near  a  brick  kiln  or  a  factory  or  locomotive  yards 
it  is  rich  in  sulphur  and  in  carbonic  monoxide.  Near  an  elevated  road 
it  is  rich  in  iron. 

How  else  does  it  do  harm? 

First,  It  kills  vegetation.  Eough  equilibrium  between  animal  and 
vegetable  life  is  required  to  maintain  atmospheric  chemical  equilibrium/ 
Our  two  and  one-quarter  million  people  huddled  on  a  few  square  miles — 
at  places  living  300  to  the  acre — need  trees  and^  grass.  Our 
soil  is  eandy  and  poor;  it  is  drained  dry.  It  is  covered  by 
roofs  and  paving.  Vegetation  at  best  has  a  hard  time.  Smoke  stops  up 
its  pores  with  carbon  and  with  oil.  The  oil  picks  up  other  dirt.  The 
SO2  poisons  when  it  passes  one  part  in  one  million.  Manv  kinds  of 
vegetation  will  not  live  at  all  without  washing,  and  grooming  trees  is 
expensive. 

Second,  It  decreases  sunlis:ht.  Sunlight  is  needed  to  kill  bacteria 
and  to  purify  the  air.  It  adds  to  the  cost  of  lighting.  The  St.  James 
Gazette  sa^^s  that  smoke  costs  London  $73,000.00  a  day  for  extra  lighting 
bills.  Such  figures  are  little  better  than  guesses.  Aside  from  the  money, 
these  extra  lights  add  to  the  harm  of  smoke  to  health. 

Third,  F'ogs.  The  air  heavy  with  suspended  solids  becomes  sur- 
charged with  moisture  and  this  is  fog..   Fogs  are  disease  breeders. 

Fourth,  There  are  wastes  aside  from,  direct  health  matters  which  ai'e 
of  consequences: 

(a)  The  loss  of  fuel  values;  the  large  economics  of  this  you  are 
engaged  in  working  out. 

(b)  The  laundry  cost  of  smoke  is  enormous. 

((')     The  loss  to  nonwashing  clothes,  in  stores  and  out,  is  very  great. 


EVANS.]  SMOKE   SUPPRESSION.  887 

(d)  The  increased  painting  and  whitewashing  expense  is  very  great; 
paint  is  made  dingy  and  is  renewed,  whitwash  becomes  gypsum  and  no 
longer  looks  white.  In  coal  districts  it  is  cheaper  to  let  the  weather 
destroy  the  wood  than  to  try  to  protect  it  with  paint  or  whitewash. 

(e)  Metal  structures  are  corroded  by  the  sulphur  gases  and  other 
gases  with  free  bonds. 

(f)  Wooden  work  is  less  durable  as  well  less  sightly. 

(g)  Property  values  of  adjacent  properties  are  lowered  often  times 
to  a  nonproductive- basis. 

(h)     It  serves  to  lower  the  general  tone  of  a  community. 

A  spotless  town  is  more  apt  to  be  moral  than  a  dirty  town.  It  is 
useless  to  try  to  get  a  spotless  town  and  leave  the  smoke.  If  the  air 
is  dirty  it  is  very  hard  to  get  the  streets,  the  yards,  the  clothes,  the 
people  clean. 


-22  G 


338  YEAE   BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 


Smoke  Suppression. 

(By  A.  Bement,  Consulting  Engineer,  Chicago,  111.) 


The  subject  of  smoke  suppression  and  smokeless  furnaces  is  one  about 
which  very  much  has  been  said  and  written.  It  has,  however,  in  my 
opinion,  simplified  itself  ver}^  much,  so  that  all  I  am  able  to  profitably 
say  may  be  presented  in  a  few  words. 

Every  type  of  stoker  and  furnace  apparatus  regularly  manufactured 
and  on  the  market  as  a  standard  article  of  commerce,  has  produced 
smoke  in  great  volume.  Likewise  each  at  times  has  run  smokelessl}^,  due 
more  or  less  to  efficient  or  inefficient  operation  and  manual  assistance 
given  the  combustion  process,  and,  when  manipulated  with  sufficient 
care,  it  has  usually  been  possible  to  secure  a  satisfactory  result.  But, 
strictly  speaking,  there  is  no  furnace  apparatus  on  the  market  offered 
regularly  for  sale  as  a  standard  manu.factured  article  which  can  be 
depended  upon  to  burn  coal  without  smoke.  I  realize  that  this  is  a 
rather  sweeping  statement;  it  is  a  fact,  nevertheless.  Therefore,  to 
insure  the  desired  result,  a  better  type  of  apparatus  must  be  employed; 
not  at  all  a  difficult  "matter,  as  the  essentials  are  quite  simple.  The  two 
requirements  for  perfect  performance  are  as  follows : 

1.  That  coal  shall  be  introduced  to  the  fire  at  a  uniform  rate,  which 
must  be  done  automatically  by  machinery,  such  as  a  stoker,  as  introduc- 
tion by  hand  is  too  uncertain  and  unreliable ; 

2.  That  a  sufficiently  large  combustion  chamber  be  afforded,  so  that 
the  gases  are  burned  before  they  escape. 

An  apparatus  filling  such  requirements  was  devised  in  Chicago  some 
seven  or  eight  years  ago  by  Mr.  W.  L.  Abbott  President  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  of  this  University,  and  a,  copy  thereof  is  now  located  in  the  engi- 
neering laboratory,  where  it  may  be  observed  in  operation. 

The  great  difficulty  that  confronts  us  is  that  so  much  money  is 
invested  in  the  manufacture  and  so  many  people  engaged  in  the  sale' 
of  this  great  mass  of  inefficient  apparatus,  that  improvement  must  neces- 
sarily be  slow.  These  manufacturers  do  not  want  to  discard  their  pat- 
terns and  abandon  the  machine  upon  which  they  have  built  their  business. 
In  this  course  they  are  supported  by  their  friends,  among  whom  are 
coQsulting  engineers  who  have  specified  such  apparatus,  and  do  not  feel 
cafe  in  laking  chances  with  something  they  do  not  understand,  notwith- 
standins:  the  fact  that  they  are  credited  with  ability  to  discriminate. 

The  :.-Diall  plant,  concerning  which  Mr.  Bird  has  spoken,  is  a  genuine 
problem.     Personally,  I  believe  that  stokers  are  justifiable  in  very  small 


BEMENT.J  8MOKE   SUPPRESSION.  889 

installations,  very  mnch  smaller,  in  fact,  than  has  nsually  been  con- 
sidered profitable.  However,  there  is  a  class  of  service  so  small  that  it 
will  not  pay  the  owner  to  install  a  stoker.  In  snch  plants  the  presence 
of  a  man  is  required,  and  stoking  the  fire  is  a  small  problem.  The 
owner  wonld  find  it  cheaper  to  engage  a  competent  fireman  who  wonld 
render  efficient  service,  than  to  purchase  an  expensive  apparatus.  In 
these  cases  enforcement  of  smoke  ordinances  will  insure  that  there  will 
be  no  smoke,  provided  a  good  hand-fired  apparatus  is  employed. 

The  sulphur  dioxide  from  chimneys  which  show  no  evidence  of 
smoke  as  referred  to  by  Dr.  Evans,  is  a  serious  matter,  and  it  is  probable 
that  in  cities,  it  will  be  necessary  to  carry  chimneys  to  a  greater  height 
than  is  at  present  the  custom,  so  that  gases  may  be  carried  up  above  the 
buildings,  thus  minimizing  the  harmful  effect. 


340  ,    YEAE   BOOK   FOR   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 


The  College  of  Engineering  and  the  Mining  Interests  of  the 

State. 

Abstract  of  address  delivered  by  W.  F.  M.  Goss,  Dean  of  the  College  of  Engineering,  University  of  Illiy 

nois.) 


The  service  of  first  importance^  which  the  college  of  engineering  of 
the  University  of  Illinois  renders  the  State^  is  that  of  training  yonng 
men  for  its  industries.  The  extent  to  which  this  service  is  today  being 
rendered  by  the  college  is  to  be  judged  by  the  fact  that  the  enrollment 
of  students  during  the  present  year  exceeds  1,200.  Nearly  every  county 
in  the  State  has  its  representatives  in  the  student  body,  and  many  indus- 
trial establishments  of  this  and  other  states  have  graduates  or  former 
students  of  the  college  upon  their  staff.  In  the  departments  of  civil, 
mechanical  and  electrical  engineering  are  many  courses  which  contribu.te 
directly  to  the  different  phases  of  the  general  problem  involved  in  the 
production,  transportation  and  utilization  of  fuels,  and  hence  it  appears 
that  the  college  is  already  doing  much  of  direct  benefit  to  the  fuel  min- 
ing interests  of  the  State. 

In  addition  to  its  work  of  training  students^  the  college  of  engineer- 
ing stands  before  the  industries  of  the  State  as  an  independent,  scientific 
agency^  prepared  at  all  times^  so  far  as  it  may  be  able,  to  give  to  any  who 
may  ask  for  it,  accurate  information  concerning  the  principles  of  science 
and  their  application  to  specific  industries.  The  developments  of  modern 
science  and  technology  never  cease,  and  each  new  fact  has  its  effect 
directly  or  indirectly  in  modifying  practice  in  the  arts.  Progress  in  one 
direction  may  open  the  way  for  movements  in  many  different  directions, 
and  it  is  the  province  of  the  college  to  make  the  connection  between 
facts,  which,  in  themselves,  may  be  strongly  scientific  or  technical,  and 
the  every-day  affairs  of  the  shop  and  the  factory.  In  steam  engineering, 
in  the  mechanics  of  machinery,  in  the  art  of  building,  in  the  domains 
of  hydraulics  and  materials  of  construction^  and  in  the  utilization  of 
electric  power,  much  is  already  being  done,  and  more,  we  hope,  will  soon 
be  accomplished.  I  believe  that  the  presence  of  the  faculty  of  the  college 
of  engineering,  serving  the  State  as  an  organized  staff  of  experts  repre- 
senting many  different  fields,  constitutes  a  possession  of  the  industries 
of  the  State  of  such  value  as  amply  to  justify  the  expense  of  its  mainte- 
nance, even  if  there  were  not  hundreds  of  students  to  receive  instruction. 

I  regret  that  the  College  of  Engineering  of  the  University  of  Illinois 
is  not  yet  making  its  contribution  to  the  mining  industries  of  the  State 
complete.     It  is  caring  for  the  interests  of  civil  engineering,  mechanical 


GOSS.J  COLLEGE   OF    ENGINEERING.  341 

engineering,  electrical  engineering,  architectural  engineering,  arcliitec-- 
tnre,  and  for  the  varions  material  interests  of  the  railroad;  but,  as  yet, 
it  offers  no  courses  in  mining  engineering  and  its  staff  does  not  include 
men  who  are  experts  in  the  technique  of  this  great  industry.  This  will 
not  always  be  so.  There  is  no  fundamental  reason  why  the  college  of 
engineering  should  not  give  the  same  attention  to  the  training  of  mining 
engineers  as  it  now  gives  to  the  training  of  mechanical  engineers. 
Indeed,  fundamentally  there  is  every  reason  why  it  should  give  attention 
to  the  mining  interests,  for  it  stands  as  a  representative  not  of  selected 
industries,  but  of  all  the  industries  of  a  great  State,  and  one  of  the 
.greatest  industries  of  this  State  is  that  involved  in  its  production  of  coal. 
But  the  College  of  Engineering  cannot  itself  dictate  what  it  shall  do.  As 
a  public  institution  it  can  but  give  expression  to  the  public  will. 
Throughout  the  organization  of  the  university,  those  departments  have 
been  strongest  for  which  the  public  has  made  and  is  making  imperative 
demands. 

The  matter  of  securing  at  the  ITniversity  the  establishment  of  a  Depart- 
ment of  Mining  Eiigineering  is  one  which  rests  largely  with  the  mining 
interests  of  the  State.  The  fact  that  Illinois  produces  annually  more 
than  50,000,000  tons  of  coal  and  has  a  mineral  industry  amounting  in 
value  to  .more  than  $150,000,000.00  should  enable  the  representatives  of 
this  industry  to  speak  in  no  uncertain  tone.  There  is  in  the  State  at 
present  no  center  to  which  parties  interested  in  mining  may  appear  for 
certain  kinds  of  scientific  information,  and  there  is  no  place  where 
young  men  are  being  instructed  in  the  problems  of  mining  and  smelting. 
If  Illinois  is  to  offer  young  men,  in  addition  to  the  fundamental  lines  of 
instruction  common  to  all  engineering  courses,  specialized  work  bearing 
upon  the  location  and  planning  of  coal  mines  and  upon  problems  affect- 
ing the  economic  production  of  coals  and  the  avoidance  of  mine  wastes, 
and  if  it  is  to  train  men  effectively  in  problems  affecting  the  handling, 
working  and  deliver}^  of  coal,  the  initial  step  must  be  taken  by  those 
most  vitally  interested  in  the  outcome.  The  matter  is  one  which  must 
rest  largely  with  the  mine  owner,  the  mine  operator,  the  mine  expert,  the 
mine  inspector,  and  with  you,  gentlemen  of  this  conference,  as  repre- 
sentatives of  these  interests,  I  must  for  the  present  leave  the  matter.  T 
shall  hope  that  in  proper  time  a  movement  may  be  started  which  ulti- 
mately will  result  in  the  establishment  here  at  the  university,  under 
your  inspiration,  of  an  organization  of  men  who  know  the  problems  of 
the  mine.  I  feel  sure  that  a  department  thus  directed  and  inspired 
would  have  an  important  part  in  promoting  economy  and  increased  effi- 
ciency in  the  process  of  mining,  and  would  ultimately  prove  helpful  to 
pvery  infprpQt  of  the  ?^tate. 


342  YEAK   BOOK   FOR   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 


The  Engiiteering  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of 

Illinois. 

(By  L.  P.  Breckenridge,  Director.) 


DATE  OF   ORGANIZATION. 

The  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of  Illinois  was 
established  by  action  of  the  board  of  trnstees,  December  8,  1903,  in 
connection  with  the  College  of  Engineering. 

There  were  two  influences  which  led  to  its  establishment;  first,  a 
continnal  demand  from  the  indnstrial  interests  of  the  State  for  scientific 
experimentation  relating  to  manufacturing  processes,  fuel  economies 
and  transportation  problems;  secondly,  the  very  great  success  attending 
the  work  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  at  the  University,  which 
made  it  evident  that  a  similarly  successful  career  ought  to  be  possible 
for  an  Engineering  Experiment  Station.  It  is  very  evident  from  the  work 
which  has  now  been  accomplished  by  the  station,  and  the  many  helpful 
things  it  has  done  for  the  industries  of  the  State,  that  no  mistake  was 
made  in  establishing  such  a  station. 

ORGANIZATION. 

The  control  of  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  is  vested  in  the 
heads  of  the  several  departments  of  the  College  of  Engineering.  These 
constitute  the  station  staff,  and,  with  the  Director,  determine  the  charac- 
ter of  the  investigations  to  be  undertaken.  The  investigations  are  car- 
ried on  by  the  members  of  the  staff  directly,  by  fellows  as  graduate 
work,  by  members  of  the  instructional  force  of  the  college,  and  by  spe- 
cial investigators  belonging  to  the  station  corps. 

PLAN  AND  SCOPE. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  the  station  to  carry  on  investigations  along  vari- 
ous lines  of  engineering,  andt  to  make  studies  of  problems  O'f  im- 
portance to  professional  engineers,  and  to  the  manu.facturing,  mining, 
railway,  constructional  and  industrial  interests  of  the  State.  It  is 
believed  that  this  experimental  work  will  result  in  contributions  of  value 
to  engineering  science  and  to  the  industries  of  the  State  and  that  the 
pursuit  of  such  investigations  will  give  inspiration  to  students  and  add 
to  tlie  value  of  the  instructional  work  in  the  College  of  Engineering. 


BRECKENRIDGE.]         ENGINEERING   EXPERIMENT   STATION.  '  84B 

REPORTS  PUBLISHED. 

The  results  of  the  investigations  made  are  published  in  the  form  of 
bulletins^  which  record  mostly  the  experiments  of  the  station^s  own  staff 
of  investigators.  There  are  also  issued,  from  time  to  time,  circulars 
and  compilations  giving  the  results  of  the  experiments  of  engineers, 
industrial  works,  technical  institutions  and  governmental  testing  depart- 
ments. The  bulletins  of  the  station  are  distributed  among  the  engi- 
neers and  manufacturing  interests  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  to  libraries 
and  the  technical  press  of  the  country  and  to  such  special  organizations 
as  are  particularly  interested  in  the  subject-matter  discussed  by  individ- 
ual bulletins.  Already  there  have  been  published  twenty-five  of  these 
bulletins  and  from  five  to  twenty  thousand  copies  of  each  one  have  been 
distributed. 

FUNDS  ANNUALLY  AVAILABLE. 

In  carrying  on  the  activities  of  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station, 
there  is  necessary  a  large  amount  of  equipment  of  various  kinds  suit- 
able for  investigational  purposes.  The  regular  equipment  provided  for 
instruction  in  the  College  of  Engineering  has  always  been  used  for  these 
investigations,  supplemented  by  the  purchase  of  special  apparatus  neces- 
sary for  special  researches  in  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station.  After 
an  investigation  has  been  concluded,  this  apparatus  becomes  a  part  of 
the  equipment  of  the  department  to  which  it  most  naturally  belongs. 
The  item  of  expense  for  equipment,  therefore,  does  not  enter  into  the 
general  expenses  of  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station.  (The  value 
of  this  total  equipment  in  the  College  of  Engineering  is  now  about 
$225,000.00.) 

The  funds  expended  in  carrying  on  the  investigations,  already  com- 
pleted and  now  in  progress,  have  been  during  the  last  five  years  a  little 
over  $100,000.00,  making  an  annual  expenditure  of  about  $30,000.00. 

The  existence  of  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois  makes  it  possible  to  utilize : 

(1)  The  library  facilities  of  the  university. 

(2)  The  continual  extension  of  the  equipment  of  the  various  depart- 
ments of  the  College  of  Engineering. 

(3)  The  helpful  suggestions  and  cooperation  of  other  scientific 
departments  at  the  University  outside  of  the  College  of  Engineering. 

With  these  three  aids  the  expenditure  of  our  funds  is  bound  to  result 
in  much  larger  returns  than  would  be  possible  otherwise. 

SUGGESTIONS  FOR  FUTURE  WORK. 

In  determining  the  character  of  the  work  which  the  station  shall 
undertake,  the  most  careful  consideration  will  be  given  first  to  the  needs 
and  .the  interests  of  the  State  of  Illinois.  F'ortunately,  Illinois  is 
singularly  favored  in  all  the  conditions  requisite  for  a  rapid  and  perma- 
nent industrial  development,  and  its  interests  cover  very  wide  fields  of 
engineering  activity.     In  view  of  its  cheap  and  abundant  fuel,  its  great 


344  YEAR   BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  U 

agricultural  wealth  and  its  unexcelled  facilities  for  the  transportation  of 
raw  material  and  finished  products,  it  is  not  surprising  that  Illinois  is 
the  second  state  in  the  Union  in  agriculture  and  third  in  manufactures. 
"With  these  great  resources  devolves  upon  us  great  responsibility  in 
developing  and  husbanding  them.  The  testing  of  its  materials  of  con- 
stniction  will  always  be  a  matter  of  importance  for  any  state.  The 
prevention  of  the  waste  of  material  growing  more  and  more  expensive, 
as  wood,  and  the  correct  factors  of  strength  of  new  materials,  as  con- 
crete, are  always  subjects  for  the  most  careful  investigation.  To  this 
work  we  are  giving  considerable  attention,  and  the  demand  for  the 
results  of  our  tests  on  reinforced  concrete,  which  are  being  carried  on 
under  the  supervision  of  Prof.  A.  N.  Talbot,  indicates  the  interest  which 
is  taken  in  this  work  and  the  necessity  felt  by  architects,  constructors 
and  builders  for  the  most  exact  information  alon^  these  lines. 

The  work  of  the  station  will  also  extend  into  some  fresh  fields,  seeking 
to  discover  new  ways  and  means  for  economizing  energy  and  materials, 
for  the  prevention  of  waste,  for  the  perfection  of  labor-saving  machinery, 
for  safer  methods  of  travel,  and  for  surer  sanitary  methods  of  water 
supply  and  sewage  disposal. 

Fuel  supply  is  of  such  prime  importance  in  our  industrial  develop- 
ment that  no  effect  will  be  spared  in  the  introduction  and  promulgation 
of  improved  methods  and  processes  in  the  mining,  preparation  and  con- 
sumption of  coal.  From  broad  economical  considerations  wasteful 
methods  of  using  coal,  or  the  rejection  of  anv  combustible  part  as  waste, 
are  to  be  discountenanced.  Exhaustive  and  careful  experiments  will  be 
required  before  the  best  conditions  can  be  attained.  These  experiments 
must  include  analyses  of  coals  from  all  parts  of  the  State,  a  determina- 
tion of  the  best  kinds  of  coal  for  specific  purposes,  best  methods  of 
burning  Illinois  coals,  effects  of  various  methods  of  preparations,  expe- 
riments on  various  kinds  of  furnace  construction,  etc. 

Along  the  line  of  power  production  there  is  opportunity  for  much 
investigation.  N"ew  problems  are  confronting  both  the  builders  and 
users  of  steam  and  gas  motors.  There  is  at  present  a  noteworthy  change 
from  the  reciprocating  engine  of  large  size  to  the  steam  turbine.  Gas 
engines  of  large  power  have  recently  been  installed,  and  the  development 
of  this  type  of  motor  bids  fair  to  be  more  rapid  in  the  near  future.  Still 
newer  types  of  motors  are  being  proposed  from  time  to  time,  the  gas 
turbine  being  one  that  at  present  occupies  much  attention  as  an  attrac- 
tive possibility. 

For  the  user  of  power,  the  station  can  investigate  questions  relative 
to  the  economy  of  various  types  of  power  installations  with  given  condi- 
tions of  service.  For  the  builders  of  motors  it  can  investigate  the  new 
and  perplexing  problems  that  have  arisen.  The  properties  of  the  various 
fluids  used  in  heat  motors  need  careful  study.  Superheated  steam  is 
essential  to  the  proper  working  of  a  steam  turbine,  yet  many  of  its  prop- 
erties remain  to  be  investigated.  The  properties  of  ammonia  and  other 
fluids  used  in  refrigeration  are  not  known  accurately,  and  even  the  prop- 
erties of  saturatecl  steam  are  based  'on  Eegnault's  experiments  made 
nearly  seventy  years  ago.     A  careful  investigation  of  the  properties  of 


BRECKENRIDGE  ]         ENGINEEEING   EXPEEIMENT    STATION.  345 

heat  media  of  all  kindS;,  extending^  if  necessary,  over  a  series  of  years, 
would  furnish  data  of  the  greatest  value  to  engineers,  and  would  in 
addition  be  a  noteworthy  contribution  to  science. 

Considerable  work  for  the  railroad  interests  has  already  been  done  by 
the  Eailway  Engineering  Department  of  the  University.  This  depart- 
ment owns  jointly  with  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  a  dynamometer 
car  equipped  for  steam  road  experimental  work.  With  this  car  there  have 
been  made  numerous  road  tests  for  the  establishment  of  tonnage  ratings. 
The  department  also  owns,  a  200-horsepower  electric  car  of  the  inter- 
urban  type,  especially  designed  and  thoroughly  equipped  for  electric 
traction  work.  Eailway  work  with  both  these  cars  will  be  prosecuted 
vigorously  under  the  direction  of  the  new  school  of  railway  engineering 
and  administration  recently  organized. 

It  is  expected  that  the  experiment  station  will  prove  helpful  to  the 
manufacturing  and  building  interests.  In  the  first  place,  it  will  supply 
accurate  data  regarding  the  properties  of  the  materials  used  in  engi- 
neering structures  and  buildings.  The  laboratory  of  applied  mechanics 
with  its  extensive  field  needs  much  greater  facilities  for  this  line  of 
work,  as  the  reinforced  concrete  tests  now  in  progress  show  great  possi- 
bilities. In  the  near  future,  an  extensive  series  of  tests  on  cast-iron 
columns,  and  on  various  forms  of  steel  and  iron  members  is  contem- 
plated. Secondly,  the  experiment  station  will  investigate  manufacturing 
processes.  As  an  example  of  this  line  of  work  the  high-speed  steel  tests 
are  cited.  Thirdly,  problems  relating  to  design  and  construction  will  be 
studied,  and  all  useful  results  will  be  published  for  the  benefit  of  those 
engaged  in  design  or  construction. 

As  a  rule  the  experiment  station  will  undertake  only  such  investiga- 
tions as  will  lead  to  results  of  fundamental  importance,  results  that  will 
be  helpful  to  a  large  class  of  engineers  or  manufacturers.  It  will  not, 
in  general,  undertake  work  of  importance  to  individuals  only,  e.  g.,  the 
testing  of  a  device  or  invention  for  the  sole  benefit  of  the  inventor. 

The  station  is  now  planning  to  make  a  more  systematic  study  of  the 
industrial  and  engineering  interests  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  more  par- 
ticularly with  the  thought  in  mind  that  these  industries  should  be 
advised  as  to  the  work  already  accomplished  by  the  station,  and  also 
that  more  exact  knowledge  may  be  obtained  concerning  the  needs  of  the 
various  industrial  interests  throughout  the  State.  Kenneth  Gr.  Smith, 
Assistant  Professor  of  Mechanical  Engineering,  has  been  appointed  in 
charge  of  this  work. 

Prof.  Smith,  in  the  capacity  of  Industrial  Yisitor,  will  visit  the 
manufacturing  centers  of  Illinois  in  order  to  become  acquainted  with 
the  problems  confronting  these  various  interests,  so  that  such  funda- 
mental problems  as  affect  a  large  number  of  our  industries  can  be  taken 
up  and  such  study  of  these  problems  made  as  facilities  and  funds  permit. 

SUGGESTIONS  FOR  FUTURE  WORK. 

1.  (a)  The  determination  of  the  strength  of  materials  used  in  con- 
structive engineering  work. 

(b)  A  study  of  municipal  water  supply  and  sewage  disposal  as  affecting 
public  health. 


346  YEAR   BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

2.  Fuel  Investigations. 

(a)  A  study  of  the  best  methods  of  using  economically  the  fuels  of  the 
State,  not  only  for  the  production  of  power,  but  for  the  heating  of  buildings,, 
metallurgical  purposes,  etc. 

(b)  Economic  production  and  use  of  steam. 

(c)  Use  of  Illinois  coal  in  the  gas-producer  and  gas  engine. 

(d)  Utilization  of  oil  products  for  economical  and  industrial  purposes. 

(e)  A  study  of  the  development  and  economical  use  of  the  machinery 
used  in  mining  operations. 

(f)  A  study  of  the  development  and  economic  production  of  manufactured 
products. 

3.  (a)     A  study  of  the  economic  construction  and  maintenance  of  roads, 
(b)     A  study  of  the  properties  and  strength  of  fabricated  articles,  such  as 

bridges  and  frame  work  of  important  engineering  machines  and  structures. 

4.  (a)     Generation,  transmission  and  utilization  of  electrical  energy, 
(b)     A  study  and  investigation  of  the  economic  and  satisfactory  methods 

of  telephony. 

5.  A  study  of  the  problems  of  economic  transportation  of  materials  by 
rail  and  water. 


PUBLICATIONS    OF    THEI    ENGINEERING    EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

The  demand  for  our  publications  has,  in  some  cases,  entirely  exhausted 
the  supply.  We  regret,  therefore,  that,  we  cannot  comply  with  your 
request.  The  following  list  shows  which  of  the  bulletins  are  still  avail-, 
able.    We  shall  be  glad  to  mail  any  of  these  to  you  upon  request. 

Bulletins  Out  of  Print. 

Bulletin  No.  1.  Tests  of  Reinforced  Concrete  Beams,  by  Arthur  N.  Tal- 
bot.    1904. 

Circular  No.  2.     Drainage  of  Earth  Roads,  by  Ira  O.  Baker.     1906. 

Bulletin  No.  3.  The  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  the  University 
of  Illinois,  by  L.  P.  Breckenridge.     1906. 

Bulletin  No.  5.  Resistance  of  Tubes  to  Collapse,  by  Albert  P.  Carman. 
1906. 

Bulletin  No.  6.     Holding  Power  of  Railroad  Spikes,  by  Roy  I.  Webber.   1906. 

Bulletin  No.  8.  Tests  of  Concrete:  I.  Shear;  II.  Bond,  by  Arthur  N. 
Talbot.     1906. 

Bulletin  No.  10.  Tests  of  Concrete  and  Reinforced  Concrete  Columns, 
Series  of  1906,  by  Arthur  N.  Talbot.     1907. 

Bulletin  No.  11.  The  Effect  of  Scale  on  the  Transmission  of  Heat  through 
Locomotive  Boiler  Tubes,  by  Edward  C.  Schmidt  and  John  ML  Snodgrass. 
1907. 

Bulletin  No.  12.  Tests  of  Reinforced  Concrete  T-beams,  Series  of  1906, 
by  Arthur  N.  Talbot.     1907. 

Bulletin  No.  14.  Tests  of  Reinforced  Concrete  Beams,  Series  of  1906,  by 
Arthur  N.  Talbot.     1907. 

Bulletin  No.  17.  The  Weathering  of  Coal,  by  S.  W.  Parr,  N.  D.  Hamilton 
and  W.  F.  Wheeler.     1908. 

Bulletins  Available. 

Circular  No.  1.     High  Speed  Tool  Steels,  by  L.  P.  Breckenridge.     1905. 

Bulletin  No.  2.  Tests  of  High  Speed  Tool  Steels  on  Cast  Iron,  by  L.  P. 
Breckenridge  and  Henry  B.  Dirks.     1905. 

Bulletin  No.  4.  Tests  of  Reinforced  Concrete  Beams,  Series  of  1905,  by 
Arthur  N.  Talbot.     1906. 


BRECKENRiDGE.]         ENGINEEEING   EXPERIMENT    STATION.  Ml 

Bulletin  No.  7.  Fuel  Tests  with  Illinois  Coals,  by  L.  P.  Breckenridge,  S. 
W.  Parr  and  Henry  B.  Dirks.     1906. 

Bulletin  No.  9.  An  Extension  of  the  Dewey  Decimal  System  of  Classifi- 
cation Applied  to  the  Engineering  Industries,  by  L.  P.  Breckenridge  and 
G.  A.  Goodenough.     1906. 

Bulletin  No.  13.  An  Extension  of  the  Dewey  Decimal  System  of  Classifi- 
cation Applied  to  Architecture  and  Building,  by  N.  Clifford  Ricker.     1907. 

Bulletin  No.  15.  How  to  Burn  Illinois  Coal  without  Smoke,  by  L.  P.  Breck- 
enridge.    1908. 

Bulletin  No.  16.     A  Study  of  Roof  Trusses,  by  N.  Clifford  Ricker.     1908. 

Bulletin  No.  18.  The  Strength  of  Chain  Links,  by  G.  A.  Goodenough  and 
L.  E.  Moore.     1908. 

Bulletin  No.  19.  Comparative  Tests  of  Carbon,  Metalized  Carbon  and  Tan- 
talum Filament  Lamps,  by  T.  H.  Amrine.     1908. 

Bulletin  No.  20.  Tests  of  Concrete  and  Reinforced  Concrete  Columns, 
Series  of  1907,  by  Arthur  N.  Talbot.     1908. 

Bulletin  No.  21.  Tests  of  a  Liquid  Air  Plant,  by  C.  S.  Hudson  and  C.  M. 
Garland.     1908. 

Bulletin  No.  22.  Tests  of  Cast-Iron  and  Reinforced  Concrete  Culvert  Pipe, 
by  Arthur  N.  Talbot.     1908. 

Bulletin  No.  23.  Voids,  Settlement  and  Weight  of  Crushed  Stone,  by  Ira 
0.  Baker.     1908. 

Bulletin  No.  24.  The  Modification  of  Illinois  Coal  by  Low  Temperature 
Distillation,  by  S.  W.  Parr  and  C.  K.  Francis.     1908. 

Bulletin  No.  25.  Lighting  Country  Homes  by  Private  Electric  Plants,  by 
T.  H.  Amrine.     1908. 

Bulletin  No.  26.  High  Steam  Pressures  in  Locomotive  Service,  by  W.  P. 
M.  Goss.     1909. 

Bulletin  No.  27.  Test  of  Brick  and  Terra  Cotta  Block  Columns,  by  Arthur 
N.  Talbot.     1909.     (In  press.) 

Bulletin  No.  28.  A  Test  of  Three  Large  Reinforced  Concrete  Beams,  by 
Arthur  N.  Talbot.     1909.     (In  press.) 

Address  all  requests  and  changes  of  addresses  to  the  Director,  Engineering 
Experiment  Station,  Urbana,  Illinois. 

LINES  OF  INVESTIGATION  IN  PROGRESS  MARCH  1^   1909. 
I.    Architecture. 

1.  Study  of  plain  base  and  bearing  plates  for  columns  N.  C.  Ricker 

2.  Study  of  ribbed  base  plates  for  columns  C.  E.  Noerenberg 

3.  Economical  design  of  steel  roof  trusses C.  E.  Noerenberg 

4.  Economical  design  of  wooden  roof  trusses   N.  W.  Overstreet 

5.  Description  of  specialties  and  conveniences  adapted  for  isolated 

country   dwellings    J.   M.   White 

II.     Civil  Engineering. 

6.  Tests   on    the    action    of    rolling    loads    on    ordinary    highway 

bridges   J.  P.  Brooks,  F.  O.  Dufour 

7.  Standardization  of  the  rattler  test  for  paving  brick L.  G.  Parker 

8.  Use  of  concrete  on  the  farm  J.  J.  Richey 

III.     Electical  Engineering. 

9.  Tests  on  tungsten  lamps  T.  H.  Amrine 

10.  Interference  between  high  potential  and  telephone  lines   A.  Guell 

11.  Tests  of  household  electric  appliances W.  C.  Maddox 

12.  Experiments  upon  the  utility  and  limitations  in  the  use  of  electric 

andirons W.  C.  Maddox 

13.  Electric  drives  for  machine  tools J.  M.  Bryant 

14.  Investigation  of  the  clays  of  Illinois  with  a  view  to  the  possibility 

of  the  manufacture  of  insulators  for  high  potential  lines. J.  M.  Bryant 


348  YEAR    BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

IV.     Mechanical  Engineeeing. 

(a)       GENERAL. 

15.  The  flow  of  steam  through  nozzles G.  A.  Goodenough,  K.  G.  Smith 

16.  Transmission  of  heat  through  tubes  under  varying  velocities  of 

water  flow C.  M.  Garland 

17.  Tests  on  constant  pressure  generator C.  M.  Garland 

18.  Gas  producer  tests  at  varying  capacities   A.  P.  Kratz 

19.  Explosive  mixtures  of  gases  or  the  study  of  premature  ignition 

in  internal  combustion  engines   R.  E.  Robinson 

20.  Problems  in  steam  heating  by  central  station  system W.  D.  Scott 

21.  The  cost  of  power J.  C.  Thorpe 

(b)       FUEL. 

22.  Fuel  tests  with  house-heating  boilers J.  M.  Snodgrass,  F.  L.  Busey 

23.  Experiments  on  a  smokeless  furnace  J.  M.  Snodgrass 

24.  Fuel  tests  with  hot  air  furnaces  J.  M.  Snodgrass 

25.  Fuel  tests  with  Illinois  coal  in  power  plant  boilers  ....  C.  S.  McGovney 

26.  The  weathering  of  coal   W.  F.  Wheeler 

27.  Causes  which  promote  the  spontaneous  combustion  of  coal.W.  F.  Wheeler 

28.  Tests  of  Illinois  coals  by  U.  S.  G.  S Paul  Diserens 

29.  Occluded  gases  in  coal F.  W.  Bliss 

30.  The  low  temperature  distillation  of  coal   E.  C.  Hull 

V.     Miscellaneous. 

31.  The  thermo-conductivities  at  high  temperatures  W.  L.  Egy 

32.  Boiler  waters J.  M.  Lindgren 

VI.     Railway  Engineeeing. 

33.  Electric  car  resistance E.  I.  Wenger 

34.  Boiler  plate  temperatures    A.    S.  Williamson 

35.  Wheel  flange  pressures  A.  S.  Williamson,  F.  W.  Marquis 

36.  Economic  spacing  of  railroad  ties  S.  S.  Roberts 

37.  Tests  of  rock  ballast  road-bed   S.  S.  Roberts 

38.  Resistance  of  interurban  cars  on  curves   D.  C.  Faber 

39.  Train  resistance  tests  on  steam  roads   F.  W.  Marquis 

40.  Relation  of  economic  conditions  of  territory  to  types  of  electric 

roads ; E.  V.  Camp. 

VII.     Strength  oe  Material. 

(a)       EEINFORCED    CONCEETE. 

41.  The  properties  of  reinforced  concrete  columns  with  special  refer- 

ence to  the  use  of  large  amounts  of  steel A.  N.  Talbot 

42.  The  properties  of  reinforced  concrete  beams;   web  resistance  and 

modulus  of  elasticity   .  . .  , A.  N.  Talbot 

43.  Reinforced  concrete  wall  footings  and  pier  footings  A.  N.  Talbot 

44.  An  investigation  of  continuous  beams  made  with  reinforced  con- 

crete  D.  A.  Abrams,  J.  H.  Nelson 

45.  Bond  between  concrete  and  steel   D.  A.  Abrams 

(b)     steength  of  mateeials. 

46.  The  distribution  of  stress  in  structural  steel  columns A.  N.  Talbot 

47.  A  study  of  tests  of  timber  stringers  A.  N.  Talbot 

48.  The    distribution     of    stresses    in     structural     steel     compression 

pieces H.  F.  Moore 

49.  The  action  of  metals  under  torsional  and  under  combined  flexure 

and  torsion H.  F.  Moore 


BRECKENRIDGE.]         ENGINEERING   EXPERIMENT    STATION.  349 

50.  An  investigation  of  tie  plates   H.  F.  Moore 

51.  Resilience  of  metals  beyond  the  elastic  limit H.  E.  Murdock 

52.  Strength  and  cost  of  acetylene  oxygen  welds  in  steel  and  other 

metals    ... H.   L.   Whittemore 

(C)       HYDEAULIC. 

53.  Flow  of  water  through  sand  and  well  screens  R.  H.  Slocum 

54.  The  discharge  of  water  from  orifices  and  short  tubes  . .  .W.  R.  Robinson 

55.  An  investigation  of  water  hammer  in  pipes  M.  L.  Bnger 

56.  Measurement  of  water  by  means  of  vertical  tubes .M.  L.  Enger 


350  YEAE   BOOK   FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 


Economy  in  the;  Use  of  Fuel. 

(By  A.  Bement,  Consulting  Engineer,  Cliicago,  III.) 


There  are  many  features  concerning  the  economical  use  of  coal,  such 
as  that  of  securing  combustion  with  high  CO2  and  small  air  supply; 
utilization  of  the  heat  by  efficient  boilers,  and  many  other  items  of  like 
character  to  which  I  shall  not  refer. 

There  are  two  things,  however,  not  very  well  understood,  that  to  my 
mind  are  of  special  moment,  the  importance  of  which  have  been  under- 
estimated. One  is  the  loss  in  smoke  when  coal  is  improperly  burned, 
which,  it  would  appear,  is  equal  to  ahout  10  per  cent  if  the  fuel  used  is 
bituminous  coal  and  the  furnace  an  average  smoke  producer.  The  other 
feature  is  the  loss  of  efficiency  caused  by  excessive  ash  in  coal,  or,  in 
other  words,  fuel  having  dirt  mined  or  mixed  with  it.  Such  coal  burned 
in  a  calorimeter  generates  a  full  measure  of  the  heat  content  therein. 
When  used  in  a  commercial  fire,  however,  tlie  percentage  of  heat  real- 
ized therefrom  decreases  at  a  remarkable  rate  with  increase  in  ash.  In 
this  connection  the  Journal  of  the  Western  Society  of  Engineers,  Vol. 
XI,  p.  530,  contains  a  paper  by  Mr.  W.  L.  Abbott,  presenting  results  of 
experiments,  wherein  a  uniform  size  of  coal  was  employed  in  a  series  of 
tests  with  a  boiler  and  chain  grate  stoker.  On  the  first  day  of  the  experi- 
ments the  coal  was  burned  in  the  condition  as  received.  On  the  second 
day  a  small  quantity  of  ash  was  thoroughly  mixed  with  the  coal,  and  on 
each  succeeding  day  an  increased  quantity  of  ash  added,  imtil  a  point 
was  reached  where  no  steam  was  generated  at  all,  which  condition  devel- 
oped when  the  per  cent  of  ash  in  the  dry  coal  was  40,  or,  in  other  words, 
60  per  cent  of  the  dry  coal  was  burned  up  without  producing  any  useful 
effect. 

In  the  conservation  of  our  natural  resources,  these  two  facts,  so  far  as 
I  am  aware,  have  not  been  considered.  That  they  are  of  enormous 
importance,  however,  may  be  readily  realized,  if  these  two  losses,  one 
from  smoke  and  the  other  from  decreased  efficiency  due  to  dirt  in  coal, 
be  calculated  upon  a  basis  of  the  total  coal  production  of  the  State. 

These  two  conditions  are  caused,  first,  bv  improperly  constructed  fur- 
naces; second,  by  careless  mining  methods.  One  of  the  things  that  is 
conducive  to  dust  explosions  in  mines,  that  of  blasting  from  the  solid 
face,  is  responsible  for  dirty  coal,  and  dirty  coal  is  not  only  a  damage  to 
the  business  of  the  coal  producer,  but  likewise  an  injury  to  the  consumer. 


RANDALL.]  COALS    FOE    BOILEE    PLANTS.  351 


Coals  for  Boiler  Plants. 

(By  D.  T.  Randall,  Engineer,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C.) 


INTRODUCTION. 

It  is  well  known  that  certain  coals  are  especially  suited  for  locomotive 
nse^  others  for  metallurgical  use,  for  illuminating  gas,  or  for  the  manu- 
facture of  coke,  etc.,  but  all  coals  are  considered  as  a  possible  fuel  for 
boiler  plants. 

This  being  so,  it  is  important  to  know  about  the  design  of  furnaces 
and  the  influence  of  certain  characteristics  of  coal  in  order  that  the  best 
results  may  be  obtained. 

FURNACES. 

An  ideal  furnace  would,  of  course,  be  one  in  which  all  coals,  no  matter 
what  the  character  of  their  composition,  could  be  burned  with  equal 
efficiency. 

Kinds  of  Furnaces. — Furnaces  may  be  generally  classified  as  follows : 

1.  The  hand  fired  grate  set  in  a  chamber  enclosed  by  the  iron  surfaces 
of  the  boiler,  as  in  the  internally  fired  boilers  of  marine  type,  in  the  loco- 
motive type  used  for  stationary  purposes,  house  boilers  and  small  vertical 
boilers.  These  boilers  cool  the  gases  from  the  coal  and  are  not  suited  for 
use  with  coals  containing  more  than  a  small  percentage  of  volatile  matter. 
Where  bituminous  coal  is  burned  in  such  boilers  there  is  a  considerable 
loss  of  unburned  gases,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  smoke  given  off. 

2.  Hand  fired  grates  set  in  a  chamber  partially  enclosed  by  brick  and 
with^the  boiler  surfaces  just  above  or  near  the  surface  of  the  fire.  This 
includes  the  usual  setting  for  horizontal  return  tubular  and  water  tube 
boilers.     These  are  not  suited  for  burning  bituminous  coal. 

3.  Hand  fired  grates  set  in  a  brick  chamber  with  a  considerable  space 
for  combustion  to  take  place  before  the  gases  reach  the  surfaces  of  the 
boiler.  This  may  be  accomplished  by  brick  arches,  tiles,  etc.,  and,  in 
addition,  piers,  baffle  walls  and  other  devices  are  added  to  assist  in  mix- 
ing the  gases  and  air  while  within  the  combustion  space.  With  these 
may  be  included  down  draft  furnaces,  and  coking  furnaces  fired  by  hand. 

Many  of  the  above  when  carefully  fired  give  good-  results  and,  with 
certain  sizes  and  kinds  of  coal,  they  may  be  operated  without  dense  black 
smoke,  but  usually  not  without  some  smoke.  Often  a  special  coal  is 
required  to  secure  good  results.  This  creates  a  demand  for  coals  low  in 
ash  and  of  large  size.  Screenings  are  seldom  burned  on  such  furnaces 
with  good  results. 


852  YEAR   BOOK    FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

4.  Automatic  stokers  partially  enclosed  in  brick  with  a  small  com- 
bustion chamber  and  a  short  distance  from  the  grates  to  the  boiler  fur- 
nace. Such  settings  usually  give  good  results  except  at  high  capacities 
or  when  the  load  is  changed  suddenly.  They  give  off  more  or  less  smoke 
depending  upon  the  size  and  character  of  coal  used.  Coals  high  in  fixed 
carbon  may  be  used  with  good  results. 

5.  Automatic  stokers  enclosed  in  brick  settings  with  a  large  combus- 
tion chamber  and  a  considerable  distance  from  the  grates  to  the  boiler 
surfaces.  Such  settings  will  burn  almost  any  size  or  kind  of  coal  with 
economy  and  without  smoke  within  reasonable  ranges  of  load. 

Time  is  required  for  the  air  and  gases  to  burn  and  any  means  that 
will  facilitate  the  ultimate  mixture  of  the  air  and  gases  will  reduce  the 
size  of  the  combustion  chamber  necessary  for  good  results.  In  general 
then^  for  most  coals,  and  especially  for  those  which  have  high  percentage 
of  volatile  matter,  it  has  been  found  more  satisfactory  to  install  some 
kind  of  device  which  will  feed  the  coal  regularly  in  small  quantities, 
allowing  it  to  become  heated  gradually,  driving  off  a  practically  uniform 
amount  of  gas  to  which  a  proper  amount  of  air  can  be  admitted  and 
burned  in  a  combustion  chamber  which  is  sufficiently  large  to  allow  of 
complete  combustion  in  the  furnace. 

DRArT. 

In  considering  any  type  of  furnace,  one  should  keep  in  mind  the  neces- 
sity of  having  a  strong  draft  available.  This  may  be  provided  by  a 
stack  or  a  fan.  A  stack  may  be  supplemented  by  a  force  draft  fan  or 
an  induced  draft  fan  may  be  used  alone  or  in  connection  with  a  forced 
draft  fan.  Most  plants  do  not  have  sufficient  draft  at  times  when  boilers 
are  overloaded. 

The  amount  of  draft  required  depends  upon  the  kind  of  coal  used,  the 
size  of  the  coal  and  on  the  load  to  be  carried.  Stacks  should  seldom 
be  less  than  120  feet  high.  In  many  cases  they  must  be  higher  or  a  fan 
used  with  them.  For  most  bituminous  coals  a  draft  or  difference  of 
pressure  of  one-fourth  inch  of  water  between  the  top  and  bottom  of  the 
fuel  bed  will  be  sufficient.  For  small  sizes  of  bituminous  coals  and  for 
the  various  small  sizes  of  anthracite  coal,  the  draft  required  is  greater. 
For  buckwheat  sizes  of  anthracite,  a  draft  of  one  inch  of  water  is  fre- 
quently necessary. 

CHOICE  OF  COALS. 

General. — ^Because  a  coal  is  sold  at  a  low  price  per  ton  does  not  of 
necessity  make  it  the  cheapest  coal  to  buy.  In  choosing  a  coal  when  the 
furnace  equipment  and  other  conditions  are  favorable,  the  one  giving 
one  million  heat  units  for  the  lowest  cost  will  prove  to  be  the  most  eco- 
nomical to  purchase.  As  a  rule,  coals  mined  near  the  point  of  consump- 
tion and  bearing  only  a  small  freight  charge  will  be  the  cheapest  coals 
to  purchase,  and,  in  most  cases,  it  will  pay  to  install  a  suitable  furnace 
to  burn  them. 

An  engineer  having  full  information  before  him  may  then  decide 
whether  his  furnaces  are  suitable  for  burning  the  cheapest  coal  or  whether 
it  will  be  profitable  to  change  the  furnaces. 


RANDALL.]  COAL  FOE  BOILER  PLANTS.  353 

It  often  happens  that^  for  some  good  reason,  it  is  impossible  to  change 
the  equipment  and  in  this  case  it  is,  of  course;  necessary  to  choose  a 
grade  of  coal  which  will  make  it  possible  to  generate  the  steam  required 
even  though  it  be  more  expensive.  These  conditions  arise  especially  in 
plants  belonging  to  government  or  sta-'-e  institutions  and  in  plants  which 
are  rented. 

In  considering  coals  for  boiler  plants^  one  must  be  familiar  with  the 
kinds  and  grades  of  coal  available,  their  chemical  characteristics  and  the 
prices,  together  with  the  furnace  equipment  to  be  used.- 

Certain  characteristics  of  coal  determine  the  method  of  firing  or  the 
design  of  furnace  required  to  bum  them  most  efficiently. 

Among  these  are  the  tendency  to  clinker  and  to  cake  in  burning.  The 
amount  and  character  of  the  volatile  matter,  ash  and  moisture  are  also 
important. 

HoiD  to  Select  Coal. — In  choosing  coal  for  a  boiler  plant,  it  is  prob- 
able that  the  chemical  comparison  is  the  more  reliable,  if  based  upon 
a  representative  sample  of  the  coal,  than  a  boiler  test.  The  possibility 
of  doing  accurate  work  in  a  laboratory  is  greater  than  in  a  boiler  room, 
Avhere  the  fireman  may  unintentionally  influence  results  by  his  method 
of  handling  a  fire.  IJsually  it  requires  a  few  days  for  a  fireman  to 
become  accustomed  to  a  new  coal,  and  even  an  expert  fireman  has  diffi- 
culty to  l3urn  the  same  coal  two  days  in  succession  and  supply  the  same 
amount  of  air  per  pound  of  coal  each  time.  A  boiler  test  is  only  a 
rough  determination  and  two  tests,  one  on  each  of  two  coals,  are  seldom 
sufficient  for  comparison.  If  several  tests  can  be  run  and  the  averages 
of  the  results  of  these  taken,  they  will  compare  pretty  closely  with  the 
chemical  valuation  of  the  coal,  provided  the  coals  are  of  the  same  general 
character.  Coals  high  in  fixed  carbon  and  low  in  moisture  give  better 
results  than  those  high  in  volatile  matter  and  moisture.  This  is  true 
in  nearly  all  furnaces  and  especially  true  of  those  not  provided  with 
fire-brick  furnaces. 

Size. — In  the  perfect  furnace  which  has  been  mentioned,  the  value  of 
the  coal  should  depend  entirely  upon  the  heat  units  which  are  available 
in  the  coal.  This  being  so,  the  heat  value  would  be  the  true  basis  for 
the  purchase  of  coal.  Unfortunately,  as  has  just  been  mentioned,  the 
sizes  of  the  coal,  even  though  it  is  otherwise  equally  high  in  B.  t.  u.,  is 
an  important  element  in  burning  the  coal  on  most  kinds  of  equipment. 
Usually  the  smaller  sizes  are  more  difficult  to  burn  on  account  of  the 
difficulty  of  drawing  air  through  the  fuel  bed,  and  in  many  kinds  of  coal 
the  smaller  sizes  contain  a  greater  percentage  of  ash  than  do  the  larger 
sizes. 

Owing  to  the  difficulty  of  burning  the  smaller  sizes  of  coal,  they  are 
usually  much  cheaper  than  the  larger  coals.  Improved  furnaces  with 
strong  drafts  have  been  provided  in  so  many  -dants  that  very  little  coal 
is  being  wasterl  today  on  account  of  its  size.  The  culm  banks  of  the 
anthracite  region  are  being  put  through  washeries  and  the  good  portion 
sold  for  fuel.  Many  coals  break  up  badly  in  handling.  This  is  espe- 
cially true  of  somic  of  the  high-grade  eastern  coals.     Some  of  them  are 

—23  G 


854  YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  U 

delivered  with  20  per  cent  fine  coal  which  will  pass  through  a  screen  with 
round  holes  one-eighth  inch  in  diameter.  If  the  coals  cake  in  burning, 
this  is  not  so  serious  as  with  noncaking  coals.  With  fine  coal  a  mucli 
stronger  draft  is  required^  which,  in  some  cases,  carries  a  considerable 
quantity  of  the  very  fine  fuel  off  the  grate  before  it  is  burned,  and  in 
case  it  does  not  cake  there  is  also  a  considerable  loss  due  to  sifting 
through  the  ash  pit. 

ClieWnical  Characteristics. — The  results  of  more  than  600  steaming 
tests  conducted  at  the  Fuel  Testing  Plant  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey 
show  that  with  the  equipment  used  coals  from  Illinois,  Indiana,  Ken- 
tucky, Iowa,  Missouri  and  Kansas  may  all  be  burned  with  practically 
the  same  efficiency,  even  though  the  heating  value  varies  from  8,000  to 
13,000  B.  t.  u.  per  pound  of  coal,  the  ash  varies  from  8  to  25  per  cent, 
the  moisture  varies  from  3  to  20  per  cent  and  the  volatile  matter  varies 
from  30  to  more  than  40  per  cent  in  these  coals. 

Influence  of  Heating  Value. — The  results  of  these  tests  indicate  that 
for  coals  of  the  same  general  character  the  performance  of  a  boiler 
depends,  for  the  most  part,  upon  the  B.  t.  u.  available  in  the  coal;  that 
moisture,  volatile  matter,  sulphur  and  ash  have  more  or  less  influence 
on  the  capacity  and  efficiency.  It  is  difficult  to  separate  the  effects  due 
to  any  one  of  these  items,  except  when  they  occur  in  large  percentages. 
Coals  of  the  same  character  may  be  compared  directly  on  the  basis  of' the 
B.  t.  u.  in  the  coal  as  received  without  serious  error.  It  is  important 
to  note  that  the  heating  value  should  be  considered  on  the  basis  of  the 
moist  coal  "aiS  delivered'^  and  not  on  the  dry  coal  (See  table  II).  Coals 
of  different  character  may  be  compared  on  the  basis  of  their  B.  t.  u. 
values,  but  account  must  also  be  taken  of  the  percentage  and  character 
of  volatile  matter,  the  percentage  of  ash  and  the  percentage  of  moisture. 
An  allowance  for  these  must  be  made,  depending  on  the  conditions  under 
which  the  coal  will  be  used. 

Influence  of  Moisture. — The  loss  due  to  moisture  in  the  coal  when 
present  in  small  percentages  is  comparatively  small.  Stated  roughly, 
this  loss  amounts  to  about  1  per  cent  for  each  10  per  cent  of  moisture, 
based  on  the  "combustible"  in  the  coal.  It  will,  therefore,  be  seen  that 
an  increase  of  1  or  2  per  cent  of  moisture  in  the  ccal  has  but  little 
effect  on  the  efficiency  of  the  boiler.  However,  when  moisture  occurs  in 
large  percentages,  as  it  does  in  some  coals,  there  is  a  serious  loss  due  to 
the  heat  required  to  evaporate  this  moisture  from  the  coal  and  to  the 
reduction  in  temperature  of  the  furnace  gases.  This  loss  is  not  corrected 
for  in  chemical  reports  on  B.  t.  u.  in  coal,  and  an  allowance  should  be 
made  if  a  coal  is  high  in  moisture.  This  would  correspond  to  the  so-called 
low  B.  t.  u.  value  of  gas  and  liquid  fuels  used  in  internal  combustion 
eno-ines  (Sec  last  column,  table  II). 

In  order  to  make  clear  the  relation  between  the  different  forms  of 
reporting  coal  analyses  and  to  show  the  influence  of  moisture  in  coal 
when  both  moisture  and  ash  are  present  in  varying  amounts,  the  follow- 
ing tables  have  been  prepared. 

Influence  of  Ash. — It  is  difficult  to  determine  just  what  effect  the 
]Dresence  of  ash  may  have  on  the  efficiency  of  the  boiler.  Apparently 
it  is  small.     Ash  has,  however,  a  decided  influence  on  the  capacity  at 


RANDALL.] 


COAL    FOE    BOILER    PLANTS. 


B55 


which  a  given  equipment  may  be  operated;  it  reduces  tlie  effective  grate 
area  and  intro duces  an  added  resistance  to  the  flow  of  air  through  the 
fuel  bed.  There  is  also  a  loss  of  efficiency  and  capacity  due  to  the  neces- 
sity of  cleaning  fires  more  frequently.  This  becomes  of  less  importance 
in  types  of  furnaces  where  the  ash  is  discharged  by  dumping  or  other 
automatic  discharging  devices. 

Influence  of  Volatile  Matter. — The  volatile  matter  in  the  coal  is  also 
an  important  element^  as  it  is  more  difficult  to  burn  than  the  fixed 
carbon.  The  percentage  of  volatile  matter,  as  shown  by  the  proximate 
analysis,  is  not  a  direct  measure  of  the  difficulty  of  burning  the  coal 
with  good  efficiency  and  without  smoke.  Different  coals  having  practi- 
cally the  same  percentage  of  volatile  matter  vary  in  the  amount  of  tars 
and  heavy  hydrocarbon  given  off  when  they  are  heated.^ 

In  addition  to  the  above,  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  volatile  mat- 
ter is  not  all  combustible  material  and  the  variation  in  this  respect  is 


Table  I. 

Proximate  analyses  of  coals  from  different  narts  of  the  United  States. 
(See  Prof.  Paper  48,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.) 


Proximate  analysis  of  Coal  as  Fired. 

Fixed 
Carbon. 

Volatile 
matter . 

Moisture. 

Ash. 

B.t.u. 

W  Va  8 

56.68 
38.21 
29.98 
25.40 

31.19 
36.91 
26.18 
28.13 

5.26 
9.69 
18.63 
35  .-84 

6.87 
15.19 
25.51 
10.63 

13677 

Ill.l 

Mo. 3 

N.Dak.l 

10706 

7758 
6674 

Table 

II. 

The  influence  of  moisture  and  ash  in  coal  on  the  B.  t.  u.  values  and 
on  the  heat  units  available  to  the  boiler.     Same  coal  as  in  table  I. 


Comparison  of  B.  t.  u. 

V4TTTir<5 

Comparison  of  Ash. 

Moisture. 

o 

Coal. 

B.t.u. 

as 
fired. 

B.t.u. 
dry 
coal. 

B.t.u. 
"combusti- 
ble." 

Ash  in 

coal 

as 

fired. 

Dry 
coal. 

Ash 
"combusti- 
ble." 

In  coal 

as 
fired. 

Moisture 
"combusti- 
ble." 

Heat  loss 
due  to 

moisture 
in  coal 

per  cent 

combusti- 
ble. 

W.Va.8. 

13,677 

14,436 

15,564 

6.87 

7.25 

7.83 

5.26 

5.99 

0.49 

Ill.l 

10,706 

11,855 

14.252 

15.19 

16.82 

20.22 

9.69 

12.90 

1.15 

Mo. 3 

7,758 

9,535 

13,817 

25.51 

30.99 

44.90 

18.63 

33.17 

3.16 

N.  Dak.  1 

6,674 

10,402 

12,466 

10.63 

16.56 

19.85 

35.84 

67.00 

6.70 

i  See  paper  by  Porter  &  Ovitz  in  American  Chemical  Journal. 


856  YEAR-BOOK    FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

very  great  when  all  the  coals  in  the  country  are  compared.  Coals  having 
a  high  percentage  of  volatile  matter  which  is  nearly  all  combustible  are 
found  to  be  the  most  difficult  to  burn  properly.  The  results  obtained 
from  tests  on  an  iron-enclosed  furnace  show  a  clrop  in  efficiency  as  great 
as  10  or  12  per  cent  in  burning  coals  ranging  from  18  down  to  45  per 
cent  volatile  matter  in  the  "combustible."  A  well-designed  furnace 
reduced  this  loss  in  efficiency  when  burning  such  coals  to  about  5  per 
cent.  A  perfect  furnace  would^  of  course^  obtain  the  same  efficiency  from 
all  coals.' 

Influence  of  Sniphur. — Sulphur  is  considered  an  undesirable  element 
in  coal.  It  usually  gives  trouble  from  clinker  and  is  sometimes  destruc- 
tive to  the  grate  bars.  Its  effect  depends  upon  the  form  in  which  it 
occurs  in  the  coal;  on  the  percentage  of  ash  in  the  coal.  Coals  having 
sulphur  varying  from  %  per  cent  to  6  per  cent  or  more  are  successfully 
burned  under  boilers,  and,  in  many  cases,  no  difficulty  is  experienced. 

PURCHASE!    OF    COA-L    FOR    GOVERNMENT. 

The  United  States  government  is  a  large  user  of  coal.  Its  fuel  bill 
will  amount  to  nearly  ten  million  dollars.  Much  of  the  coal  purchased 
is  tested  and  analyzed.  One  single  contract  for  this  year  was  400,000 
tons  of  coal  to  contain  14,600  B.  t.  u.  per  pound. 

In  order  to  compare  the  cost  of  coals  used  by  the  government  in  the 
larger  cities  of  the  country,  it  has  been  customary  to  calculate  the  cost 
on  the  basis  of  the  number  of  cents  per  1,000,000  B.  t.  u.  It  is  inter- 
esting to  note  that  for  last  yearns  contracts  the  cheapest  coal  was  deliv- 
ered in  Louisville  costing  only  7.1  cents  per  million  B.  t.  u.  The  cost 
in  Boston  for  similar  coal  was  16.3  cents  and  in  St.  Paul  the  price  was 
17.1  cents.  Anthracite  coal  was  delivered  in  eastern  cities  at  prices 
ranging  from  8%  cents  per  million  B.  t.  u.  for  Buckwheat  coal  to  14 
cents  for  Pea  coal  and  as  much  as  20  cents  in  some  cases  for  Egg  and 
broken  coal. 

8peciflcaiions. — Having  decided  upon  a  kind  of  coal  to  be  used  for  a 
plant,  the  purchaser  naturally  desires  to  have  some  assurance  that  he 
may  be  able  to  secure  the  coal  in  question,  or  one  of  practically  the  same 
composition,  for  a  given  period.  This  has  led  to  the  use  of  specifications 
for  the  purchase  of  coal.  If  the  size  of  the  contract  and  other  conditions 
warrant  the  use  of  a  specification,  then  the  proposal  for  coal  to  be  of 
value  should  contain  at  least  t#o  general  statements  regarding. the  kind 
and  character  of  coal. 

Proposals  for  Coal. — The  bidder  should  state  in  his  proposal: 

1.  The  commercial  name  and  size  of  the  coal  to  be  furnished.  The 
size  should  be  specified  Avithin  certain  limits  in  order  to  avoid  disputes 
when  coal  is  delivered. 


RANDALL.]  COAL    FOR    BOILER    PLANTS.  357 

2.    The  character  of  the  coal  to  be  furnished^  in  the  following  form : 

PROXIMATE  ANALYSIS. 


As  received. 

Dry  coal. 

Free  from 
moisture 
and  ash . 

Moisture 

Volatile  matter 

Ash 

Sulphur  separately  determined 

B.  T.  U.  in  coal  as  received  (not  dry). 


-per  cent . 


The  price  per  ton  should  be  stated  for  coal  of  the  specified  quality. 
The  price  to  be  paid  on  coal  delivered  should  vary  directly  with  the 
B.  t.  u.  in  the  coal  "as  received";  this  value  to  be  modified  further,  if 
:^idvisable,  by  corrections : 

1.  For  more  or  less  ash  in  the  dry  coal. 

2.  For  more  or  less  volatile  matter  in  the  "combustible,"  allowing  in 
all  cases  2  per  cent  or  3  per  cent  variation  without  premium  or  penalty. 
A  limiting  value  may  be  placed  on  the  percentage  of  sulphur  in  the  coal 
wdiich  will  be  accepted.  Corrections  for  ash  and  volatile  matter  are  best 
expressed  in  the  form  of  a  table.  In  making  corrections  for  variations 
in  the  qualif-  of  the  coal  delivered,  it  may,  in  some  cases,  be  more  conve- 
nient to  make  all  changes  in  the  price  on  the  basis  of  change  of  the 
B.  t.  u. 

The  Reasons  for  Basing  Contract  on  Items  Mentioned  Above  Are  as 
Follows. — ^1.  "B.  t.  n.  in  coal  as  received"  corrects  for  changes  in  heat- 
ing value  due  to  changes  in  both  ash  and  moisture. 

The  B.  t.  u.  in  the  coal  as  delivered  beinsi'  the  most  direct  measure  of 
its  value  to  the  consumer,  it  is  reasonable  that  the  contract  should  be 
based  principally  upon  this  value.  This  value  may  be  determined  and 
reported  directly  by  the  chemist.  This  results  in  a  premium  for  better 
coal  and  a  penalty  for  coal  not  up  to  the  standard. 

As  has  been  shown  above,  so  far  as  is  now  known  the  presence  of 
small  amounts  of  moisture  in  the  coal  has  but  little  effect  on  the  effi- 
ciency of  the  boiler,'  and,  as  coals  from  the  same  mine  or  group  of  mines 
do  not  usually  vary  more  than  3  per  cent  or  4  per  cent  in  moisture,  it 
hardly  seems  worth  while  to  correct  for  the  small  amount  of  heat  lost 
in  evaporating  it.  By  basing  the  value  of  coal  on  the  B.  t.  u.  as  received 
(moist),  the  variation  in  heating  value  as  otherwise  affected  by  the 
moisture  are  provided  for. 

2.  "Ash  in  the  dry  coal"  is  independent  of  changes  in  moisture  in 
the  coal,  this  figure  always  being  the  same  no  matter  what  the  moisture 
content  may  be.  Coal  delivered  from  the  same  mines  may  vary  con- 
siderable in  the  percentage  of  ash.  A  reasonable  allowance,  such  as  1 
per  cent  or  2  per  cent  from  the  average,  would  seem  to  be  desirable,  as 


358  YEAE-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

such  a  variation  is  almost  unavoidable  in  commercial  products.  Inasmuch 
as  the  heating  value  is  taken  care  of  by  the  B.  t.  u.  determinations,  the 
only  remaining  correction  to  be  made  for  the  ash  is  the  extra  trouble 
in  handling  the  coal  and  ashes  and  the  possible  reduction  of  the  capacity 
of  the  equipment.  When  the  ash  greatly  exceeds  the  amount  for  which 
the  furnace  was  designed  the  reduction  in  capacity  may  become  a  serious 
matter  and  would  justify  a  rapidly  increasing  penalty.  For  the  first  3 
per  cent  or  4  per  cent  increase  or  clecrease  in  the  ash-  it  is  only  necessary 
to  provide  for  the  difference  in  the  cost  of  handling,  which  is  between 
%  cent  and  1  cent  per  ton  for  each  1  per  cent  of  ash  in  the  coal.  If  cor- 
rections other  than  for  B.  t.  u.  are  to  be  made,  and  the  ash  is  a  factor, 
the  specifications  should  be  based  upon  the  percentage  of  ash  in  the  dry 
coal  for  reasons  which  are  explained  elsewhere. 

3.  If  volatile  matter  is  to  be  corrected  for,  then  "volatile  matter  in 
^combustible'"  is  preferable  to  "volatile  matter  in  coal."  It  should  be 
the  same,  or  nearly  the  same,  regardless  of  variations  in  moisture  and  ash 
in  the  coal,  and  it  is  more  properly  a  measure  of  the  difficulty  to  be  expe- 
rienced in  burning  coal,  as  it  is  the  direct  ratio  of  the  volatile  matter 
to  that  part  of  the  coal  which  is  actually  burned.  It  is  reasonable  to 
have  a  penalty  for  great  variations  in  the  volatile  matter  from  the  stand- 
ard specified,  for  the  reason  that  furnaces  are  not  all  equally  well  designed 
to  burn  coals  high  in  volatile  matter.  This  should  not  in  any  way  affect 
the  dealer  or  operator,  provided  the  coal  is  furnished  from  the  same 
mine,  as  the  volatile  matter  should  remain  practically  constant  and  a 
reasonable  limit  should  be  established  within  which  no  change  in  the 
price  would  be  made*.  This  variation  could  well  be  3  per  cent  either 
Avay  from  the  standard  established.  The  value  for  volatile  matter  should 
be  based  on  volatile  matter  in  the  "combustible"  (coal  free  from  moisture 
and  ash),  as  this  value  remains  nearly  constant  in  the  same  coal.  Pre- 
miums or  penalties  for  lower  or  higher  volatile  matter  may  properly  vary 
according  to  local  conditions. 

4.  Sulphur.  Sufficient  information  is  not  available  on  which  to  base 
a  reasonable  rate  for  correction  for  this  element. 


HOLMES.] 


MINE    RESCUE    WOEK.  359 


Eemarks  on  Mine  Eescue  Work. 

(By  Dr.  J.  A.  Holmes,  Chief  of  the  Technologic  Branch  U.  S.  Geological  SurveJ^) 


There  are  three  matters  about  which  I  wish  to  caution  the  members  of 
the  Conference  and  wish  them  in  turn  to  caution  others.  The  rescue 
movement  must  overcome  great  and  varied  difficulties.  Its  field  is  very 
broad  and  its  accomplishments  should  therefore  be  correspondingly  very 
large.  With  work  of  this  extent  results  can  not  be  accomplished  in  a 
day  or  a  night.  You^  gentlemen  of  the  Conference,  must  therefore,  first, 
not  get  out  of  patience  if  you  do  not  see  immediate  and  direct  practical 
improvements.  Second,  you  must  keep  patience  with  the  work  of  the 
oxygen  helmets.  If  some  difficulties  are  encountered  in  their  operation 
and  if  defects  in  them  develop,  do  not  too  hastily  condemn  them.  They 
have  done  good  work  and  will  do  l)etter  work.  Like  other  comparatively 
new  inventions  they  need  to  be  perfected.  Eemember,  too,  that  the  man 
must  be  educated  to  their  use  and  that  greater  familiarity  with  them  will 
remove  many  of  their  apparent  deficiencies.  Third,  do  not  get  impatient 
with  the  rescue  work  if  disasters  still  occur.  In  the  face  of  the  extensive 
work  of  this  kind  carried  on  in  some  of  the  foreign  countries  there  have 
been  appalling  disasters,  but  continued  patience  because  the  cause  of 
these  accidents  were  traceable  to  carelessness  or  to  failure  to  comply  with 
the  law.  The  general  ratio  of  men  engaged  to  men  injured  has  been 
very  greatly  decreased  as  the  results  of  the  work  done  abroa'd. 

In  explanation  of  the  terrible  disaster  that  occurred  in  France  I  had 
the  pleasure  of  inspecting  this  mine  very  thoroughly  about  six  weeks 
prior  to  the  disaster  and  the  mine  was  being  managed  in  a  thoroughly 
approved  manner.  The  cause  of  this  accident  is  still  in  doubt.  The  two 
recent  and  very  serious  disasters  in  Grermany  occurred  on  Monday  after 
the  mine  had  been  shut  down  all  day  Sunday  and  Sunday  night  when  no 
sprinkling  had  been  done  and  the  dust  was  fairly  well  dried  out.  This 
was  probably  the  cause  of  the  trouble.  One  of  these  accidents  occurred 
after  a  long  drought  when  it  is  claimed  the  water  supply  of  the  mine 
had  long  been  exhausted,  although  it  is  claimed  by  the  operators  of  the 
mine  that  there  was  ample  supply  for  all  purposes. 

The  effect  of  this  careful  work  is  shown  in  the  decreased  number  of 
injuries  per  man  employed,  and  in  this  great  work  little  Belgium  has 
the  best  record  in  the  face  of  having  the  most  dangerous  conditions  under 
which  to  operate  of  any  country  in  the  world.  I  had  the  privilege  of 
inspecting  Belgium^s  most  dangerous  mine  and  am  pleased  to  say  that 
even  though  this  mine  is  probably  the  most  dangerous  mine  in  the  world 


360  YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

there  has  been  no  accident  in  it  for  seventeen  years  except  one  which  was 
dne  to  carelessness  or  infraction  of  the  rules  of  the  mine.  A  miner,  in 
attempting  a  joke  on  some  of  his  fellow-workers,  attempted  to  stop  a 
lift  by  inserting  an  iron  crowbar  in  its  mechanism.  This  caused  the 
fatal  spark. 

In  the  United  States  we  must  do  the  best  we  can  with  the  means  at  ■ 
hand  to  overcome  the  difficulties  that  have  been  outlined  during  this 
conference  and  which  we  have  to  face.  By  patience  and  continued  untir- 
ing effort  we  may  yet  make  mine  disasters  impossible  by  removing  the 
cause.  The  output  of  the  coal  mining  industry  of  the  IJnited  States  is 
more  valuable  than  the  products  of  the  mines  for  precious  metals. 
Schools  of  mines  have  been  established  by  a  number  of  the  technical 
colleges  of- the  country,  but  most  of  their  attention  is  given  to  the  min- 
ing of  metals  and  very  little  thought  or  effort  has  been  expended  toward 
education  as  to  the  economic  methods  of  recovering  coal.  It  seems  to 
me  that  this  oversight  or  indifference  to  the  production  of  coal  should  be 
remedied,  especially  in  such  states  as  Illinois  which  rank  among  the  first 
in  the  output  of  coal.  I  would  be  glad,  indeed,  if  the  State  of  Illinois 
and  other  coal-bearing  states  would  establish  departments  of  mines  in 
their  universities,  giving  especial  attention  to  the  mining  of  coal.  It 
seems  to  me  that  this  Conference  should  not  permit  the  present  session 
of  the  Legislature  to  be  adjourned  without  putting  before  it  the  request 
of  the  coal  and  commercial  interests  which  are  allied,  for  the  establish- 
ment at  the  University  of  Illinois  of  a  department  of  mines.  In  conclu- 
sion I  would  like  some  one  to  start  such  a  movement  by  appointing  a 
committee  to  present  the  matter  to  the  Legislature. 


TAYLOR.]  ECONOMY   IN   THE   USE   OF    FUEL.  861 


Eemarks  on  Economy  in  the  Use  of  Fuel. 

(By  Mr.  E.  H.  Taylor,  Fuel  Engineer,  Chicago,  111.) 


There  are  wastes  of  coal  in  many  large  establishments^  but  in  man}- 
other  such  plants^  means  have  been  taken  to  economically  consnme  fnel. 
These  improved  methods  have  been  brought  aboiit  in  Chicago  very  largely 
by  education  and  have  been  influenced  greatly  by  the  work  of  the  Engin- 
eering Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of  Illinois  and  by  the  stu- 
dents of  Illinois  employed  in  Chicago.  These  savings  and  improvements 
have  in  many  cases  been  brought  about  by  no  change  in  the  plant.  While 
it  is  true  that  much  saving  has  been  effected,  I  would  like  to  see  it  in- 
creased, and  especially  in  small  plants;  the  home  in  particular.  In  my 
o^vn  home,  by  studying  the  conditions  of  the  furnace  I  have  been  able  to 
save  on  this  year's  fuel  about  $30.00  or  25  per  cent  of  my  coal  bill. 
Education  of  the  people  in  the  matter  of  burning  coal  would  undoubtedly 
save  more  than  at  first  would  be  realized;  and  I  am  sure  that  if  the 
interest  of  the  public  is  enlisted  on  the  side  of  the  rescue  movement,  and 
on  the  side  of  education  with  regard  to  fuel,  there  is  no  other  project 
which  will  become  so  quickly  popular  with  the  mass  of  the  people. 


362  YEAE-BOOK   FOE    1908,  [bull.  no.  U 


Fuel  Tests  with  HousErHEATiNG  Boilees  and  Hot-Aie  Fuenaces. 

(By  J.  M.  Snodgrass,  Engineering  Experiment  Station,  University  of  Illinois.) 


The  equipment  with  which  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  is  at 
the  present  time  making  house-heating  fuel  tests  consist  of  two  house- 
heating  steam  boilers  and  one  hot-air  furnace.  One  of  the  steam  boilers 
is  built  up  of  horizontal  sections,  the  heated  gases  passing  upward  from 
the  fire  through  the  sections  to  the  smoke  pipe.  The  other  steam  boiler 
is  made  up  of  vertical  sections,  the  heated  gases  leaving  the  fire-box  at 
the  rear,  traveling  to  the  front  of  the  boiler  and  returning  to  the  smoke 
outlet  at  the  rear  through  suitably  arranged  flues.  The  hot-air  furnace 
is  of  cast-iron  construction,  surrounded  in  the  usual  manner  with  a 
galvanized  iron  casing.  Each  of  the  steam  boilers  is  provided  with  suit- 
able apparatus  for  weighing  and  supplying  feed  water  and  with  such 
other  apparatus  as  is  required  for  test  purposes.  The  hot-air  furnace 
is  supplied  with  an  air-measuring  device  consisting  of  a  fan-blower  and 
gauging-box  for  the  purpose  of  measuring  the  amount  of  air  heated  by 
the  furnace.  Thermometers,  draft  gauges  and  other  testing  apparatus 
make  up  the  equ.ipment. 

The  purpose  of  the  tests  has  been  twofold :  First,  to  obtain  informa- 
tion as  to  the  relative  value  of  the  various  fuels  commonly  used  in  house- 
heating,  work  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  special  attention  being  paid  to 
Illinois  coal  in  the  effort  to  promote  a  more  general  use  of  that  fuel  and 
to  make  the  conditions  under  which  it  is  burned  more  satisfactory; 
secondly,  to  obtain  information  that  would  assist  in  developing  satisfac- 
tory methods  for  testing  house-heating  boilers.  Up  to  the  present  time 
about  120  tests  have  been  conducted  upon  anthracite,  Pocahontas  and 
coke.  The  others  have  been  made  with  Illinois .  coal.  The  following 
fuels  have  been  burned  in  making  tests : 

1.  Anthracite,  Wyoming  District,  Pennsylvania. 

2.  Pocahontas  coal,  West  Virginia. 

3.  Solvay  coke,   from  Chicago  market. 

4.  Gas  house  coke,  from  local  gas  works. 

5.  Illinois  coal,  Williamson  county   (several  samples). 

6.  Illinois  coal.  Saline  county. 

7.  Illinois  coal.  Christian  county. 

8.  Illinois  coal,  Macon   county. 

9.  Illinois   coal,   Vermilion   county. 

10.  Illinois  coal,  Grundy  county. 

11.  Illinois  coal,  LaSalle  county. 

12.  Illinois  coal,  Tazewell  county. 

For  a  large  number  of  the  tests  already  made  with  the  steam  boilers 
the  methods  employed  have  been  in  the  main  similar  to  those  employed 
when  making  tests  upon  power  boilers.  Comparatively  large  amounts  of 
fuel  have,  however,  been  fired  at  one  time  so  that  the  interval  of  time 


SNODGRASS.]  HOUSE-HEATING   BOILERS   AND    FURNACES.  363 

between  one  firing  and  the  next  has  lasted  several  hours,  varying  ronghly 
from  two  to  ten  honrs,  depending  npon  the  fuel,  load  carried  and  other 
conditions.  The  A.  S.  M.  E.  code  for  conducting  boiler  trials  has  been 
emploj'ed  as  a  general  guide.  This  method  of  procedure  has  tended 
toward  laying  the  greatest  stress  upon  evaporative  performance  rather 
than  upon  questions  relating  to  cleanliness,  control  or  attendance. 

A  series  of  forty-eight  tests  was  run  upon  representative  fuels  with 
the  two  steam  boilers  all  at  a  load  of  approximately  65  per  cent  of  their 
rated  capacity.  Under  these  conditions  the  plant  efficiencies  varied  from 
about  45  per  cent  to  65  per  cent;  that  is  over  a  range  about  the  same 
or  possibly  somewhat  lower  than  that  found  in  power  boiler  work.  The 
variation  in  efficiency  was  for  the  most  part  due  to  the  composition  of 
the  fuel,  that  is,  the  fuels  high  in  fixed  carbon  content  as  the  anthracite 
and  coke  gave  high  efficiencies,  and  the  fuels  high  in  volatile  content  and 
ash,  as  the  Illinois  coal,  gave  low  efficiencies. 

The  forty-eight  tests  just  mentioned  have  led  to  some  general  conclu- 
sions, which  may  be  stated  as  follows : 

In  considering  house-heating  boiler  tests  a  number  of  important  con- 
siderations, such  as  efficiency,  fuel  cost,  attendance,  control,  -cleanliness 
and  equipment,  must  be  taken  into  account.  The  relative  importance 
of  such  factors  can  not  be  stated  definitely,  and  vary  greatly  with  the 
nature  of  the  service  required  of  any  given  installation. 

Efficiency  and  fuel  cost  may  become  the  items  of  greatest  importance 
when  heating  w^ork  is  upon  a  comparatively  large  scale  approaching 
power-boiler  conditions. 

Simplicity  and  the  ease  with  which  the  heating  apparatus  can  be 
cared  for  may  be  of  greater  importance  than  high  evaporative  efficiency. 
The  condition  which  requires  the  minimum  amount  of  attendance  may 
be  the  most  satisfactory  and  economical  and  more  than  offset  the  con- 
sumption of  some  extra  fuel. 

The  ability  to  get  up  steam  quickly,  and  to  maintain  uniform  pressure 
and  fire  conditions  over  comparatively  long  periods  of  time,  may  be  of 
greater  importance  than  questions  relating  to  either  fuel  or  equipment. 

The  desire  or  necessity  for  cleanliness,  with  respect  to  smoke,  soot  and 
dust  or  dirt,  may  warrant  the  use  of  high-priced  fuel. 

The  efficiencies  for  the  tests  under  consideration  varied  from  about  45 
per  cent  to  65  per  cent.  A  still  wider  range  will  exist  under  the  variable 
capacity  conditions  common  to  average  residence  heating  work. 

Present  methods  of  burning  and  present  types  of  boilers  are  particu- 
larly well  adapted  to  burning  anthracite  and  other  coals  high  in  fixed 
carbon  content.  Coke  burning  presents  special  problems  as  to  methods 
of  burning  and  construction  of  equipment. 

The  low  efficiencies  with  the  fuels  of  high  volatile  content  and  the 
variations  in  efficiencies  indicated  the  possibility  of  obtaining  higher 
efficiencies  with  the  cheaper  fuels  by  means  of  careful  attention  to  details 
relating  to  fuel,  operation  and  equipment. 

Illinois  coal  may  be  obtained  at  from  one-fourth  to  one-half  of  the 
cost  of  anthracite  per  ton.  Eoughly,  the  cost  per  British  thermal  unit 
is  in  the  same  proportion.  Illinois  coal  is  also  considerably  cheaper  than 
Pocahontas  coal  or  coke,  expressed  as  cost  per  ton  or  per  B.  t.  u. 


364  YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Fixed  carbon  can  be  purchased  mncli  more  cheaply  in  the  form  of 
coke  than  as  anthracite.  Fixed  carbon  can  be  obtained  at  as  low  or  at 
a  lower  price  in  the  form  of  coke  than  in  Pocahontas  or  Illinois  coal. 

With  Illinois  coal  as  fiiel^  water  can  be  evaporated  in  honse-heating 
boilers  at  about  50  per  cent  of  the  fuel  cost  of  anthracite  and  at  about  75 
per  cent  of  the  fuel  cost  of  Pocahontas  coal  or  coke. 

The  relatively  low  cost  of  Illinois  coal^  especially  as  compared  with 
the  eastern  coals,  will  insure  its  continued  use  for  domestic  purposes. 
The  amount  of  this  fuel  used  for  such  purposes  will  increase  in  spite  of 
the  disadvantages  connected  with  its  burning.  This  condition  empha- 
sizes the  necessity  for  improvement  in  the  methods  of  burning  the 
cheaper  fuel. 

The  low  fuel  cost  for  Illinois  coal  as  compared  with  coke  is  consider- 
able and  will  insure  the  continued  use  of  raw  coal  until  prices  of  the  two 
fuels  are  more  nearly  equal.  Improvement  in  the  methods  of  burning 
and  equipment  are  needed  for  each  of  these  fuels  and  such  improvements 
will  doubtless  affect  the  relative  quantity  of  each  which  is  used. 

Based  upon  present  prices  and  considering  evaporative  performance 
only,  anthracite,  as  compared  to  Illinois  coal,  is  only  worth  from  $3.00 
to  $4.00  per  ton.  The  additional  amount  which  is  paid  for  it  must  be 
considered  as  expended  for  advantages  possessed  by  the  anthracite,  such 
as  cleanliness  and  ease  of  fire  control,  which  are  not  possessed  by  the 
other  fuel.  Anthracite  and  coke  possess  marked  advantages  over  the 
■other  fuels,  especially  over  the  Illinois  coal,  with  respect  to  cleanliness. 
The  practice  of  washing  and  sizing  Illinois  coal  eliminates  to  a  very 
considerable  extent  the  objectionable  features  with  regard  to  smoke,  soot, 
dust;  dirt  and  ash. 

A  report  concerning  the  forty-eight  tests  which  have  just  been  con- 
sidered is  at  present  in  the  hands  of  the  printer,  and  it  is  hoped  will 
shortly  be  issued  as  an  Engineering  Experiment  Station  bulletin. 

In  addition  to  the  tests  above  mentioned  a  further  series  of  efficiency 
tests  upon  Illinois  coal  is  in  progress,  also  a  series  of  tests  when  operating 
at  capacities  ranging  from  about  10  per  cent  to  100  per  cent  of  the  rate*! 
capacity  of  the  boilers  and  a  series  of  service  tests  in  which  conditions 
are  comparable  with  those  found  in  small  residence  heating  work.  It  is 
hoped  to  use  some  of  the  data  thus  obtained  or  to  run  additional  tests 
that  will  assist  in  developing  a  method  of  rating  house-heating  apparatus. 

In  all  tests  now  in  progress  the  hot-air  furnace  is  being  tested  as  well 
as  the  steam-heating  boilers.  For  a  number  of  tests  already  completed 
with  the  hot-air  furnace  efficiencies,  in  the  neighborhood  of  45  per  cent 
have  been  obtained.  In  tests  where  capacities  have  been  varied  for  a 
given  fuel  over  a  range  of  from  about  10  per  cent  to  90  per  cent,  the 
range  in  efficiency  has  been  from  about  30  per  cent  to  60  per  cent. 

While  not  overlooking  the  importance  of  evaporative  performance,  it 
is  expected  that  in  future  work  and  in  the  tests  now  under  way  much 
more  attention  can  be  given  to  questions  relating  to  cleanliness,  control, 
attendance  and  other  important  considerations. 


SMITH.]  U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SUEVEY  AND  FUEL  RESOURCES.  865' 


The  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  and  the  Fuel  Eesources  of  the 

Country. 

(By  George  Otis  Smith,  Director,  Washington,  D.  C.) 

By  law^  the  federal  Geological  Survey  is  charged  with  the  classification: 
of  the  public  lands  and  the  examination  of  the  geologic  structure,  min- 
eral resources  and  products  of  the  national  domain.  Thirty  years  agoy 
Congress  thus  defined  the  scope  of  this  branch  of  the  public  service,  recog- 
nizing by  the  wording  of  the  statute  the  practical  relationship  between 
geology  and  the  mineral  industry.  Today  the  Geological  Survey  is 
making  contributions  to  the  nation^s  knowledge  of  its  mineral  fuel  re- 
sources along  four  lines:  Land  classification^  mining  geology^  mining 
technology  and  mineral  statistics. 

.  In  one  line^  that  of  classifying  the  mineral  lands,  whose  title  remains 
in  the  national  government,  the  federal  bureau  has  an  undivided  juris- 
diction; in  the  other  phases  of  the  investigation  of  mineral  fuels,  w© 
share  the  field  in  common  with  the  State  Surveys  and  the  great  research 
schools.  This  Conference  is  especially  significant  in  that  it  has  been 
inspired  by  the  spirit  of  cooperation.  It  therefore  well  expresses  the 
extent  to  which  these  three  agencies  are  working  together  in  the  service 
of  the  mining  industry  and  indeed  for  the  benefit  of  the  whole  indus- 
trial life  of  the  nation. 

In  1879  Congress  expressed  its  appreciation  of  the  importance  of  the 
nation^s  mineral  wealth  by  establishing  this  scientific  bureau  charged 
with  the  investigation  of  these  mineral  resources.  Now,  three  decades 
later,  the  mining  industry  is  making  an  annual  contribution  to  the 
nation  six-fold  greater  than  it  was  then.  I  shall  refer  later  to  some 
phases  of  this  phenomenal  thirty  years  development,  but  first  a  few 
words  as  to  the  part  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  has  had  in  recording  and 
]Dromoting  that  development,  that  you  may  judge  whether  this  bureau  is, 
like  your  State  Survey  and  LTniversity,  in  any  sense  keeping  pace  with 
the  marvelous  expansion  in  the  production  of  mineral  fuels  and  notable 
progress  in  their  economical  utilization. 

In  the  first  few  years  of  its  historv,  the  Survey  has  an  annual  appro- 
priation of  between  one  and  two  hundred  thousand  dollars,  very  small 
portions  of  which  appropriations  were  devoted  to  the  subject  of  the 
nation's  fuel  resources.  -  This  year  out  of  an  appropriation  of  a  million 
and  a  half,  more  than  one-third  or  at  least  $630,000.00  has  been  expended 
in  explorations  and  investigation?  relating  solely  to  the  mineral  fuels. 
This  work  is  both  geologic  and  technologic. 


366  YEAR-BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

Of  the  technologic  investigations  I  need  say  little,  as  yon  have  been 
able  to  learn  their  nature  and  to  judge  their  valne  at  first  hand  from 
Dr.  Holmes,  the  Chief  of  the  Technologic  Branch,  and  his  associates, 
Messrs.  Eice,  Eandall  and  Williams.  I  would  not  care,  however,  to 
allow  this  opportunity  to  pass  without  mention  of  the  spirit  of  enthusi- 
astic endeavor  that  has  characterized  those  who  have  been  engaged  in 
these  past  few  years  in  beginning  this  new  line  of  federal  work. 

As  I  stated  a  moment  ago,  these  technologic  problems  have  been  and 
are  shared  with  other  organizations,  whose  members  are  equally  enthusi- 
astic and  no  less  well  qualified  to  master  the  problems.  Yet  from  my 
observations  I  am  convinced  that  the  entrance  of  a  federal  bureau  into 
the  technologic  field  has  given  an  impetus  to  the  movement  to  secure 
less  wasteful  practices  at  both  mine  and  power  plant  that  no  other  single 
agency  could  have  contributed.  In  making  this  statement  I  am  not 
unmindful  of  the  invaluable  assistance  received  from  Prof.  Brecken- 
ridge,  Goss  and  Lord  and  several  others  connected  with  colleges  or  univer- 
sities, for  it  is  such  cooperation  that  has  made  possible  whatever  success 
has  already  been  attained. 

In  view  of  the  increasing  dependence  of  our  industrial  nation  upon 
its  mineral  fuels,  I  am  inclined  to  take  a  high  value  upon  the  technologic 
cotributors  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  As  you  know,  attention  has 
been  given  not  only  to  the  waste  in  mining  but  more  especially  to  the  much 
greatcT  loss  in  utilization,  and  now  to  this  experimental  work  has  been 
added  the  beginning  of  an  adequate  investigation  of  mine  accidents,  a  line 
of  practical  research  that  is  expected  to  decrease  in  some  degree  the  pres- 
ent excessive  loss  of  life  in  the  mines.  It  promises  well  for  the  success  of 
the  mine  accident  and  mine  rescue  work  of  the  Survey — work  barely  be- 
gun— that  so  large  a  part  of  this  Conference  has  been  devoted  to  this 
humanitarian  phase  of  our  investigations. 

In  the  geologic  branch  of  the  Survey  the  federal  geologists  are  engaged 
in  mapping  and  measuring  the  nation's  stores  of  coal,  oil  and  gas,  and 
exploring  the  public  lands  with  the  purpose  of  adding  to  the  visible  and 
known  supply  of  these  mineral  fuels.  Since  the  organization  of  the 
Survey,  its  statisticians  have  been  recording  the  ever- increasing  activity 
of  the  country's  coal  mines  and  oil  and  gas  wells,  with  the  result  that 
last  fall  we  were  able  to  present  to  those  interested  in  national  conserva- 
tion a  fairly  accurate  inventory,  from  which  I  shall  later  select  some  of 
the  quantative  data  for  graphic  repetition. 

The  land  classification  work  of  the  Geological  Survey  is  its  latest 
development,  although  the  classification  of  the  public  lands  was  a  func- 
tion and  duty  specifically  laid  upon  the  bureau  at  the  time  of  its  estab- 
lishment. For  three  years  now  an  increasing  amount  of  attention  has 
been  given  to  special  surveys  of  the  coal  lands  belonging  to  the  govern- 
ment. The  lands  underlaid  by  valuable  deposits  of  coal  have  been  segre- 
gated from  the  noncoal  lands — the  latter  restored  to  agricultural  industry 
and  the  former  protected  from  any  entry  other  than  under  the  coal  land 
laws.  In  this  movement  to  secure  the  proper  utilization  of  the  remaining 
public  lands  and  their  sale  at  prices  somewhat  proportionate  to  their 
value,  the  function  of  the  Geological  Survey  is  not  only  to  determine  and 


SMITH.]  U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SUEVEY  AND  FUEL  EESOUECES.  367 

report  to'  the  General  Land  Office  the  coal  or  noncoal  cliaracter  of  the 
land^  but  also  to  place  upon  each  legal  subdivision — or  forty  acres — of 
the  coal  land  a  selling  price.  In  this  valuation  work,  the  accessibility  of 
the  coal  field,  the  number,  thickness  and  depth  of  the  coal  heels,  and  the 
quality  of  the'coal  are  all  factors  considered  in  the  determination  of  the 
coal  values. 

This  classification  of  the  public  lands  in  the  past  three  years  lias 
resulted  in  the  field  examination  of  about  35,000,000  acres — an  area 
nearly  equalling  that  of  the  whole  State  of  Illinois. 

This  recent  departure  in  Survey  explorations  is  a  noteworthy  example 
of  geology  applied  to  the  public  good.  Yet,  incidental  to  this  purely 
economic  ^vork,  important  scientific  results  have  been  secured  relating 
to  the  stratigraphy  of  the  Eocky  Mountain  province.  Systematic  sur- 
veys of  the  oil  fields  are  likewise  yielding  data,  both  economic  and  scien- 
tific, of  equal  importance;  but  with  so  great  activity  in  the  coal  fields, 
the  federal  Survey  has  been  unable  to  keep  abreast  of  the  oil  and  gas 
developments  in  the  different  fields. 

The  field  and  laboratory  work  of  the  Survey,  the  explorations  and 
investigations,  realize  their  full  purpose  onlv  as  the  results  are  published. 
Publicity  through  the  preparation,  publication  and  distribution  of 
reports  is  the  measure  of  success  and  the  Survey's  contribution  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  fuel  resources  of  the  country  is  indicated  by  the  annual 
issue  of  not  less  than  ten  geologic  reports  on  the  subject  and  a  total  of 
fourteen  technologic  bulletins  since  1904,  when  the  fuel-testing  work 
was  started  at  St.  Louis.  A  gratifying  feature  of  the  publication  side 
of  the  work  is  that  a  considerable  proportion  of  these  publications  are 
already  out  of  print,  a  fair  index  of  pu.blic  interest  in  the  subject. 

Ee turning  now  to  the  subject  of  our  fuel  resources,  it  may  be  well  to 
consider  the  state  of  our  present  knowledge  as  to  the  extent  and  distribu- 
tion of  these  supplies  and  of  the  tendencies  of  today  in  the  production 
and  consumption  of  the  mineral  fuels. 

In  1901  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  made  its  first  attempt  to  compile 
an  inventory  of  the  nation's  coal  reserves.  At  that  time  the  data  scattered 
through  technical  journals  and  official  reports  were  collected  and  a  sum- 
mary prepared  of  all  available  information.  Dr.  Hayes  presented  in  a 
table  the  distribution  of  the  coal  fields  and  estimates  of  their  extent.  A 
comparison  of  this  table  of  1901  with  the  statement  of  Mr.  Campbell  of 
May,  1908,  furnishes  some  idea  of  the  amount  of  the  Survey's  work  on 
coal  in  the  intervening  seven  years.  The  earlier  inventory  gave  the  area  A 
coal  bearing  formations  in  the  United  States  as  280,000  square  miles,  of 
which  only  certain  percentages,  35  to  75  per  cent,  were  believed  to  be 
workable.  The  later  figures  are  for  workable  coal  fields  with  an  esti- 
mated area  of  337,000  square  miles  with  nearly  one-half  as  much  more 
of  possibly  workable  coal  and  coals  under  heavy  cover.  The  miore  notable 
differences  between  the  two  tables  are  in  the  Eocky  IMountain  states, 
where  the  Survey  has  been  engaged  in  land  classification,  where  the  later 
figures  double  or  treble  those  of  the  earlier  inventory.  Again,  in  the 
earlier  summary,  no  attempt  was  made  to  estimate  tonnage,  inasmuch 
as  at  that  time  data  relating  to  number  and  thickness  of  Avorkable  beds 
were  not  available  for  large  areas  of  the  country;  but  in  the  1908  state- 


368  YEAE-BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  1* 

ment  Mr.  Campbell  estimates  not  only  the  available  tonnage^  but  classi- 
fies the  coal  reserves  by  provinces,  accessibility  and  grade  of  coal.  This 
estimate  has  been  criticized  as  too  large  for  Pennsylvania,  West  Virginia 
and  Ohio,  bnt  it  may  be  stated  as  probable  that  any  overestimate  in  the 
eastern  fields  will  be  offset  by  nnderestimates  in  the  Eocky  Mountain 
fields. 

Turning  now  to  production  statistics,  which,  in  the  case  of  coal,  oil 
and  gas,  form  the  best  possible  test  of  industrial  progress,  a  few  notable 
changes  since  1880  should  be  mentioned. 

In  a  list  showing  the  present  relative  importance  of  the  ten  leading 
mineral  products,  the  mineral  fuels  coal,  oil  and  gas  will  be  seen  to  rank 
first,  fifth  and  ninth.  Were  we  to  compare  this  with  the  sequence  of 
1880,  you  would  find  that  notwithstanding  the  sixfold  increase  in  total 
value  of  mineral  products,  coal  and  petroleum  have  both  maintained  their 
positions,  while  natural  gas  is  a  new  comer  in  the  list. 

With  this  increased  prominence  of  the  mineral  fuels,  it  has  natural  1}^ 
followed  in  these  thirty  years  that  the  nonmietallic  products  have  out- 
shipped  the  metallic  output,  changing  from  47  per  cent  to  57  per  cent 
of  the  total.  In  the  popular  mind,  too  little  credit  is  given  to  these  most 
useful  nonmetallic  products  and  too  much  to  the  precious  metals. 

Petroleum  and  natural  gas  must  be  considered  tosfether  with  regard 
to  their  distribution.  These  areas  are  scattered  over  twenty-two  states 
and  aggregate  nearly  9,000  square  miles  in  six  great  fields.  Eighteen 
states  produced  petroleum  last  year,  and  nineteen  states  natural  gas. 

The  production  statistics  for  petroleum  for  the  past  three  decades  are 
striking  and  show  an  eightfold  increase,  which  fact,  as  you  will  remem- 
ber, has  enabled  this  product  to  keep  its  place  in  the  column  of  minerals 
notwithstanding  the  great  advances.  It  will  be  noted  also  that  the  center 
of  petroleum  production  has  shown  a  westward  trend.  In  1900  the  pri- 
macy in  petroleum  production  passed  from  Ohio  to  California  and  later 
back  to  Oklahoma. 

When  I  come  to  speak  more  particularly  of  coal,  I  realize  that  I  am 
in  Illinois,  a  State  standing  near  the  front  in  both  oil  and  coal  produc- 
tion. I  am  not  unmindful  that  as  early  as  1679  the  Jesuit  missionary. 
Father  Hennepin,  mentioned  and  mapped  Illinois  coal,  and  that  today 
you  rank  second  in  both  annual  and  total  production  and  first  among- 
eastern  states  in  coal  reserves.  But  I  can  not  refrain  from  bringing  to 
your  attention  the  fact  that  in  only  two  foreign  countries  does  the  coal 
output  exceed  that  of  this  State.  In  fact,  you  have  two  counties  whose 
1907  production  exceeded  that  of  Canada,  or,  indeed,  of  any  one  of 
twenty-three  of  our  own  coal  producing  states. 

This  wealth  in  the  two  important  fuels,  together  with  the  nearness  to 
the  Lake  Superior  iron  ores,  puts  your  State  well  to  the  front  in  indus- 
trial importance. 

The  abundant  supplies  of  coal  and  iron  in  this  country  form  the 
corner-stone  of  our' national  prosperity.  It  has  been  stated  that  a  nation 
possessing  both  coal  and  iron  is  independently  rich,  and  you  well  know 
that  Americans  industrial  supremacy  among  the  nations  of  the  world 
depends  upon  her  unrivaled  reserves  of  iron  ore  and  especially  of  the 
mineral  fuels. 


SMITH]  GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY   AND   FUEL    EESOUECES.  369 

It  is  not  without  significance^  therefore^  that  coal  of  some  grade  is 
found  in  all  but  fourteen  states^  and  that  thirty-one  states  and  territories 
produced  coal  last  year.  The  subject  of  coal  production  should  not  be 
passed  over  without  mention  of  its  phenomenal  increase — a  record  that 
forms  a  true  index  of  the  nation's  industrial  growth.  Only  one  curve 
can  well  be  compared  with  this  diagram  showing  the  annual  increase  in 
coal  output^  and  that  is  the  increase  in  railroad  mileage  in  the  United 
States.  The  similarity  is  not  only  striking,  but  is  expressive  of  the 
sensitiveness  of  both  coal  mining  and  railroad  construction  to  general 
business  conditions.  The  average  annual  increase  figured  from  the  pro- 
duction curve  is  something  over  7  per  cent.  To  show  America's  place 
as  a  world  power,  we  have  only  to  glance  at  the  statistics  of  the  world's 
production  of  coal.  As  far  as  known  we  lead  the  world  in  coal  reserves 
as  well  as  in  present  production.  Nor  can  we  look  to  China  for  coal, 
since  when  China  becomes  industrially  awake,  that  great  nation  will  fur- 
nish a  home  market  for  her  own  coal.  Since  the  days  of  Yon  Rich- 
thoven's  estimate  of  the  coal  resources  of  North  China,  that  country  has 
been  looked  upon  as  possessing  a  reserve  upon  which  other  nations  may 
draw  when  the  coal  supply  of  Europe  and  America  shall  run  low.  Mr. 
Willis's  recent  estimate  on  the  coal  of  North  China  puts  the  figures  at 
605  billion  tons,  with  the  qualifying  statement  that  this  may  be  100 
billion  tons  too  much  or  too  little.  Such  a  reserve  is  fairly  comparable 
with  the  total  amount  of  coal  in  the  Appalachian  coal  fields  as  estimated 
by  Mr.  Campbell.  In  short,  the  coal  fields  of  southern,  western  and 
northern  China  are  sufficient  for  only  the  future  needs  of  the  great  civili- 
zation which  the  Chinese  will  surely  develop. 

This  glance  at  the  world's  reserves  of  coal  shows  plainly  that  in  the 
case  of  no  mineral  is  there  greater  need  to  emphasize  the  folly  of  exporta- 
tion of  raw  material.  Let  us  keep  our  coal  at  home  and  with  it  manu- 
facture whatever  the  world  needs. 

The  relative  size  of  the  coal  fields  in  the  different  states  is  indicated 
on  this  diagram.  In  this,  however,  there  is  no  distinction  as  to  grades 
of  coal,  and  with  the  range  of  variation  that  we  know,  this  should  not  be 
lost  sight  of.  This  feature  is  brought  out  on  this  copy  of  the  map  of  the 
coal  fields  of  the  United  States  issued  last  year  by  the  Survey.  On  this 
map  is  also  indicated  the  progress  in  the  center  of  production  of  coal  in 
the  two  past  decades  in  which,  as  you  will  remember,  the  production  has 
nearly  quadrupled.  The  center  of  the  coal  reserve  of  the  nation  is  also 
indicated.  These  geographic  features  in  the  distribution  of  coal  produc- 
tion and  of  coal  reserves  furnish  the  best  illustration  of  how  the  distribu- 
tion of  mineral  wealth  must  surely  work  out  the  line  of  national  progress 
in  material  matters. 

This  review  of  our  industrial  development,  a  development  so  unpresi- 
dented  as  to  lead  us  to  doubt  our  ability  to  forecast  the  future  with  any 
degree  of  certainty,  has  little  value,  except  as  it  convinces  us  of  the  need 
of  increased  effort  to  efficiently  utilize  the  mineral  resources  of  state 
and  nation,  and  to  discover  new  stores  of  those  minerals  that  are  essen- 
tial to  our  prosperity. 

-24  G 


370  YEAE   BOOK   FOE   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 


The  Illinois  State  Geological  Survey  and  the  Fuel  Interests  of 

THE  .State. 

(By  Dr.  H.  Foster  Bain,  Director.) 

Coal-bearing  rocks  underlie  three-fourths  of  Illinois^  including  eighty- 
five  of  its  102  cou.nties.  The  coal  area  is  estimated  at  from  36,000  to 
42.000  square  miles — ^the  largest  area  of  bituminous  coal  within  any 
single  state.  There  are  approximately  1,000  mines  in  the  State,  of 
which  over  400  are  railway  shipping  mines.  The  work  of  the  State 
Geological  Survey  is  therefore  very  largely  devoted, to  coal  and  the  prob- 
lems of  the  coal  fields. 

Illinois  ranks  second  among  the  states  in  the  production  of  coal.  In 
1907  51,317,146  tons,  having  a  total  value  of  $54,687,382.00  were 
mined.  The  figures  for  1908  are  not  complete,  but  preliminary  estimates 
indicate  that  Illinois  was  almost  alone  among  the  states  in  holding  its 
production.  While  in  the  country  as  a  whole  the  amount  mined  fell 
off  from  15  to  20  per  cent^  Illinois  mines  produced  as  much  as,  or  possi- 
bly more  than,  in  1907,  a  record  year.^  Despite  this  gratifying  fact  it 
remains  true  that  our  mines  are  not  working  to  anything  like  their 
capacity.  In  1907  the  average  number  of  days  worked  was  218.  It  would 
probably  be  fair  to  assume  300  working  days  a  year  as  possible.  On  this 
basis  there  was  a  loss  of  30  per  cent  of  the  possible  working  time  and 
this  is  not  an  unusual  per  cent  of  loss  in  our  State.  The  reasons  for  this 
are  complex.  In  part  they  lie  in  the  nature  of  the  coal  which  prevents 
its  storage  without  spontaneous  combustion ;  in  part,  in  the  general  igno- 
rance as  to  correct  methods  of  firing  and  the  real  value  of  the  coal ;  and 
finally  in  part,  in  the  present  organization  of  the  industry  with  excessive 
competition  in  selling.  The  net  results  are  bad  for  the  industry  and 
therefore  for  the  State  as  a  whole.  Cheap  coal  reduces  manufacturing 
costs  but  allows  wasteful  burning.  It  also  entails  wasteful  mining  and 
even  prevents  the  introduction  of  methods  of  safeguarding  the  men  in 
the  mines.  It  is  a  serious  question  whether  we  are  not  paying,  in  loss 
of  life  in  the  mines,  in  loss  of  efficiency  in  our  plants,  and  in  loss  of 
interest  and  capital  invested  in  the  industry,  more  than  the  cheapness  of 
the  coal  is  worth. 

The  study  of  the  coal  and  coal  fields  of  the  State  has  been  carried  on 
both  in  the  field  and  office.    The  work  has  been  directed  toward : 


^  This  prediction  did  not  come  true  as  tlie  final  figures  show  47,659,690  tons.    This  loss  was,  how- 
ever, low  in  comparison  with  that  in  other  states. 


BAIN.]  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SUEVEY  AND  FUEL  INTERESTS.  371 

1.  The  solving  of  problems  of  stratigraphy,  such  as  the  distribution 
and  correlation  of  various  coal  beds,  together  with  the  collection  of  all 
data  relating  to  the  origin  and  the  mode  of  deposition  of  the  coal  and 
accompanying  beds. 

2.  A  study  of  the  composition  and  uses  of  coals. 

3.  A  study  of  the  mode  of  occurrence  of  coal  as  relates  to  the  methods 
and  costs  of  mining. 

4.  A  study  of  the  preparation  of  the  coal  for  the  market,  its  trans- 
portation, its  normal  markets,  and  the  competition  which  it  meets. 

The  first  step  in  the  solution  of  the  problems  of  stratigraphy  is  the 
making  of  accurate  detailed  maps  and  the  compilation  of  drill  records. 
This  is  now  being  done  and  considerable  areas  near  Peoria,  Springfield, 
Belleville  and  in  the  Saline  and  Williamson  county  fields  have  been  sur- 
veyed in  cooperation  with  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  These  maps 
show  the  thickness  and  lie  of  the  coal  beds  and  from  them  it  will  be 
possible  to  tell  quite  exactly  how  much  coal  is  present  and  to  plan  its 
economical  working.  At  present  it  is  only  possible  to  guess  at  the  orig- 
inal content  of  the  field  and  these  guesses  vary  from  136  billion  to  240 
billion  tons.    Either  is,  perhaps,  sufficiently  large  for  our  comfort. 

The  study  of  the  composition  of  the  coal  is  directed  especially  toward 
the  determination  of  its  availability  and  the  best  means  of  using  it. 
Samples  are  taken  by  uniform  methods  in  the  mine  and  in  the  market 
and  in  connection  with  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  elaborate 
experiments  are  being  made  of  the  methods  of  storage,  of  handling  the 
coal,  and  of  burning  it.  We  hope  soon  to  take  up  the  matter  of  gas  pro- 
duction and  coke-making  and  have  had  under  way  for  sometime  certain 
preliminary  experiments. 

The  mode  of  occurrence  as  relates  to  mining  methods  and  costs  has 
been  barely  touched.  In  my  judgment  it  would  be  well  if  the  State 
made  separate  provision  for  this  work.  In  the  absence  of  special  provi- 
sion we  are  attempting  to  gather  such  notes  as  we  can  in  the  course  of 
our  regular  work.  "It  has  been  found  impracticable  at  the  present  time, 
mainly  owing  to  limitations  of  funds,  to  undertake  certain  highly  desira- 
ble studies  of  the  technology  of  the  mining  industry  and  of  the  geograph- 
ical distribution  of  markets  for  Illinois  coals.  It  is  believed  that  much 
good  would  result  from  investigations  along  these  lines  and  that  certain 
portions  of  the  work  are  well  within  the  proper  field  of  the  State  Geo- 
logical Survey.  It  is  now  well  known  that  there  is,  under  present  com- 
mercial conditions,  an  enormous  waste  in  the  mining  of  Illinois  coal.  In 
individual  districts  it  has  been  estimated  to  amount  to  as  much  as  60 
per  cent,  though,  of  course,  such  losses  are  not  general.  It  would,  how- 
ever, probably  be  safe  to  say  that  in  very  many  places  40  per  cent  of  the 
coal  in  the  ground  is  left  unmined  or  is  ruined  in  the  process  of  mining. 
In  addition,  the  methods  of  mining  introduced  in  recent  years  have 
greatly  increased  the  production  of  fine  sizes  and  have  also,  seemingly, 
increased  the  danger  to  life  and  property  in  the  mines.  The  causes  for 
all  these  losses  are  complex,  and  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  either  opera- 
tors or  miners  willingly  submit  to  them.  Neither  is  it  to  be  expected 
that  the  losses  of  life  and  property  can  be  entirely  done  away  with.     At 


372  YEAE   BOOK   FOR   1908.         '  [bull.  no.  U 

the  same  time  expeTience  has  abundantly  proven  that  careful  and  impar- 
tial investigations  of  snch  conditions  will  point  the  way  to  the  remedying 
of  some  at  least  of  the  abuses,  and  in  view  of  the  enormons  importance 
of  the  subject  to  the  State  and  the  public  at  large,  snch  studies  are 
believed  to  be  amply  warranted. 

There  has  been  no  opportunity  as  }'^t  to  seriously  take  up  the  study 
of  markets.  "The  expansion  of  markets  for  Illinois  coal  is  a  matter  of 
vital  importance  to  the  coal  industry  and  indirectly  to  the  people  of  the 
entire  State.  One  of  the  most  important  means  of  promoting  this  expan- 
sion is  by  removing  certain  misapprehensions  as  to  the  quality  of  the  coal 
and  the  pointing  out  of  better  means  of  burning,  so  as  to  increase  its 
efficiency  and  decrease  the  smoke  produced.  This  work  has  been  taken 
up  vigorously  by  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station,  which  has  pub- 
lished excellent  bulletins  on  "How  to  Burn  Illinois  Coal  Without  Smoke'^ 
and  other  similar  subjects.  In  addition  to  this  valuable  work,  there 
should  be  investigations  of  the  actual  markets  for  the  different  grades  of 
coal  and  of  possible  enlargements  of  these  markets.  There  are  large 
areas  to  the  northwest  within  which  Illinois  washed  coals  might  profit- 
ably .supplant  eastern  coals  now  being  sold.  There  are  other  areas  to  the 
south  and  west  where,  with  proper  organization  of  transportation  agen- 
cies, even  in  advance  of  improvement  of  the  rivers,  trade  territory  could 
be  gained.  Any  widening  of  the  market  would  be  of  large  benefit  to  the 
local  industry,  particularly  if  the  summer  market  could  be  increased. 
For  this  reason  the  studies  now  under  way  relating  to  weathering  of  coal 
and  coal  storage  are  especially  important.^^ 


LORD.]  COAL   ANALYSIS.  378 


Coal  Analysis. 

(By  Professor  N.  W.  Lord,  Director  of  the  School  of  Mines,  Ohio  State  University.) 


Within  the  last  few  years  the  subject  of  coal  analysis  has  become  of 
•great  importance  to  many  lines  of  industry.  The  demand  for  the  analy- 
sis of  coal  has  come  from  a  great  variety  of  sources  and  largely  from 
those  having  little  acquaintance  with  chemical  methods  and  the  interpre- 
tation of  chemical  results.  The  chemists^  on  the  other  hand,  have  been 
compelled  to  take  such  methods  as  were  found  at  hand^  and  the  resuJt 
of  these  conditions  has  been  not  altogether  satisfactory  in  many  ways. 

If  we  consider  somewhat  in  detail  the  various  determinations  made 
in  the  laboratory  in  connection  with  coal  testing,  it  will  be  easy  to  show 
how  much  is  commercial  and  how  little  what  might  be  called  scientific. 
The  so-called  analysis  of  a  coal  is  usually  a  practical  test  of  purity  of 
the  material  on  a  small  scale,  but  it  also  involves  determinations  which 
are  supposed  in  some  way  \o  indicate  the  nature  of  the  coal  itself. 

To  illustrate^  suppose  we  consider  an  ordinary  sample  of  bituminous 
coal.  It  may  be  assumed  to  consist,  first,  of  an  organic  constituent  com- 
posed of  vegetable  residues  more  or  less  altered  but  retaining  traces  of 
its  original  woody  structure  and  composite  character  and  containing  as 
an  integral  part  certain  inorganic  components.  Like  its  source,  woody 
fiber,  it  absorbs  moisture  in  damp  weather  and  gives  it  up  in  dry  weather. 
The  ultimate  chemical  composition  of  this  material  varies  with  the  extent 
of  the  alteration,  as  shown  in  the  peats,  lignites  and  bituminous  and 
anthracite  coals,  and  also,  in  all  probability,  with  the  nature  of  the  vege- 
tation from  which  it  has  been  derived.  This  extremely  complex  and 
indefinite  material  may  be  called  "coal  substance''  for  want  of  a  better 
term.  Intimately  mixed  with  this  are  inorganic  substances,  probably 
mechanically  introduced  with  the  original  vegetable  debris  or  else  pre- 
cipitated by  secondary  reactions  from  circulating  waters.  These  may  be 
in  the  nature  of  clays  or  fine  sand  and  also  intimately  mixed  iron  pyrites. 
I  have  examined  samples  of  coal  under  the  microscope,  in  which  micro- 
scopic crystals  of  pyrites  were  scattered  through  the  mass  in  sufficient 
amount  to  give  high  percentages  of  sulphur  in  the  total,  yet  in  which  ;\ 
superficial  examination  of  the  coal  itself  practically  showed  no  pyrites 
to  the  unaided  eye.  Other  minerals  may  be  present  in  the  same  way, 
even  such  unusual  constituents  as  zinc  blend,  and,  as  Dr.  Hillebrand  has 
shown,  considerable  percentages  of  vanadium  sulphide.  The  extremely 
complex  nature  of  the  organic  constituents  themselves  may  be  inferred 
from  the  variable  but  sometimes  very  large  amounts  of  sulphur  they 
contain,  well  shown  in  the  case  of  certain  peats. 


874  YEAE   BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

N'ow  in  addition  to  this  base  constituting  the  principal  part  of  the 
sample  submitted  to  the  chemists  for  analysis,  it  has,  secondly,  more  or 
less  coarse  admixture  of  slate,  clays  and  other  rock-like  material  occur- 
ring in  connection  with  the  deposits  of  coal  and  not  properly  separated 
in  mining,  bone  coal,  and  also  streaks  of  cannel  and  other  associated  mate- 
rials, coal-like  in  character,  but  differing  notably  even  in  the  organic 
material  they  contain  from  the  coal  itself.  The  fact  that  many  of  these 
ingredients  on  standing  or  exposure  to  air  rapidly  alter  by  absorption  of 
oxygen,  evaporation,  etc.,  makes  it  appear  that  the  problem  is  still  further 
complicated. 

NoAV  some  of  the  things  that  the  users  of  coal  wish  to  know  and  for 
which  they  turn  to  the  chemical  analysis  in  the  hope  of  receiving  infor- 
mation are  the  following:  The  heating  power  of  the  coal;  the  amount 
of  ash  or  inorganic  matter  left  on  burning  the  coal ;  the  nature  of  the 
combustion  of  the  coal,  whether  flaming,  smoking,  rapid,  or  slow;  the 
gas-producing  quality  of  the  coal  both  as  to  yield  and  as  to  the  nature 
of  the  gas ;  the  nature  of  the  ash  yielded  by  the  coal,  whether  fusible  or 
not;  the  amount  of  sulphur  the  coal  contains;  the  coking  quality  of  the 
coal  and  the  purity  of  the  coke  produced ;  and  the  possibilities  of  improv- 
ing its  quality  by  coal  washing. 

In  addition  to  the  above  are  many  questions  of  special  character,  such 
as  the  nature  of  the  coal  substance,  the  relation  of  its  composition  to  the 
previous  geological  history  of  the  deposit,  and  the  relation  of  total  heat- 
ing power  to  the  heating  power  actually  available  for  technical  operations. 

What  are  the  analytical  methods  at  present  used  in  the  laboratory  to 
meet  this  series  of  questions  and  to  handle  this  very  complex  material? 
Most  of  the  laboratory  work  is  done  upon  a  sample  which  represents  or 
is  intended  to  represent  the  average  composition  of  the  material  and 
which  in  no  way  recognizes  the  separate  constituents  of  the  very  complex 
mineral  aggregate  of  which  it  purports  to  be  an  average.  The  methods 
therefore  give  results  only  approximately  related  to  the  coal  substance 
and  difficult  of  general  application. 

We  have  as  of  generally  recognized  importance  the  ultimate  analysis 
as  ordinarily  made,  giving  the  determination  of  the  hydrogen,  the  carbon, 
the  nitrogen  and  the  sulphur  and  the  percentage  of  ash  left  after  burn- 
ing. This  analysis  also  includes  an  estimate  of  the  oxygen  by  difference, 
which  is,  of  course,  only  approximate,  and  has  been  frequently  pointed 
out  in  discussions  of  the  subject.  This  ultimate  analysis  is  capable  of  a 
high  degree  of  accuracy  for  certain  elements,  which  I  think  could  be 
safely  stated  as  within  0.05  per  cent  in  the  case  of  hydrogen  and  perhaps 
0.3  per  cent  on  carbon,  0.03  per  cent  on  the  nitrogen  and  0.05  on  the 
sulphtir.  I  do  not  mean  that  closer  results  are  not  obtainable,  but  ordi- 
nary work  in  the  laboratory  by  competent  chemists  would,  I  think,  run 
within  these  limits.  The  value  of  the  ultimate  analysis  in  all  technical 
applications  of  the  coal  consists  in  its  giving  a  reasonably  accurate  basis 
for  the  calculation  of  products  of  combustion  and  for  comparisons  with 
the  heating  power  of  the  coal  otherwise  determined.  The  weakest  point 
in  the  ultimate  analysis  is  the  uncertainty  of  its  connections  with  the 
actual  composition  of  the  organic  material  as  distinct  from  the  impuri- 


LORD.]  COAL   ANALYSIS.  375 

ties.  Carbon,  hydrogen  and  sulphur  are  present  occasionally  as  carbon- 
ates, as  combined  water  and  as  snlphates,  respectively,  in  the  slates  and 
other  mechanical  admixtures,  and  the  ultimate  analysis  does  not  distin- 
guish between  such  occurrence  and  that  in  the  coal  substance.  Ingenious 
efforts  to  eliminate  these  uncertainties  as  affecting  the  heating  power  by 
examination  of  various  samples  of  the  same  coal  differing  widely  in  per- 
centage of  mechanical  impurities  have  been  made  by  several  chemists. 

In  addition  to  the  ultimate  analysis,  we  have  the  more  commonly  made 
"proximate  analysis,"  consisting  of  the  determination  of  the  moisture, 
ash,  fixed  carbon  and  volatile  combustible  matter  in  the  coal.  Much  has 
been  written  in  regard  to  these  determinations. 

On  the  same  sample  of  coal  closely  agreeing-  results  can  be  obtained  on 
the  ash  and  fairly  close  on  the  moisture.  The  variations  in  the  volatile 
combustible  is  much  larger  and  can  only  be  kept  within  reasonable  limits 
by  very  careful  adherence  to  a  defined  method  of  procedure.  The  term 
moisture  simply  means  the  loss  in  weight  under  fixed  conditions  of  treat- 
ment. It  is  intended  and  does  bring  the  material  to  a  condition  which 
can  be  duplicated  closely  and  represents  a  fixed  basis  for  comparison, 
but  in  no  wise  stands  for  all  the  water  in  the  coal.  The  volatile  combus- 
tible, as  has  been  carefully  investigated  by  Professor  Parr,  is  by  no  means 
properly  named.  Only  a  fraction,  and  a  variable  fraction  at  that,  depend- 
ing largely  on  the  kind  of  coal,  is  combustible,  and  a  considerable  frac- 
tion, consisting  of  water  vapor,  carbon  dioxide,  nitrogen  and  other 
diluents  is  inert  or  noncombustible.  It  is  well  to  recollect  that  the  proxi- 
mate analysis  of  coal  was  devised  many  years  ago,  and  primarily  as  a 
means  of  testing  the  amount  of  coke  left  by  coal.  The  volatile  combu- 
tible  has  since  been  the  subject  of  much  discussion  and  many  attempts 
have  been  made  to  correlate  it  with  heating  value,  geological  changes  and 
the  various  questions  arising  in  coal  utilization.  Some  undoubted  con- 
nections have  been  shown,  but  I  feel  that  possibly  too  little  recognition 
has  been  given  to  the  empirical  and  more  or  less  uncertain  nature  of  the 
determination. 

Of  growing  importance,  particularly  in  connection  with  coal  washing, 
and  as  a  means  for  the  study  of  coal  samples,  is  the  application  of  the 
separation  by  gravity  or  the  so-called  "float  and  sink'^  tests,  in  which 
the  coal  crushed  to  a  moderate  degree  of  fineness  is  separated  on  solutions 
of  high  specific  gravity,  chloride  of  calcium  for  specific  gravities  up  to 
1.35  and  chloride  of  sulphate  of  zinc  for  higher  specific  gravities. 
Chloride  of  zinc  solution  can  be  made  of  a  specific  gravity  as  high  as  2 
and  by  dilution  any  of  the  intermediate  gravities  can  be  obtained.  I 
have  used  this  method  in  my  laboratory  for  years  to  separate  heavy  min- 
eral materials  like  slate  and  pyrites,  as  preliminary  to  the  study  of  the 
composition  of  coal.  The  method  is  excellently  adapted  to  tracing  out 
the  variations  in  composition  as  the  intermixed  mineral  substances  are 
eliminated.  It  will  enable  the  experimenter  to  distinguish  with  con- 
siderable accuracy  between  the  inherent  intimately  mixed  ash  and  sul- 
phur compounds  and  the  coarser  and  mechanical  contaminations. 

In  recent  years  the  leading  factor  in  the  commercial  valuation  of  coals 
has  become  the  calorific  value  or  heating  power  of  the  coal  and  today  the 
most  important  demand  on  the  laboratory  is  the  determination  of  this. 


376  YEAR   BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull.  no.  14 

The  widely  extending  use  of  the  bomb  calorimeter  is  leading  to  new 
problems  for  the  investigation  of  the  chemists.  Here  again  the  heating 
value  of  the  sample  is  modified  more  than  by  mere  dilution  by  the  nature 
of  the  mineral  aggregate.  As  Mr.  Turner  and  others  have  shown,  the 
heating  value  is  not  entirely  proportional  in  a  given  kind  of  coal  to  the 
residue  left  after  deducting  the  ash  and  the  moisture,  but  that  there  are 
factors  depending  on  the  influence  of  the  inorganic  material.  Work  of 
this  kind  is  of  great  importance  in  order  that  the  effect  of  ash,  moisture 
and  pyrites  on  the  commercial  value  of  coals  may  be  more  accurately 
known. 

Calorimetry  demands  considerable  training  and  experimental  skill  and 
the  recently  adopted  policy  of  the  Bureau  of  Standards  of  furnishing 
materials  of  known  heating  value  so  that  the  constants  and  correction  of 
the  calorimeter  can  be  determined  is  greatly  to  be  commended.  The 
possibility  of  error  in  calorimetric  determinations  due  to  alteration  of 
samples  should  be  borne  in  mind.  A  very  finely  pulverized  coal  sample 
will  oxidize  in  many  cases  very  rapidly,  and  comparative  results  by  differ- 
ent chemists  on  such  a  sample  are  liable  to  be  very  unsatisfactory  unless 
all  made  at  approximately  the  same  time  on  samples  that  have  been  sealed 
in  air-tight  receptacles.  Experiments  made  by  the  Fuel  Testing  Plant 
afford  ample  evidence  of  the  extent  to  which  this  alteration  may  take 
place. 

The  determination  of  the  water  equivalent  of  the  calorimeter  experi- 
mentally gives  rise  to  many  difficulties  and  hence,  except  for  those  having 
had  a  great  deal  of  experience  in  fundamental  measurements,  it  is  far 
better  to  use  the  calorimeter  as  a  comparative  instrument  and  depend  for 
its  constants  upon  burning  substances  of  known  calorific  value  such  as  are 
furnished  by  the  Bureau  of  Standards.  Commercial  chemicals  are  quite 
variable  and  different  samples  of  naphthalene,  benzoic  acid,  etc.,  from 
different  dealers  will  differ  notably  in  their  heating  value.  Eecently  the 
writer  has  obtained  very  successful  results  by  the  method  of  mixtures, 
adding  hot  water  to  the  calorimeter  from  the  Dewar  flask  or  thermos 
bottle  in  which  it  is  possible  to  read  with  great  accuracy  the  temperature 
of  the  added  water  and  to  add  the  water  to  the  calorimeter  with  only  a 
very  small  correction,  for  radiation  loss  during  the  addition.  The  method 
has  proved  successful  in  the  hands  of  students  who  have  made  a  number 
of  water  equivalent  determinations  agreeing  within  a  very  small  limit 
of  error  with  the  calibration  of  the  calorimeter  obtained  in  other  ways. 
Of  course,  this  method  has  the  advantage  of  being  absolute  and  not 
relative. 

The  foregoing  outline  has  dealt  with  the  laboratory  side  of  the  ques- 
tion. All  the  analytical  work,  calorimetric  work  and  everything  else  in 
connection  with  the  testing  depends  for  its  economic  value  on  the  funda- 
mentally representative  nature  of  the  sample  of  coal  tested  in  the  labora- 
tory. Here  is  the  weakest  point  in  the  commercial  application  of  the 
results.  Coal  sampling  is  a  matter  now  prominent  before  the  technical 
world.  Now  that  the  extending  recognition  of  the  value  of  laboratory 
work  is  leading  to  the  purchase  of  coal  on  chemical  specifications  the 
whole  question  of  sampling  is  under  review.     Ingredients  most  affected 


iORD.]  COAL    ANALYSIS.  377 

by  sampling  are  obviously  moisture,  ash,  sulphur,  and  calorific  value. 
In  a  recent  paper  of  great  interest  Mr.  E.  G.  Bailey  has  presented  a  large 
number  of  results  in  which  he  criticizes  existing  methocls  and  lays  down 
certain  general  deductions  from  carefully  conducted  experiments  as  to 
the  general  principles  involved  in  the  securing  of  correct  samples.  Mr. 
Bailey  has,  in  my  opinion,  done  a  very  valuable  piece  of  work  both  in 
calling  attention  to  the  importance  of  the  subject  and  in  the  experiments 
that  he  has  brought  forward.  As  having  been  connected  with  the  govern- 
ment work  at  St.  Louis,  I  feel  called  upon  to  correct  certain  misappre- 
hensions in  regard  to  that  work  which  I  think  have  unintentionally  on 
his  part  led  him  to  place  in  a  somewhat  false  light  as  to  the  accuracy  with 
which  the  sampling  was  done. 

As  I  follow  his  paper  he  makes  a  fundamental  assumption  that  the 
variations  in  the  portions  of  coal  taken  at  the  plant  from  the  same  car 
shipment  and  sent  to  the  boiler,  the  gas  producer  and  briquetting  and 
washing  plants  were  identical  in  composition  with  the  car  load  samples 
and  that  the  variations  shown  in  these  different  portions  were  due  to 
variations  in  sampling  of  the  portions  at  the  various  plants,  whereas,  the 
facts  of  the  case  are  that  the  different  portions  taken  from  the  car  were 
not  supposed  to  be  sampled  from  the  car  but  simply  portions  unloaded 
at  different  points,  and  the  reason  why  analyses  were  made  of  the  sepa- 
rate portions  was  because  it  was  recognized  that  the  car  load  was  not 
uniform  as  far  as  contents  of  ash,  sulphur,  etc.,  were  concerned,  and  that 
the  car  load  analysis  could  not  be  taken  for  the  different  portions  without 
a  preliminary  thorough  mixing  of  the  whole  car  load,  which  was  not 
practical.  This  is  clearly  stated  on  page  284  of  Professional  Paper  48, 
Part  1,  from  which  I  quote : 

"It  was  intended  that  the  car  sample  should  represent  the  average  of 
the  whole  car,  while  the  other  samples  stood  for  different  portions  of  it. 
These  would  average  about  five  tons  each.  In  some  cases  the  car  sample 
was  taken  on  only  a  part  of  a  car.  The  large  variation  in  the  different 
samples  in  a  few  cases  shows  the  irregularity  in  the  coal  in  the  car." 

Experiments  were  made  at  St.  Louis  and  published  in  this  same  work, 
giving  the  analysis  of  duplicate  samples,  and,  while  the  results  were  not 
very  satisfactory  and  some  errors  were  found,  they  were  not  of  the  magni- 
tude given  by  Mr.  Bailey  from  his  comparison  of  the  other  samples  based 
on  the  assumption  which  I  have  shown  was  not  warranted  and  which  was 
contrary  to  the  facts  as  we  stated  them  at  the  time.  Mr.  Burrows  has 
discussed  the  question  of  mine  samples,  but  the  comparison  of  these  with 
coal  shipped  from  the  mines  makes  no  allowance  for  the  extent  of  clean- 
ing that  the  coal  underwent  in  shipping  and  in  taking  the  mine  samples. 
As  stated,  several  duplicate  samples  on  the  car  loads  were  run  to  check 
the  St.  Louis  sampling  and  the  worst  result  obtained,  I  think,  was  the 
one  given  on  page  287,  in  which  an  extreme  variation  in  ash  on  a  coal 
averaging  15  per  cent  ash  was  a  little  over  2  per  cent.  This  coal  was 
selected  as  the  worst  obtainable  from  the  standpoint  of  sampling  and 
the  variation  of  the  highest  and  lowest  samples  from  the  average  of  all 
the  experimental  samples  on  this  coal  was  only  a  little  over  1  per  cent. 
ISTotwithstanding  this  criticism  that  I  felt  compelled  to  make  of  Mr. 


378  YEAR   BOOK   FOR    1908.  [bull.  no.  U 

Bailey's  representation  of  the  St.  Louis  work,  I  feel  that  this  general 
proposition  in  regard  to  the  uncertain  nature  of  mnch  coal  sampling  is 
well  sustained.  His  conclusion  as  to  the  amount  of  sample  necessary  in 
order  to  obtain  a  representative  sample  are  of  great  interest.  However, 
T  do  not  feel  that  the  difficulties  are  quite  as  great  as  his  experiments 
would  lead  one  to  conclude : 

Two  things  are  important  to  consider : 

In  the  first  place,  that  in  crushing  coal  a  large  proportion  of  fine  mate- 
rial is  produced  so  that  the  average  size  of  particle  is  but  little  more  than 
one-half  the  maximum  size  and  therefore  results  on  the  distribution  of 
the  maximum  size  pieces  greatly  aggregate  the  difficulties.  I  recently 
took  four  samples  of  screened  coal  and  had  them  put  through  a  jaw 
crusher  and  screened. 

In  No.  1,  8.8  per  cent  was  retained  by  a  %-inch  screen  and  56.4  per 
cent  passed  a  14-inch  screen.  This  sample  of  coal  was  sampled  in  dupli- 
cate at  this  state  of  crushing,  portions  of  coal  of  about  five  pounds  being 
taken.  The  two  five-pound  portions  were  each  separately  pulverized, 
well  mixed  and  analyzed.  The  first  portion  gave  13.86  per  cent  ash  and 
the  second  portion  13.56  per  cent.  A  similar  experiment  on  a  second 
sample  of  coal  gave  16.3  over  a  %-inch  screen  and  46.65  per  cent 
through  a  i/4-inch  screen.  The  ash  in  the  first  sample,  14.59;  in  the 
second  sample,  14.49.  A  third  sample  of  coal  gave  7.3  per  cent  over  a 
i/o-inch  screen  and  48.3  per  cent  through  a  i/4-inch  screen.  The  ash  in 
the  first  sample  was  15.11 ;  in  the  second  sample,  15.10.  In  two  of  these 
samples  the  percentage  of  ash  in  the  finer  ^portion  was  considerably 
greater  than  the  percentage  of  ash  in  the  coarser  portion. 

Of  course,  these  results  are  too  few  in  number  to  amount  to  anything, 
but  they  show  that  the  finer  material  is  in  sufficient  proportion  to  dimin- 
ish the  irregularity  introduced  by  the  bad  distribution  of  the  coarser 
lumps  in  the  sample. 

A  further  point  in  coal  sampling  which  has  to  be  considered  is  that  in 
the  larger  sizes  there  is  a  natural  mixture  in  the  material  of  the  slate 
and  the  coal,  so  that  4-inch  lump  coal  does  not  represent  a  mixture  of 
4-inch  lumps  of  coal  and  4-inch  lumps  of  slate  to  any  appreciable  per- 
centage of  the  ash  present.  In  other  words,  the  inspection  element  must 
enter  coal  sampling,  and  no  man  would  draw  a  moderate  sized  sample  of 
a  coal  in  which  he  has  a  large  percentage  of  lumps  of  slate  as  large  as 
the  lumps  of  coal,  while  the  occasional  presence  of  even  a  large  lump  of 
slate  would  have  but  little  influence  on  the  ash  percentage  of  the  result- 
ing sample. 

Mr.  Bailey  gives  what  he  names  the  "size-weight-ratio"  of  the  relation 
between  the  maximum  sized  piece  of  coal  in  the  sample  and  the  weight 
of  coal  necessary  to  take  in  order  that  the  sample  may  be  certainly  repre- 
sentative within  an  error  of  1  per  cent  of  ash. 

N"ow,  his  figures  lead  to  very  large  samples  in  cases  of  lump  coal,  but 
the  foregoing  indicates  that  the  size  ratio  should  probably  be  that  of  the 
maximum  slate  sizes  present  in  the  coal  lumps,  or  free,  rather  than  the 
actual  coal  lump  size.  The  moderate  variations  in  the  ash  percentage  of 
the  different  lumps  would  have  far  less  influence  in  disturbing  sampling 
than  the  presence  of  equivalent  sized  lumps  of  slate. 


LORD.]  COAL   ANALYSIS.  379 

Obviously,  therefore,  careful  inspection  must  precede  the  sampling  iu 
the  case  of  lump  coal  and  the  presence  of  large  pieces  of  slate  and  p3^rites 
in  lumps  in  the  coal  taken  into  consideration  in  determining  the  size  of 
sample  necessary  in  order  to  properly  sample  the  coal. 

I  have  always  directed  samplers  to  inspect  the  coal  carefully  and  break 
up  into  small  pieces  any  lumps  of  slate,  bone  coal  or  pyrites  found  or 
anything  else  that  did  not  look  like  coal  before  taking  or  dividing  the 
sample. 

Of  course,  it  is  well  known  that  no  system  of  sampling  which  is  purely 
mechanical  is  satisfactory  for  materials  -in  which  coarse  distribution  of 
the  components  exists,  unless  the  whole  of  the  material  is  crushed  to 
approximately  such  limits  as  are  defined  by  Mr.  Bailey.  This  is  the  prin- 
ciple involved  in  the  sampling  of  lead  and  copper,  and  gold  and  silver 
ores,  where  the  system  of  sampling  involves  the  crushing  of  many  tons 
of  material.  Such  a  system  of  sampling  is,  of  course,  out  of  the  question 
with  lump  coals  where  the  crushed  material  would  be  to  a  certain  extent 
rendered  of  small  value.  The  system  of  sampling  adopted  in  this  case 
must  be  based  upon  an  estimate  of  the  maximum  size  of  slate  and  pyrites. 
constituting  an  important  portion  of  the  impurities. 

The  difficulty  of  eliminating  the  personal  element  in  doing  sncb  sam- 
pling is  one  of  the  problems  which  the  Committee  on  Specifications  will 
have  to  contend  with.  Meanwhile,  the  sampling  problem  is  before  us 
and  must  be  adequately  solved  before  the  laboratory  analysis  of  the  coal 
reaches  its  full  application. 

The  preparation  of  the  laboratory  sample  from  the  field  sample  is  a 
much  more  simple  matter  and  is  easily  within  the  reach  of  present 
methods.  One  of  the  principal  difficulties  involved  at  this  point  is  the 
avoiding  of  changes  in  the  composition  of  the  sample  due  to  loss  of 
moisture  and  to  oxidation.  I  notice  in  many  experiments  the  coal  is 
ground  to  100-mesh  or  even  200  before  analysis.  I  think  this  is  a  step 
in  the  wrong  direction.  The  finer  the  powder  the  more  prone  to  oxida- 
tion and  loss  of  moisture,  and  I  think  the  effort  of  the  sampler  should  be 
to  determine  a  lower  limit  for  Mr.  Bailey's  "size-weight-ratio"  as  well 
as  a  higher,  and  not  to  reduce  the  sample  beyond  this  point,  before  weigh- 
ing out  for  analysis. 

We  have  considered  that  a  60-mesh  sample  will  meet  the  ordinary 
requirements  where  1  gram  is  taken  for  the  determination,  which  is 
within  Mr.  Bailey's  figures  as  I  understand  them. 


380  YEAE   BOOK   FOR   1908.  [bull.  no.  14 


Registry  of  the  Conference. 


Alexander,  John,  Gen.  Mgr.  The  Chicago-Herrin  Coal  Co.,  and  The  Carter- 
ville  &  Herrin  Coal  Co.,  Herrin,  111. 

Allais,  A.  L.,  United  Coal  Mining  Co.,  1717  Fisher  Bldg.,  Chicago,  111. 

Bain,  H.  Foster,  Director,  State  Geological  Survey  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

Balke,  C.  W.,  Associate  in  Chemistry,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

Bement,  A.,  Consulting  Engineer,  2114  Fisher  Bldg.,  Chicago,  111. 

Bent,  E.  T.,  Secretary  Illinois  Coal  Operators  Assn.,  1110  Fisher  Bldg.,  Chi- 
cago, -111. 

Bird,   Paul  P.,  Chief   Smoke   Inspector,   of  Chicago,   130  Reaper  Block,   Chi- 
cago, 111. 

Blatchley,  R.  S.,  Assistant  Geologist,  State  Geological  Survey,  Urbana,  111. 

Bliss,  Frank  W.,  Chemical  Bldg.,  Urbana,  111. 

Breckenridge,  L.  P.,  Director  Engineering  Experiment  Station,  Urbana,  111. 

Buchanan,  Gordon,  President  Wilmington  Star  Mining  Co.,  1125  Old  Colonj^ 
Bldg.,  Chicago,  111. 

Burris,  W.   S.  , State  Inspector  of  Mines,  Duquoin,  111. 

Carroll,  P.  H.,  Supt.  of  Mines,  Herrin,  111. 

Crawford,  A.  W.,  Montgomery  County  Coal  Co.,  Hillsboro,  111, 

Crawford,  G.  W.,  Mine  Operator,  Collision,  111. 

Crawford,  John  G.,   Fuel  Engineer,  C,  B.  &  Q.  R.  R.,   209  Adams  st.,   Chi- 
cago, 111. 

Crawford,  O.  W.,  Collison,  111. 

Daenzer,  A.,  Glen  Carbon,  111. 

Delano,  P.  A.,  President  the  Wabash  R.  R.,  Western  Union  Bldg.,  Chicago,  111. 

DeWblf,  Frank  W.,  Assistant,  State  Geologist,  Urbana,  111. 

Dillavou,  J.  M.,  Champaign,  111. 

Dodge,   D.   L.,   Champaign,   111. 

Doughty,  Jas.,  121  Pine  St.,  Danville,  111. 

Dunlop,  John,  State  Inspector  of  Mines,  Peoria,  111. 

Eaton,  Lestre  B.,  Duquoin,  111. 

Ellis,  A.  J.,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

Epperson,  James,  Chief  Mine  Inspector,  Linton,  Ind. 

Evans,  W.  A.,  Commissioner  of  Health,  Chicago,  111. 

Felgenhauer,  Johan,  Danville,  111. 

Fisher,  Frank  R.,  Springfield,  111. 

Fletcher,  R.  D.,  Supt.  Chicago,  Wilmington  &  Vermilion  Coal  Co.,  Thayer,  111. 

Foord,  James  L.,  169  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  111. 

Forester,  Robert  J.,   Duquoin,  111. 

Forester,  James,  Hallidayboro,  111. 

Forsyth,    Wm.,    Min.    Engr.,    Railway    Age    Gazette,    160    Harrison    St.,    Chi- 
cago, 111. 

Gibbons,  Foster,  Farmington,  111.  • 

Gilchrist,  H.  M.,  Supt.  Alden  Coal  Co.,  Farmington,  111. 

Goss,   W.   F.    M.,    Dean    of   College    of   Engineering,    University    of    Illinois, 
Urbana,  111. 

Grant,  U.  S.,  Northwestern  University,  Evanston,  111. 

Guthrie,  F.  M.,  Supt.  Spoon  River  Coal  Co.,  Galesburg,  111. 

Halbert,  J.  A.,  Westville,  111. 


EEGISTRY    OF    THE    CONFERENCE.  '681 

Halbert,  Wm.  G.,  433  Hazel   St.,  Danville,   111., 

HIarris,  Chester  A.,  Champaign,   111. 

Haskins,  Joseph,  County  Mine  Inspector,  Catlin,  111. 

Herbert,  C.  A.,  Gen.  Supt.,  Chicago,  Wilmington  &  Vermilion  Coal  Co., 
Streator,  111. 

Hohnan,  Harry  A.,  Mining  St.,  Marseilles,  111. 

Holmes,  J.  A.,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Howard,  F.  C,  2017  Fisher  Bldg.,  Chicago,  111. 

Horn,  Thos.,  Duquoin,  111. 

Hutson,  E.  G.  &  Sons,  Urbana,  111. 

Irving,  Robert  M.,  Asst.  Mine  Inspector,  Cayuga,  Ind. 

John,  Evan  D.,  Mgr.,  Carterville  &  Big  Muddy  Coal  Co.,  Carbondale,  111. 

Jones,  Thos.,  Westville,  111. 

Kinote,  J.  M.,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

Kressmann,   Fred  W.,  Chemistry  Bldg.,  Urbana,   111. 

Kuss,  R.  H'.,  Asst.  Smoke  Inspector,  130  Reaper  Block,  Chicago,  111. 

Lankford,  S.  N.,  Georgetown,  111. 

Leaf,  C.  E.,  Chemist,  C,  B.  &  Q.  R.  R.,  Anna,  111. 

Lemmon,  T.  A.,  625   Old  Colony  Bldg.,  Chicago,   111. 

Levy,  Mike,  Supt.  C.  &  B.  M.  C.  Co.,  Reeves,  111. 

Lindgren,  J.  M.,  Chemistry  Bldg.,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111, 

Little,  Thomas,  State  Inspector  of  Mines,  Murphysboro,  111. 

Lettsome,  A.  R.,  E.  M.,  1300  Old  Colony  Bldg.,  Chicago,  111. 

Lord,  N.  W.,  Director  School  of  Mines,  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  O. 

Lott,  Geo.  M.,  Morgan-Gardner  Electric  Co.,  27th  St.  and  Shields  Ave.,  Chi- 
cago, 111. 

McAllister,  Hector,  State  Inspector  of  Mines,  1006  N.  Bloomington  St., 
Streator,  111. 

McKee,  W.  M.,  Mgr.  St.  Louis  Branch,  The  Jeffery  Mfg.  Co.,  Pierce  Bldg., 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 

McLaren,  A.  B.,  Marion,  111. 

Mauck,  L.  T.,  Owner  and  Operator  Tilton  Coal  Co.,  Danville,  111. 

Mauck,  Wm.,  Danville,  111. 

May,  E.  A.,  282  Michigan  Ave.,  Chicago,  111.,  American  Radiator  Co. 

Mears,  Brainerd,  1105  W.  Oregon  St.,  Urbana,  111. 

Medill,  Robt.  M.,  Westville,  III. 

Miller,  A.  W.,  Glen  Carbon,  HI. 

Miller,  J.  S.,  Superior  Coal  Co.,  Gillespie,  111. 

Mliller,  J.  W.,  Gen.  Supt.  Superior  Coal  Co.,  Gillespie,  111. 

Monnett,  O.,  Power  and  The  Engine,  355  Dearborn  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

Morris,  J.  J.,  Asst.  Supt.  O'Gara  Coal  Co.,  Harrisburg,  111. 

Moses,  Tom,  State  Mine  Inspector,  Westville,  111. 

Newsam,  Richard,  President  State  Mining  Board,  Woolner  Bldg.,  Peoria,  111. 

Overholt,  Lewis,  Gen.  Mgr.,  Decatur  Coal  Co.,  Decatur,  III. 

Parker,  Edward  W.,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Parr,  S.  W.,  Professor  of  Applied  Chemistry,  University  of  Illinois,  Ur- 
bana, 111. 

Peters,  J.  D.,  Carbondale,  111. 

Peterson,  John  H.  D.,  Link  Belt  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

Pierce,  Chas.  I.,  President  Big  Creek  Colliery  Co.,  Chicago,  111.,  1737  First 
Nat'l  Bank  Bldg. 

Pleschner,  O.  J..  Mining  Engineer,  Westville,  111. 

P.  H.  Proctor,  Mine  Manager,  Marseilles  Coal  Co.,  Marseilles,  111. 

Quartier,  John  B.,  Westville,  111. 

Quigley,  Joseph,  Norris  Coal  Mining  Co.,  Norris,  111.,  Fulton  Co. 

Ramsey,  Gilbert,  Westville,  111. 

Randall,  D.  T.,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  40th  and  Butler  Sts.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Rice,  G.  S.,  Min.  Engr.,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  40th  and  Butler  Sts,  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa. 

Rollo,  George,  Pana,  111. 

Rowden,  J.  C,  Urbana,  111. 


382  YEAK   BOOK   FOE    1908.  [bull    NO.  U 

Ruhoff,  O.  E.,  Mineral  Point  Zinc  Co.,  Depue,  111. 

Russell,  John  R.,  Danville,  111. 

Scholz,  Carl,  Mgr.  Mining  Dept.,  C,  R.  I.  &  P.  R.  R.,  Old  Colony  Bldg.,  Chi- 
cago, 111. 

Scott,  W.  D.,  Urbana,  111. 

Seley,  C.  A.,  Mech.  Engr.,  C,  R.  I.  &  P.  Ry.,  Chicago,  III. 

Shafer,  Silas  A.,  Assumption,  111. 

Simmons,  Charles,  767  South  First  Ave.,  Canton,  111. 

Simmons,  J.  L.,  Canton,  111. 

Simpson,  Geo.  A.,  Mt.  Olive,  111. 

Sisley,  Geo.  E.,  The  Mining  World,  1422  Monadnock  Bldg.,  Chicago,  111. 

Smith,  Geo.  Otis,  Director,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Smith,  S.  Kedzie,  Gen.  Supt.  Dering  Coal  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

Snodgrass,  J.  M.,  In  charge  of  Fuel  Investigations,  Engineering  Experiment 
Station,  Urbana,  111. 

Somermeui,  E.  E.,  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  0. 

Spicer,  Chas.  B.,  c/o  B.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  Powder  Co.,  1401  Wright  Bldg., 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Staubitz,  F.  H.,  Golconda,  111. 

Stevens,  Chas.  E.,  Grape  Creek,  111. 

Stoek,  H.  H.,  Editor  Mines  and  Minerals,  Scranton,  Pa. 

Stull,  R.  T.,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

Taylor,  E.  H.,  Commercial  Testing  and  Engineering  Co.,  Old  Colony  Bldg., 
Chicago,  111. 

Taylor,  H.  H.,  Fisher  Bldg.,  Chicago,  111. 

Taylor,  James,  State  Inspector  of  Mines,  Peoria,  111. 

Templeton,  John  A.,  Linton,  Ind. 

Thomas,  Harry,  O'Gara  Coal  Co.,  Harrisburg,  111. 

Thomas,  J.  Ed.,  Westville,  111. 

Thomas,  Jonathan,  Asst.  Inspector  of  Mines,  Brazil,  Ind. 

Tinlin,  Charles,  Austin  Powder  Co.,  19  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago,  111. 

Traer,  Glen  W.,  Illinois  Coal  Operators  Assn.,  1110  Fisher  Bldg.,  Chicago,  111. 

Udden,  J.  A.,  Professor  of  Geology,  Augustana  College,  Rock  Island,  111. 

Urbain,  Frank  J.,  United  Coal  Mining  Co.,  Christopher,  111. 

Verner,  John,  Chariton,  Iowa. 

Wainwright,    Sweetwater,   111. 

Watts,  W.  I.,  Supt.  Z.  D.  C.  Co.,  Christopher,  111. 

Weeks,  Thos.,  State  Inspector  of  Mines,  Bloomington,  111. 

Weller,  Stuart,  Professor  of  Geology,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 

Wheeler,  W.  F.,  Chemistry  Bldg.,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

Wilkinson,  Frank,  C'atlin,  111. 

Williams,  R.  Y.,  Min.  Engr.,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Urbana,  111. 

Williams,  W.  S.,  Chemistry  Bldg.,  Urbana,  111. 

Willson,  Hiram,  M(gr.  Big  Muddy  Coal  and  Iron  Co.,  Murphysboro,  111. 

Wilson,  Wm.  A.,  Sparta,  111.,  Box  379. 

Wright,  F.  P..  Crescent  Coal  Co.,  Bevier,  Ky. 

Wyatt,  Roscoe  D.,  Champaign,  111. 


LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS. 


A  portion  of  each  edition  of  the  Bulletins  of  the  State  Geological 
Survey  is  set  aside  for  gratuitous  distribution.  To  meet  the  wants  of 
libraries  and  individuals  not  reached  in  this  first  distribution,  500  copies 
are  in  each  case  reserved  for  sale  at  cost,  including  postage.  The  reports 
may  be  obtained  upon  application  to  the  State  Geological  Survey,  Ur- 
bana,  Illinois,  and  checks  and  money  orders  should  be  made  payable  to 
F.  W.  DeWolf,  Urbana. 

LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS. 
Bulletins. 

Bulletin  1.  Th&  Geological  Map  of  Illinois,  by  Stuart  Weller.  In- 
cluding a  folded,  colored  geological  map  of  the  State  on  the  scale  of  12 
miles  to  the  inch,  with  descriptive  text  of  26  pages.     (Out  of  print.) 

Bulletin  2.  The  Petroleum  Industry  of  Southeastern  Illinois,  by  W. 
S.  Blatchley.  Preliminary  report  descriptive  of  condition  up  to  May 
10th,  1906.     109  pages.     (Out  of  print.) 

Bulletin  3.  Composition  and  Character  of  Illinois  Coals,  by  S.  W. 
Parr;  with  chapters  on  the  Distribution  of  the  Coal  Beds  of  the  State, 
by  A  Bement,  and  Tests  of  Illinois  Coals  under  Steam  Boilers,  by  L.  P. 
Breckenridge.  A  preliminary  report  of  86  pages.  Gratuitous  edition 
exhausted.     Sale  price  25  cents. 

Bulletin  Jf.  Year  hook  of  1906,  by  H.  Foster  Bain,  director  and  others. 
Includes  papers  on  the  topographic  survey,  on  Illinois  fire  clays,  on  lime- 
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St.  Louis,  Springfield  and  in  Southern  Calhoun  county.  260  pages. 
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Bulletin  5.  Water  Resources  of  the  East  St.  Louis  District,  by  Isaiah 
Bowman,  assisted  by  Chester  Albert  Eeeds.  Includes  a  discussion  of  the 
topographic,  geologic  and  economic  conditions  controlling  the  supply  of 
water  for  municipal  and  industrial  purposes,  with  map  and  numerous 
well  records  and  analyses.    Postage  6  cents. 

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edition.  Includes  a  folded  colored  geological  map  of  the  State  on  the 
scale  of  12  miles  to  the  inch,  with  descriptive  text  of  32  pages.  It  in- 
cludes corrections  and  additions  to  the  former  map  and  text  and  shows 
locations  of  mines  where  coal,  lead,  zinc  and  flourspar  are  produced.  The 
great  oil  fields  of  southeastern  Illinois  are  also  outlined.  Gratuitous 
edition  exhausted.     Sale  price  Jf5  cents. 


384 

BuMetin  7.  Physical  Geography  of  the'  Evanston-Waukegan  Region^ 
by  Wallace  W.  Atwood  and  James  Walter  Goldtliwait.  Formijig  the  first 
of  the  educational  bulletins  of  the  Survey  and  designed  especially  to  meet 
the  needs  of  teachers  in  the  public  schools.  102  pages.  Grratuitous  edi- 
tion exhausted.     Sale  price  25  cents. 

Bulletin  8.  Year  Book  for  1907,  by  H.  Foster  Bain,  director,  and 
others.  Includes  administrative  report;  papers  on  the  general  geology 
and  mineral  production  of  the  State;  a  directory  of  the  clay  industrieig; 
reports  on  stream  improvement,  land  reclamation  and  topographic  map- 
ping; on  field  and  laboratory  studies  of  coal;  cement  materials,  oil,  gas, 
lead,  zinc  and  silica.  393  pages.  Grratuitous  edition  exhausted.  Price 
30  cents. 

Bulletin  9.  Paving  Bnclc  and  Paving  Brick  Clays  of  Illinois:  G-eol- 
ogy  of  Clays,  G-eological  Distribution  of  Paving  Brick  Materials  in 
Illinois,  and  Clays  Tested  Which  are  Suitable  for  Use  in  the  Manufac- 
ture of  Paving  Brick,  by  C.  W.  Eolfe;  Qualities  of  Clays  Su.itable  for 
Making  Paving  Brick,  Physical  and  Chemical  Properties  of  Paving  Brick 
Clays,  and  Pyro-Physical  and  Chemical  Properties  of  Paving  Brick 
Clays,  by  Ross  C.  Purdy;  Qualities  of  High  Grade  Paving  Brick  and 
Tests  Used  in  Determining  Them,  by  A.  IST.  Talbot;  Construction  and 
Care  of  Brick  Pavements,  by  Ira  0.  Baker.  315  pages,  3  plates,  and  33 
figures.  Postage  13  cents. 

Bulletin  10.  The  Mineral  Content  of  Illinois  Waters:  Geological 
Classification  of  the  Waters  of  IllinoiSj  by  J.  A.  Udden;  Classification 
of  Waters  According  to-  Physical  and  Chemical  Properties,  by  Edward 
Bartow;  Methods  and  Interpretations  of  Analysis,  by  Edward  Bartow; 
Boiler  Waters,  by  S.  W.  Parr;  Medicinal  Springs,  by  G.  T.  Palmer ;. 
Water  Analyses,  by  Edward  Bartow.  192  pages,  9  plates,  1  figure.  Pos- 
tage 7  cents. 

Bulletin  11.  The  Physical  Features  of  the  Des  Plaines  Valley,  by 
James  Walter  Goldthwait.  Geography  and  History  of  the  Des  Plaines 
Valley.  Structure  of  Bed  Rock.  Deposition  of  Paleozoic  Sediments. 
Glacial  and  Inter- Glacial  Deposits.  Physiographic  History  of  the  Up- 
per Des  Plaines  River.  Floods  on  the  Des  Plaines  River.  103  pages^ 
9  plates,  21  figures.    Postage  6  cents. 

Bulletin  12.  Physiography  of  the  8t.  Louis  Area,  by  K.  M.  Fenne- 
man.  An  educational  bulletin  describing  the  physiographic  and  geologic- 
features  of  the  region  and  including  a  colored  geological  map  of  the 
area.  This  is  especially  designed  to  meet  the  needs  of  teachers  in  the- 
public  schools.     81  pages,  18  plates,  10  figures.     Postage  6  cents. 

Bulletin  13.  The  Mississippi  Valley  hetween  Savanna  and  Davenport, 
by  J.  Ernest  Carman.    Postage  6  cents. 

SEPAEATES. 

From  Bulletin  8. 

8a.  Administrative  Report  for  1907,  (with  Abstracts  of  reports  is- 
sued in  1907),  by  H.  Foster  Bain.    41  pages,  1  plate.     Postage  2  cents. 

Sb.     Advance  Abstracts  from-  Educatiov.al  Bulletins:     Drainage  about 


385 

Springfieldj  by  J.  Claude  Jones;  Bed  Roch  near  Wheaton^  by  Arthur  C. 
Trowbridge;  Middle  Portio7i  of  the  Illinois  Valley,  by  Harian  H.  Bar- 
rows.   12  pages,  1  plate,  4  figures.    Postage  2  cents. 

8c.  ■  Artesian  Wells  in  Peoria  and  Vicinity,  by  J.  A.  Udden.  20  pages, 
1  plate,  1  figure.    Postage  2  cents. 

8d.  Cement  Mailing  Materials  in  the  Vicinity  of  LaSalle,  by  Gilbert 
H.  Cady;  together  with.  Concrete  Materials  produced  in  the  Chicago 
District,  by  Ernest  F.  Burchard,  a  reprint  from  U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 
Bulletin  340.     33  pages,  1  plate,  1  figure.     Postage  2  cents. 

Be.  Contributions  to  the  Study  of  Coal:  Introduced  by  H.  Foster 
Bain;  An  Initial  Coal  Substance  Having  a  Constant  Thermal  Value,  by 
S.  W.  Parr  and  W.  P.  Wheeler;  Alterations  of  the  Composition  of  Coal 
during  Ordinary  Laboratory  Storage,  by  S.  W.  Parr  and  W.  F.  Wheeler; 
Artificial  Modification  of  the  Composition  of  Coal,  by  S.  W.  Parr  and  C. 
K.  Francis;  Weathering  of  Coal,  by  S.  W.  Parr  and  N.  D.  Hamilton; 
Ash  in  Coal  and  its  Influence  on  the  Value  of  Fuel,  by  A.  Bement;  Coal 
Investigations  in  Saline  and  Williamson  Counties,  Illinois,  and  Coal  In- 
vestigations in  the  Saline- Gallatin  Field,  Illinois,  and  Adjoining  Area, 
by  Frank  W.  DeWolf;  Notes  on  the  Belleville-Br&ese  Area,  by  J.  A. 
Udden  and  Frank  W.  DeWolf;  Defects  in  Coal  No.  5  at  Peoria,  by  J.  A. 
Udden;  Report  on  Field  Worh  done  in  1907,  by  David  White.  122 
pages,  14  plates,  25  figures.     (Out  of  print.) 

8f.  Clay  Industries  of  Illinois,  Statistics  and  Directory,  by  Edwin 
F.  Lines;  together  with  Experiments  on  the  Amorphous  Silica  of  South- 
ern Illinois,  by  T.  E.  Ernest.     14  pages.     Postage  2  cents. 

8g.  Milhrig  Sheet  of  the  Lead  and  Zinc  District  of  Northiuesteim 
Illinois,  hy  U.  S.  Grant  and  M.  J.  Purdue.  7  pages,  1  map,  1  plate. 
Postage  2  cents. 

8h.  Mineral  Industry  of  Illinois,  by  H.  Foster  Bain.  2  pages.  Post- 
age 1  cent. 

8i.  Petroleum  Fields  of  Illinois  in  1907,  by  H.  Foster  Bain.  39 
pages,  1  plate.     (Out  of  print.) 

8j.  Stratigraphy  of  Illinois,  Contributions  to:  The  Salem  Lime- 
stone, by  Stuart  Weller;  Lower  Paleozoic  Stratigraphy  of  Southwestern 
Illinois,  by  T.  E.  Savage ;  Notes  on  Shoal  Creeh  Limestone,  by  Jon  Ud- 
den.    45  pages,  2  plates.     Postage  2  cents. 

81c.     Stream  Improvement  and  Land  Reclamation  in  Illinois,  by  H. 
Foster  Bain,  together  with  Topographic  Mapping  in  Bottom  Lands,  by 
E.  W.  McCrary.    13  pages.    Postage  1  cent. 
From  Bulletin  9. 

9a.  Geology  of  Clays;  Geological  Distribution  of  Paving  Brick  Ma- 
terials in  Illinois,  by  C.  W.  Eolfe.    46  pages.    Postage  2  cents. 

9h.  Qualities  of  High  Grade  Paving  Brich  and  Tests  Used  in  De^ 
termining  Them,  by  A.  N.  Talbot.  35  pages,  3  figures.  Postage  2 
cents. 

9c.  Qualities  of  Clays  Suitable  for  Making  Pamng  Brick;  Physical 
and  Chemical  Properties,  and  Pyro-Physical  and  Chemical  Propei^ties  of 
Paving  Brick  Clays,  by  Eoss  C.  Purdy.  144  pages,  30  figures.  Postage 
5  cents. 

—25  G  - 


386 

9d.  Clays  Tested  Which  are  Suitable  for  Use  in  the  Manufacture  of 
Paving  Brick,  by  C.  W.  Eolfe.  Construction  and  Care  of  Briclc  Pave- 
ments,  by  Ira  0.  Baker.     (25  pages.     Postage  2  cents.) 

CIKCULAKS. 

Circular  No.  1.  The  Mineral  Production  of  Illinois  in  1905.  Pam- 
phlet, 14  pages,  postage  2  cents. 

Circular  No.  2.  The  Mineral  Production  of  Illinois  in  1906.  Pam- 
phlet, 16  pages,  postage  2  cents. 

Circular  No-.  3.  Statistics  of  Illinois  Oil  Production  in  1907.  Folder, 
2  pages,  postage  1  cent. 

Circular. No.  Jf.  The  Mineral  Production  of  Illinois  in  1907.  Pam- 
phlet, 16  pages,  postage  2  cents. 

Circular  No.  5.  The  Mineral  Production  of  Illinois  in  1908.  Pam- 
phlet, 20  pages,  postage  2  cents. 


LIBEAEY  CATALOGUE  SLIPS. 


[Mount  each  slip  upon  a  separate  card,  placinsr  the  subject  at  the  top  of  the  second  slip 
The  name  of  the  series  should  not  t^e  repeated  on  the  series  card,  but  the  additional  num- 
bers should  be  added,  as  received,  to  the  first  entry.] 

Author. 

Bain,  H.  F.    (Director). — Year-Book  for  1908.      (Numerous  short 
papers.)     Urbana,  University  of  Illinois,  1909. 

(5  fig.  5  pi.  400  pp.)    State  Geological  Survey.    Bulletin  No.  14. 

Subject. 

Bain,  H.  F.    (Director). — Year-Book  for  1908.      (Numerous  short 
papers.)     Urbana,  University  of  Illinois,  1909. 

(5  fig.  5  pi.  400  pp.)    state  Geological  Survey.    Bulletin  No.  14. 

Series. 

State  Geological  Survey.     Bulletins. 

No.  14.     Bain,  H.  F.   (Director).     Year-book  for  1908. 


387 


INDEX. 


A 

Page 

Abrams,  Samuel,  work  of 3 

Augusta,  studies  at 293 

Akin,  geographic  position 143 ,  145 

Albers,  elevation 99 

Albion  quadrangle,  geographic  position..  .175,  176 

Alexander,  geographic  position 128 

Allegheny  formation  in  Illinois 293 

Alto  Pass  quadrangle,  elevations 114,  118 

geographic  position 155 

Analyses  of  coal 200,  355,  373 

Anderson,  geographic  position 129 

Andrews,  elevation 96 

Anticline  at  Belleville 191 

Duquoin 191 ,  258 

LaSalle • 191 

Apple  River,  elevation 78 

quadrangle,  elevations 76 ,  78 

quadrangle,  geographic  position 150 

Arden,  geographic  position 128 

Arlington,  geographic  position 170 

Arnold,  geographic  position 128 

Ashland,  geographic  position 148 

Athens,  elevation . . . : 96 

geographic  position 130 ,  140 

Atterbury,  elevation 94 

geographic  position 129 

quadrangle,  geographic  position 129 

Attila,  elevation 114 

Ava,  elevation 117 

Aviston,  elevation 99 

B 

Bagg,  R.  M.,  work  of 263 

Bain,  H.  F.,  work  of 2 

address  by ..1 370 

Baldwin  quadrangle,  elevations 99,  101 

geographic  position 165,  180,  181 

Balke,  C.  W.,  address  by 302 

Barker,  Perry,  work  of 204 

Barry,  geographic  position 127 

Bartelso,  elevation 102 

-  -  geographic  position 147,  158 

Bartlett,  elevation 83 

Bartley,  geographic  position 134 

Bartow,  Edward,  work  of 3 

Bates,  geographic  position 128 

Bath,  geographic  position 129 

Bayley,  W.  S.,  address  by 302 

Baylis,  geographic  position 128 

quadrangle,  geographic  position 128 

Beardstown,  elevation 121 

quadrangle,  elevations 121 

Beckemeyer,  elevation 102 

Belleville,  elevation 98 

fold  at 191 

geographic  position 136 

quadrangle,  elevations 98 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 135 

quadrangle,  survey 7 

Bellevue,  la.,  elevation 76 


Page 

Bellmont,  elevation 107 

Bement,  A.,  address  by 338,  350 

work  of 229 

Benton,  elevation 74,  114 

geographic  position 145 ,  149 

Berlin,  geographic  position 128 

Big  Muddy  river,  survey 23 

Big  Rush  creek,  geographic  position 151 

Bird,  Paul  J.,  remarks  by 305 

Black,  geographic  position 141 

Blair,  geographic  position 182 

Blair,  C.S.,  work  of 98,  106,  111 

Blanding,  elevation 76 

geographic  position 152 

Blatchley,  R.  S.,  work  of 2 

Bleininger,  A.  V.,  work  of 3 

Bloomingdale,  elevation 84 

Bloomington,  elevation 65 

power  house 245 

Blue-Band  coal 192 

at  Duquoin 258 

described 217 

Bluffs,  geographic  position 128 

Boiler  plants,  coal  for 381 

Bond  county,  topographic  work 98,  158 

Bondville,  elevation 92 

Bone  Gap,  elevation 107 

Boos,  elevation 69 

Borton,  elevation 73 

Bottom  lands 21 

mapping 46 

Boulder,  elevation 103 

geographic  position 159 

Bradbury,  elevation 70 

quadrangle,  elevations 68,  70 

Bradfordton,  elevation 95 

Braidwood,  studies  at 293 

Breckenridge,  L.  P.,  address  by 342 

Breese,  elevation 99 

geographic  position 147 

quadrangle,  elevations 98 ,  99 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 146 

quadrangle,  survey 7 

Bridgeport,  elevation 110 

geographic  position 178 

quadrangle,  elevations 106 ,  109 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 178 

Brocton,  elevation 71 

Broughton,  elevation Ill 

geographic  position 135 

Browns  Crossing,  geographic  position 128 

Browns,  elevation 107 

Brownsville,  elevation 107 

Bryden,  elevation 117 

Bucher,  Henry,  work  of 

76,  80,  84,   103,   106,   113,  115 

Buckner,  elevation 74 

Bureau  county,  coal 195 

topographic  work 84,  166 

Buried  soil 273 

Burnt  Prairie,  geographic  position 176 

Burrill,  T.  J.,  address  by 297 

Bushton,  elevation 71 


388 
Index — Continued. 


c 

Page 

Cache  river  surveys 23 

Cady,  G.  H.,  work  of 3 

Calvin,  elevation 108 

geographic  position 131 ,  175 

Campbell,  M.  R.,  work  of 194 

Cantine,clay 294 

Cantrall,  elevation 96 

geographic  position 130 

Carbondale,  geographic  position 158 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 155 

Carlyle,  elevation 102 

quadrangle,  elevations 99 ,  102 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 158 

Carmi,  elevation 107,  108 

geographic  position 131 

quadrangle,  elevations 106 ,  107 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 131 ,  175 

Carterville,  geographic  position 155 

Caseyville,  elevation 97 

Cass  county,  topographic  work 121 ,  129 

Catlin,  elevation 68,  93 

geographic  position 130 

Cave-in- Rock,  geographic  position 174 

Cement  materials ...11,  12 

Centerville,  geographic  position 138 

Centralia  quadrangle,  elevations 99 ,  103 

Champaign,  elevation 66,  67,  91 

geographic  position 141 

power  house ' 244 

Champaign  county,  gas 272 

topographic  work 91,  138,  141 

Chandlerville,  elevation 122 

geographic  position 129 

Chestnut,  elevation 125 

Chapin,  geographic  position 128 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions : . .  128 

Charleston,  elevation 70 

Cheltenham  fire  clay  in  Illinois 195 ,  293 

Chester  quadrangle,  elevations 99,  101 

geographic  positions 180 ,  181 

Chicago,  elevation 81 

Christian  county,  coal 193 

Christopher,  coal  studies  near 295 

elevation 74 

Claremont,  elevation 109 

geographic  position 160 

Clark  county,  topographic  work 72 

Clay  industries 10 

Cantine 294 

East  Alton 294 

Utica 294 

Clinton,  elevation 124 

Clinton  county,  coal 193 

topographic  work 99,  146,  158 

Clinton  quadrangle,  elevation 121 ,  124 

Coal,  analysis,  general 186,  200,  355,  373 

analyses  by  counties 202 

chemical  studies 8 

conservation 185 

correlations 192 

distillation 237 

domestic  uses 223 

faults 193 

fields  of  the  United  States 313 

for  boiler  plants 351 

freight  rates  in  Illinois 252 

gas  in 204 

markets 249 

Measures,  work  on 5 

mining,  waste  in 315 

No.  1,  age  of 294 

described 192,  216 

No.  2,  at  Murphysboro 293 

age  of 294 

described 192,  216 

in  Indiana 294 


Page 

Coal,  No.  3,  described 216 

No.  4,  described , 216 

studies  of 294 

No.  5,  described 192,  216 

studies  of 294 

No.  6,  at  Duquoin 258 

age  of 295 

described 192 ,  217 

No.  7,  age  of 295 

described 192,  217 

origin : 302 

oxidation 241 

power  generation  from 242 

production  and  consumption 250 

purchase  on  specifications 356 

resources  of  Illinois 189,  190,  247 

sampling 8,  196 

smokless  combustion 229 

studies,  general 6 

studies  at  Duquoin 254 

studies,  by  David  White 293 

weathering  tests 8 ,  233 

utilization  of 247 ,  351 

Colchester,  studies  at 293 

Coles  county,  topographic  work 68,  72,  119 

College  of  Engineering 340 

CoUinsville,  elevation 98 

geographic  position 136 

Conservation  of  coal  resources 185 

Control,  primary,  methods 126 

Cook  county,  topographic  work 80 

Cooperation,  problems  of 298 

Cooperation  with 3 

Engineering  Experiment  Station 3 

Internal  Improvement  Commission 3 

State  Water  Survey 3 

U .  S .  Department  of  Agriculture 3 

Cooperative  topography  agreement 33 ,  35 

Cora,  geographic  position 130 

Cordova  quadrangle,  elevations 79 

Corinth,  geographic  position 144 

Correlation  of  coals 192 

Council  Hill,  elevation 77 

Covington,  geographic  position 163 

Cowling,  elevation 108 

geographic  position 131 

Crab  Orchard,  geographic  position 145 

Crawford,  geographic  position 161 

Crawford  county,  topographic  work . .  103 ,  160 

Crittenden  county,  Ky.,  topographic  work. . .  172 

Crossroads,  geographic  position 147 ,  159 

Crossville,  geographic  position 131 

Cumberland  county,  topographic  work 68 

Curran,  geographic  position 128 

Cypress  Junction,  elevation 75 ,  76 

Cypress  Junction,  geographic  position .\ 173 

D 

Dale,  geographic  position 135 

Dallasania,  geographic  position 144 

Damiansville,  geographic  position 148 

Danvers,  elevation 65 

quadrangle,  elevations 65 

Danville,  elevation 93 

geographic  position 130 

power  house 244 

quadrangle,  elevations 68 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 130 

Darmstadt,  elevation 100 

Dawson  quadrangle,  elevations 121 ,  123 

Decatur,  elevation 124 

power  house 244 

quadrangle,  elevations 121 ,  124 

Deers,  elevation 67 

Derinda  Center,  geographic  position 151 

De  SotOj  elevation 115.  II9 

Des  Plames,  elevation 81 


389 

Index — Continued. 


Page 

Deuchler,  W.  E.,  work  of 2 

Devonian  formations,  work  on 5 

DeWitt  county,  topographic  work 121 

DeWolf,  F.  W.,  work  of 3 

Diamond  lake,  geographic  position 150 

Dikes 191 

Douglas,  geographic  position 166 

county,  topographic  work 68 

Downs,  elevation 66 

Drainage  section,  work  of 21 

Drift,  gas  in 272,  274 

old  soil 255 

Druses  lake,  geographic  position 150 

Dundas,  elevation 68 

Dunlap,  elevation 96 

DuPage  county,  topographic  work 83 

Durpath,  elevation 82 

Dutch  Hill,  geographic  position 165 

Duquoin,  boring  near 257 

coal  studies  at  or  near 193 ,  254 ,  295 

elevation. 74,  115 

fold 191 

geographic  position 155,  157 

oil  studies 254 

quadrangle,  elevations 73,  74 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 155 


E 

East  Alton,  clay 294 

East  St.  Louis,  elevation 97 

Economy  in  use  of  fuels 350,  361 

Educational  bulletins 15 

Edgar  county,  topographic  work 72 

Edwards  county,  topographic  work .  131 ,  175,  178 

Edwardsville,  power  house 245 

Eldorado,  elevation 75,  112 

geographic  position 135 ,  143 

quadrangle,  elevations 73,  75,  111 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 134 

quadrangle,  survey 7 

ElizabetH,  geographic  position 151 

Elkville,  elevation 115 

geographic  position 155 

Elliott,  C.  G.,  acknowledgment  to 23 

Ellis,  A.  J.,  work  of 2 

Ellis,  J.  R.,  work  of 131,  133,  135, 

138,   141,  146,  158,   160,  163,  165,   172,   178,  180 

Embarrass  river,  survey 23 

Emery,  elevation 124 

Emma,  elevation 112 

geographic  position 133 

Empire,  elevation 66 

Endothyra  in  Illinois " 264 

Enfield  quadrangle,  elevations Ill 

geographic  position 175 ,  176 

Engineering  Experiment  Station 342 

cooperation  with '. 3 

Epperson,  James,  address  by 303 

Epworth,  elevation 108 

geographic  position 131 

Equality,  elevation 75 

geographic  position 135 

quadrangle,  elevations 73,  75 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 172 ,  173 

Erie,  elevation 80 

Evanston  quadrangle,  elevations 80,  81 

Evansville,  elevation 101 

Expenditures  of  the  Survey 27 

Explosives,  chemistry  of 302 


Fairgrange,  elevation 70 

Fairmount,  elevation 67,  68 

geographic  position 130 


Page 

Fairmount  Junction,  elevation 68 ,  72 

Falmouth,  elevation 69 

Farmer  City,  elevation 66 

quadrangle,  elevations -66 

Farmingdale,  elevation 95 

Farrington,  elevation 72 

Farrell,  elevation 72 

Fayetteville,  elevation lOO 

Faulting,  in  coal  mines 193 

in  Gallatin  county 194 

in  Saline  county 194 

Fayette  county,  topographic  work 119 

Ferren,  geographic  position 159 

Fenton,  elevation 80 

Finney,  elevation 117 

Fire  clay,  Cheltenham 195,  293 

Fithian  quadrangle,  elevations 67,  68,  72 

Fletcher,  P.  E.,  work  of 3,  99,  119,  121 

Foraminifera  in  the  Carboniferous 263 

Ford  Woods,  elevation 66- 

Forest  beds  in  drift 255,  273 

Formosa,  elevation 98 

Forsyth,  elevation 124 

Fossils  in  coal ' 293 

Fowler,  A.  T.,  work  of 3 

Francis,  C.  K.,  work  of 237 

Francis  Mills,  elevation 112 

geographic  position 135 

Franklin  county,  topographic  work 

: 73,  113,  114,   143,  144,   146,  155 

coal  in 192 

Freeburg,  elevation 101 

Freight  rates  on  Illinois  coal 252 

Friendsville,  elevation 110 

Frogtown,  elevation 103 

Fuel  Conference  of  Illinois 296 

interests  of  Illinois 370 

resources  of  America 365 

tests,  domestic  uses 362 

Fulton  county,  coal 195 


Gaging  of  streams 23 

Galatia,  elevation 75 

quadrangle,  elevations 75,  111 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 143 

quadrangle,  survey 7 

Galena,  elevation 77,  78 

Galena  Junction,  elevation 77 

Galena  quadrangle,  elevations 76 

geographic  positions 150 

Gallatin  county,  fault  in 194 

geographic  position 133 

topographic  work 73,  111,  134,  172 

Gards  Point,  elevation 107 

Gas  production 14 

in  Champaign  county . .  * 272 

in  drift 272 ,  274 

Gelbach,  W.  A.,  workof 3,  99,  118,  106 

Georgetown,  studies  near 264 

Germantown,  elevation 99 

geographic  position 147 

Gibsonia,  geographic  position 173 

Gillum,  elevation 65,  66 

Glacial  drift,  gas  in 272 

Glauconite  in  Illinois -. 264 

Glen  Carbon,  geographic  position 138 

Glen  Ellyn,  elevation 84 

Goss,  W.  F.  M.,  address  by 340 

Granite  City,  elevation 97 

Grant,  XJ.  S.,  work  of 3 

Granville,  geographic  position 168,  170 

Grassland,  elevation 98 

Grayson,  elevation 75 

Gray ville,  elevation 106,  107,  108 

geographic  position 131 ,  176 


390 

Index — Continued. 


Page 

Green,  T.  A.,  work  of 68,  74 

Greenup,  elevation 69,  70 

quadrangle,  elevations 69,  128 

Griggsville,  geographic  position 128 

Grimsby,  elevation 118 

Gross,  G.  L.,  work  of 3 

Groveland,  elevation 91 

Grover,  geographic  position 170 

Grundy  county,  coal 195 


H 

Hackett,  M.,  work  of 3 

Hale,  geographic  position 132 

Hallidayboro,  elevation 115 

geographic  position 155 

Hamilton  county,  topographic  work 

Ill,  113,  134,  143 

Hanover,  elevation •. . .    76 

geographic  position 153 

Hardin  county,  topographic  work 172 

Hardinville  quadrangle,  elevations 103 ,  104 

geographic  position 160 

Harmony,  geographic  position 180 

Harris,  elevation 66 

Harrisburg,  geographic  position 144 

surveys  near 7 

Havana,  elevation 94 

geographic  position 130,  131 

quadrangle,  elevations 94 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 130 

Hawkins,  George  I.,  work  of 127,  130 

Hawley,  elevation 91 

Hecker,  geographic  position . . .' 165 

Hennepin,  elevation 85 

geographic  position 172 

quadrangle,  elevations 84 ,  85 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 166,  169 

Henry  county,  topographic  work 79 

Herald,  elevation 112 

Herrin,  coal  studies  near 295 

geographic  position 156 

quadrangle,  elevations 

.73,  74,   114,  115 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 146,  155 

quadrangle,  survey 7 

Herron,  W.  H.,  work  of 3 

report  by 31 

Hickory  Corners,  geographic  position 150 

Hickory  Grove,  geographic  position 151 

Hidalgo,  elevation 69 

Highland,  elevation 99 

geographic  position .137,  146 

Highwood  quadrangle,  elevations .80,  81 

Higley,  F.  C,  work  of 113 

Hildreth,  elevation 71 

Hillsdale,  elevation 80 

Hilltop,  elevation . . , 94 

Hoffman,  elevation 102 

geographic  position 159 

Holmes,  Joseph  A.,  address  by 310,  359 

Homer,  elevation 67 

Howard,  R.C.,  work  of 83,  91,  94 

Howe,  geographic  position 169 

Huey,  elevation 102,  103 

Hughes,  elevation 71 

Hull  quadrangle,  geographic  positions 127 

Hume,  elevation 71 


Igneous  rocks 191 

Illinois  Coal  Operators  Association,  letter  from  298 

Fuel  Conference 296 

Geological  Survey 370 

mineral  production,  1908 1 


Page 

Indian  Point,  geographic  position 139 

Ingalton,  elevation 84 

Inman,  elevation : ■.  112 

Internal  Improvement  Commission,    cooper- 

tion  with 3 

work  of 23 

Iron,  elevation 112 

Isabel,  elevation 73 

Island  Grove,  geographic  position 128 

Itaska,  elevation 84 


Jackson  county,  topographic  work 

114,  146,  155 

Jacksonville,  geographic  position 128 

power  house 245 

quadrangle,  geographic  position 128 

Jamaica,  elevation 72 

Jamestown,  elevation 103 

geographic  position 147,  159 

Janesville,  elevation 70 

Jasper  county,  topographic  work.... .68,  103,  160 

JoDaviess  county,  topographic  work 76,  150 

Johnston  City,  elevation 114 

Jones,  J.  C,  work  of 3 

Joslin,  elevation 80 


K 

Kane  county,  topographic  work 118 

Kansas  quadrangle,  elevations 68,  71 ,  72,  73 

Kaskaskia  river,  survey 23 ,  46 

Kendall,  C.  B.,  work  of 3 

Keen,  geographic  position 131 

Kenney,  elevation : 125 

quadrangle,  elevations 211 ,  125 

Keensburg,  elevation. 106 

Kentucky,  coal 191 

Keyesport,  elevation 103 

geographic  position t 159 

Kilbourne,  elevation 94 

geographic  position 129 

Kinderhook,  geographic  position 127 

Knirk,  C.  F.,  work  of 2,  272 

Kuss,  R.  H.,  remarks  by 306 


Lacon  quadrangle ,  geographic  positions ...  166 ,  1 72 

Lake  county,  topographic  work 80,  149 

Lake  Forest,  geographic  position 149 

Lancaster,  elevation 110 

LaSalle  anticline , 191 

studies  at 293 

LaSalle  county , coal 195 

topographic  work 84,  166 

LaSalle  quadrangle,  elevations 84,  87 

geographic  positions 166 

Law  Station,  geographic  position 151 

Lawrence  county,  topographic  work 

103,  106,  160.  178 

Layman,  F.  E.,  work  of 2 

Lebanon,  elevation 98 

geographic  position ' 137 

Leiterberry,  geographic  position 129 

Lena  quadrangle,  geographic  position 150 

Lerna,  elevation 70 

Lerna  Junction,  elevation 70 

LeRoy  quadrangle,  elevations 65,  66 

Leslie,  geographic  position 64 

Leverett,  geographic  position 142 

Libertyville,  elevation 82 

Lilly,  elevation 65 

Limerick,  elevation 86 


391 
Index — ContiriiTed. 


Page 

Lincoln  quadrangle,  elevations 121 

Lines,  E .  F .,  work  of 3 

Lisle,  elevation 84 

Little  Chain,  elevation 112 

Little  Indian,  geographic  position 129 

Little  Wabash  river,  survey 23 

Lloyd,  W.  J.,  work  of 3 

Lockwood,  Miss  Opal,  work  of 2 

Logan  county  ,coal 143 

topographic  work 121 ,  139 

Long  Branch,  elevation 94 

Long-wall  mining 215 

Lord,  N.  W.,  address  by 373 

Lowe,  H.  C,  work  of 106 

Lowell,  elevation 88 

geographic  position 169 

Low-temperature  distillation  of  coal 237 


M 


Mackinaw  quadrangle,  elevations 65 

Macon  county,  coal 193 

topographic  work 121 

Macoupin  county,  coal 193 

Madison  county,  coal 193 

topographic  work 97,  98,  135,  146 

Mansfield,  elevation 66 

geographic  position. 138 

Maple  Grove  school  house,  geographic  position  132 

Marigold,  geographic  position 182 

Marion,  coal  outcrop  near 193 

geographic  position 145 

surveys  near 7 

Marion  quadrangle,  geographic  position 172 

Marissa,  elevation '. 102 

geographic  position 165 

Mark,  geographic  position 169 

Markham,  geographic  position 128 

Markets  for  coal 249 

Marley,  elevation 72,  73 

Marquette,  geographic  position 169 

Marshall  quadrangle,  elevations 72 

Mascoutah,  boring 257 

100 
126 


elevation. 

Mason  City  quadrangle ,  elevations 121 , 

Mason  county,  topographic  work 

94,  121,  129, 

Mattoon  quadrangle,  elevations... 68,  70,  119, 

Maud,  elevation 

Maunie,  elevation 

geographic  position 131 ,  133 , 

Mays,  elevation 

May  view,  elevation 

McCalman,  John  L.,  work  of 

McCrary,  E.  W.,  work  of. 


130 
120 
106 
108 
175 
73 
72 
93 
2 

McDonald,  elevation 74 

McNair,  E.  L.,  work  of 139,  148 

McRae,  Carelton,  work  of 90 

Menard  county,  topographic  work 

94,  121,  129,   139,  148 

Menert,  elevation 65 

Meron  quadrangle,  elevations 103 ,  105 

Middle  Branch,  geo.graphic  position 145 

Middlepoint,  elevation 112 

Mine  explosions 327,  331 

Mineral  Point  quadrangle,  geographic  position  150 

Mineral  statistics 17 

Mine  Rescue  Station 10 

Mine  Rescue  Work.' 359 

Mines,  geographic  position 136 

Mining  costs 247 

explosions 310 

explosion  stations 317 

methods 215 

wastes 211 

Minonk,  studies  at 293 

Mira,  elevation 67 


Page 

Mississippian  formations,  work  on 5 

Mohomet,  elevation 6,  93 

quadrangle,  elevations 66,  91,  92 

quadrangle,  geographic  position 138 

Molienbock,  elevation 97 

Monroe  county,  topographic  work 99 ,  180 

Mont,  geographic  position 138 

Monticello  quadrangle,  elevations 66 

Morgan  county,  topographic  work 128 ,  129 

Morganton,  geographic  position 128 

Morganfield  quadrangle,  geographic  position..   172 

Moronto,  geographic  position 169 

Morris,  studies  at 293 

Morrison,  Lee,  work  of 3 

Mount  Carmel,  elevation 106 ,  107 

geographic  position 131 

Mount  Carmel  quadrangle,  elevations 106 

geographic  position 131,  178,  179 

Mount  Moriah;  elevation il.? 

Mulkeytown,  elevation 74 

Murphysboro,  coal , 293 

elevation 117,  118 

Murphysboro  quadrangle,  elevations 114 ,  116 

geographic  position 155 

N 

Naperville,  elevation 84 

Naples,  geographic  position 128 

quadrangle,  geographic  position 128 

New  Athens,  elevation 99,  100 

geographic  position 165 

quadrangle,  elevations 100 

New  Baden,  elevation 99 

geographic  position 148 

New  Berlin  quadrangle,  geographic  positions  128 
New  Harmony  quadrangle,  geographic  posi- 
tions  .- 175 

New  Haven,  elevation 112 

quadrangle,  elevations Ill ,  112 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 

133 ,  175 ,  177 

quadrangle,  survey  of '. 7 

New  Hebron,  geographic  position 161 

New  Memphis,  elevation 99 

geographic  position  164 

New  Palestine,  geographic  position 181 

New  Salem,  geographic  position 128 

Neeleys,  geographic  position 128 

Newell,  G.  W.,  work  of :....     79 

Newsam,  Richard,  address  by 302 

Newton,  elevation 69 

quadrangle,  elevations 68,  69 

Niagara  formation,  work  on 5 

Niantic  quadrangle,  elevations 121 ,  124 

Nightingale,  W.  R.,  quoted 273 

Niles  Center,  elevation 8 

Norris  City,  elevation Ill 

North  Marissa,  geographic  position 165 

Norton,  gas  well 273 

O 

Oakdale,  geographic  position 163 

Oakford,  elevation 94,  122 

geographic  position 129 

Oak  Grove,  elevation 100 

Oakland  ,elevation 71 ,  73 

quadrangle,  elevations 68,  70,  72,  73 

Oblong,  geographic  position 161 

O'Fallon,  elevation '. 98 

Ogles ,  elevation 98 

Oil  production 14 

studies 14 

studies  at  Duquoin 254 

Okawville,  elevation 99 

quadrangle,  geographic  position 163 


392 
Index — Continued. 


Page 

Olney,  elevation 103,  104 

quadrangle,  elevations 68,  69,  103 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions  162 ,  178,  179 

Omaha,  elevation 112 

Oraville,  elevation 117 

Orchard  Mines,  geographic  position 133 

Ordovician  formations ,  work  on 5 

Organization  of  Geological  Survey 2 

Orleans,  geographic  position 128 

Ottville,  geographic  position 168 

Overflowed  lands 21 

mapping  of 46 

Oxidation  of  coal 241 

Oxygen  helmet,  demonstration  of 301 


Paleo-botanical  studies 293 

Paris,  elevation 73 

quadrangle,  elevations 72,  73 

Parker,  E.  W.,  address  by 313 

Parkersburg,  geographic  position 179 

Parr,  S.  W.,  work  of '. 3 

remarks  by 308 

Parrish,  elevation 75 

Patton,  elevation 107 

geographic  position .179,  180 

Peat  bogs,  gas 275 

Pekin,  elevation 91 

geographic  position 64,  133 

Peoria,  elevation 90,  91 

geographic  position 132 

power  house 242 

Peoria  county,  coal 195 

topographic  work _90,  131 

Peoria  quadrangle,  elevations 90 

geographic  positions 64,  131 

survey 7 

Perry  county,  coal 192 

topographic  work 73,  114,  155 

work  in 255 

Peru,  elevation 89 

Peters,  geographic  position 138 

Peters  creek,  geographic  position 174 

Petersburg,  elevation 94 

geographic  position 129 ,  149 

Petersburg  quadrangle,  elevations 94 ,  121 ,  122 

Petroleum  production 14 

Phillipstown,  elevation 108 

geographic  position 175 

Philo,  elevation 192 

Plant  fossils 293 

Pleasant  Hill,  geographic  position 151 

Pleasant  Plains,  elevation 95 

Portland  cement  output  of  Illinois 1 

Posey,  elevation 102 

geographic  position 158 

Pottstown,  geographic  position 132 

Pottsville  formation  in  Illinois 293 

Powder,  consumption  in  mining 328 

Power  generation  from  coal 242 

Primary  control,  methods 126 

Princeton,  elevation 85 

Putnam  county,  topographic  work 84,  166 


Q 
Quarry  products 12 


R 

Ragland  Island,  elevation. . : 112 

Raleigh,  elevation 75,  113 

Ramsey  quadrangle,  elevations 119 

Randall,  D.  T.,  address  by 351 


Page 

Randolph,  geographic  position 181 

Randolph  county,  coal 193 

topographic  work I8O 

Rardin,  elevation 71 

Rayborn  gas  well 273 

Recommendations  for  future  work 28 

Red  Bud,  elevation 102 

geographic  position 181 

Redmon,  elevation 73 

Reed  City,  geographic  position 133 

Reilly  Lake,  geographic  position 181 

Renault  quadrarigle,  geographic  positions  180,  182 
Rice,  George  S.,  address  by 317 

work  of 211 

Richland,  elevation 95 

Richland  county,  topographic  work 

68,   103,   106,   160,   178 

Ridge  Prairie,  elevation 98 

Ridgeway,  elevation 112 

geographic  position 133,  134 

Rileyville,  elevation 75 

Rising,  elevation 66 

Riverton,  elevation 97 ,  123 

power  house 243 

Robinson,  elevation 105 

geographic  position 161 

Rochester,  geographic  position 140 

Rockefeller,  geographic  position 150 

Rock  Creek,  geographic  position 173 

Rock  Island,  clay 293 

Rock  Island  county,  topographic  work 79 

Rolfe,  C.  W.,  work  of 3 

Rose  Hill,  elevation 69 

Roselle,  elevation 84 

Round  Pond,  elevation 112 

Ruma,  geographic  position 181,  182 

Russellville  quadrangle,  elevations 103 ,  106 


Saidora,  geographic  position 

quadrangle,  elevations 94, 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 

St.  Charles,  elevation 

quadrangle,  elevations 

St.  Clair  county,  coal 

topographic  work 

97,  98,  99,   135,   163,  165, 

St.  Elmo  quadrangle,  elevations 

St.  Jacobs,  elevation 

geographic  position 

St.  John,  boring 

salt  well  at 

St.  Libory,  elevation 

St.  Louis,  clay  at 1 

quadrangle,  elevations 

Ste.  Marie,  geographic  position 

St.  Rose,  elevation 

Sand-lime  brick  bibliography 

studies 

Saline  county,  coal 

fault 

topographic  work 73,  111,  113,  134, 

Salisbury,  R.  D.,  work  of 

Salt  well  at  St.  John 

Sangamon  county,  coal 

topographic  work 

94,   121,   128,  129,   130,   139, 

Sanger,  geographic  position . .  .■ 

Savage,  T.  E.,  work  of 

Savanna  quadrangle,  geographic  position 

Savoy,  geographic  position 

Sawsiding,  elevation 

Sampling  of  coal 

Scales  Mound,  elevation 

geographic  position 

Schapville,  elevation 


129 
121 
129 
119 
118 
193 

180 
119 
98 
137 
256 
256 
100 
293 


292 
276 
194 
194 
143 
3 
256 
193 

148 
129 
3 
150 
141 

78 
196 

78 
151 


393 


In  dex — Continued. 


JfAGE 

Scholz,  Carl,  remarks  by 304,  307 

Schrodt's,  geographic  position 131 

Scott  county,  topographic  work 128 

Sebastopol,  elevation 99 

Semper,  C.  H.,  work  of -. 72 

Seymour,  elevation 92 

Shawneetown,  elevation 76 

quadrangle,  elevations 73 ,  75 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 172 ,  173 

Shelby  county,  topographic  work 119 

Shelbeyville  quadrangle^  elevations 119 

Shiloh,  geographic  position  . , 136 

Shoal  Creek,  geographic  position 147 

Sidell,  elevation 71,  72 

quadrangle,  elevations 68,  71,  72 

Sidney,  elevation 67 ,  92 

gas  well  near 273 

geographic  position 141 ,  142 

Silica,  analysis 277 

occurence  and  uses 277 

studies 276 

Silver  Creek,  geographic  position 137 

Silurian  formations,  work  on 5 

Skillett  Fork,  survey 23 

Smith,  E.S.,  workof 80 

George  Otis,  address  by 365 

L.  Scott,  work  of 97 

Smithton,  elevation , 100 

geographic  position 166 

Smoke  suppression 305,  338 

Smothers,  elevation 75 

Snodgrass,  J.  M.,  workof 223,  362 

Soil  buried  in  drift 255,  273 

Sparks  Hill,  geographic  position 173 

Sparta,  clay 293 

quadrangle,  elevations 99 ,  102 

quadrangle,  geographic  position 180 ,  182 

Specifications  for  purchase  of  coal 356 

Spillertown,  coal 193 

Spirit  leveling 60 

Springfield,  elevation 97,  123 

geographic  position 129 

quadrangle,  elevations 94,  96,  121,  123 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 130,  139 

South  Elgin,  elevation 118 

Staley,  elevation 92 

Standard,  elevation 88 

State  Committee  on  Waterways  Reclamation      3 

State  Water  Survey,  cooperation  with 3 

Statistics,  mineral 17 

Stoek,  H.  H.,  address  by 306 

Stokes,  elevation 107,  111 

Stone,  geographic  position 163 

Storms,  geographic  position 175 

Stoy,  geographic  position 162 

Stratigraphy  of  coal  fields 191 

Stream  gaging_ •. 23 

Streator,  studies  at 293 

Structure  at  Duquoin 258 

of  coal  fields 190 

Sugar  Creek,  elevation 106 

Summary  of  topographic  mapping  .56,  57,  58,  59 

Summerfield,  elevation 98 

geographic  position 137 

Sumner,  geographic  position 160 

Surveys,  topographie,  progress  of 31 


Tallula,  elevation 1 95 

quadrangle,  elevations 94,  95 

quadrangle,  geographic  position .129,  148 

Taylor,  E.  H.,  address  by 361 

Taylor,  James,  address  by  ... , 327 

Tazewell  county,  topographic  work 90 ,  131 

Third  Vein 215 

Thomasboro,  geographic  position 142 

—26  G 


Page 

Thompson ville,  elevation 75 

geographic  position 144 

Tice,  elevation 95 

geographic  position 129,  139 

Tieona,  elevation 90 

Tilton,  geographic  position 130 

Tiskilwa,  geographic  position 172 

Toledo,  elevation 70 

Tolono,  geographic  position 141 

Toluca  quadrangle,  elevations 84,  90 

Tonica,  geographic  position 169 

Topographic  maps,  use  of 41 ,  44 

mapping,  summary  of 56,  57,  58,  59 

Surveys 19 

surveys,  progress  of 31 

Traer,  G.  W.,  address  by 298 

Tremont,  elevation 65 

Trenton,  elevation 99 

Triumph,  geographic  position 167 

Troy,  elevation 98 

geographic  position 137 

Tucker,  L.  E.,  workof 149,  150,  155 

Twin  Grove,  elevation 65 


U 

Udde,ti,  J.  A.,  work  of 3 ,  194 

Udden,  Jon,  work  of 3 

Union  county,  Kentucky,  topographie  work  .  172 
United  Mine  Workers  of  America,  expression 

from 300 

U.S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  cooperation 

with 3 

U.S.  Geological  Survey,  relations  to 3 

work  of 365 

cooperation  with 3 

Urbana,  elevation 67 

quadrangle,  elevations 67 ,  91 

quadrangle,  geographic  position 141 

Utica,  clays 294 

elevation 88 

geographic  position 167 

Utilization  of  coal 247 


Valley  City,  geographic  position 138 

Vandalia  quadrangle,  elevations 119 

Venedy,  elevation 99,  100 

Vermilion  county,  coal  in 194 

topographic  work 93 ,  130 

Verner,  Joan,  address  by 331 

Vincennes  quadrangle,  geographic  positions . . 

178,  180 

Viola,  studies  at 293 

Virginia,  geographic  position 129 

quadrangle,  geographic  positions 129 


W 


Wabash  county,  topographic  work.  .106,  131 ,  178 

Walker,  John  H.,  address  by 800 

Walpole,  elevation 113 

Waelz,  geographic  position .*  159 

Ward,  elevation 115 

geographic  position 155 

Warren,  geographic  position 151 ,  153 

Warrenhurst,  elevation 84 

Washington  county,  topographic  work 99,  163 

Wastes  m  mining 211 

Waste  in  coal  mining 315 

Water  resources 12 ,  13 

Waukegan  quadrangle,  elevations 80,  82 

geographic  positions 149 

Wayne  county,  topographic  work 175 


39^  . 
Index — Concluded, 


Page 

Weathering  of  coal 8 ,  233 

Weller,  Stuart,  work  of 3 

Wenona  quadrangle,  geographic  position .  166 ,  169 

West  Chicago,  elevation 84 

West  End,  elevation 75 

West  Frankfort,  elevation 113 ,  114 

quadrangle,  elevations 73,  74,  114 

geographic  positions 144 

survey  of 7 

West  Havana,  geographic  position 130 

West  Liberty,  elevation 69 

West  Salem,  geographic  position 179 

Westport,  geographic  position 161 ,  178 

Westville,  elevation 93 

Wheaton,  elevation 84 

Wheaton  quadrangle,  elevations 83 

Wheeler,  W.  ¥.,  work  of 233 

White,  David,  work  of 5,  192,  195,  293 

White  Ash,  elevation 114 

White  county,  topographic  work 

106,   111,   133,   134,   175 

Whiteside  county,  topographic  work 79 


Page 

Williams,  ~R.  Y.,  demonstration  by 301 

Williams,  W.  S.,  work  of 276 

Williams,  geographic  position  of 140 

Williamson  county,  coal 192 

topographic  work 

113,   114,   143,   144,   146,   155 

Willow  Hill,  geographic  position 162 

Windsor  quadrangle,  elevations 119 

Winfield,  elevation 84 

Wianetka,  elevation 81 

Wittenburg,  geographic  position 164 

Wood,  C.  F.,  work  of 98 

Wood,  G.  M.,  work  of 2 

Woodruff,  elevation 65 

Wyonet  quadrangle,  geographic  positions  166,  170 


Zachary  Siding,  elevation 102 

Zion  City,  elevation 83 

geographic  position 149 


